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Hesap makinesi

Education

Hesap Makinesi Tarihsel
Gelişimi
• Hesap makinelerinin gelişimi 4000 yıldan fazla
süren ve ancak 1990'larda bugünkü şeklini
alan bir icat olarak, teknoloji tarihindeki yeri
özeldir.

Abaküs
• İlk önce, el ile kullanılan mekanik hesap
makinesi olan abaküs vardı.

Abaküs
• Her birinde on kayar boncuk bulunan birkaç çubuk,
çerçeveyle bir arada tutulurdu.
• İlk çubuktaki tüm boncuklar kaydırıldığında sıra
sonraki çubuğa gelirdi.
• Buradaki çubuk 10'lu sayıları gösterir.
• O çubuk da bittiğinde 100'lü sayıları gösteren üçüncü
çubuğa geçilir.
• İşlem böyle devam eder ve her geçişte
ilk sıradaki çubuklar başlangıç pozisyonuna getirilir.

İlk Toplama
Makinesi(1623)
• Wilhelm Schickard dünyanın ilk toplama
makinesini icat etmesiyle bilinir.
• Schickard’ın hesaplama saatinde bir çarpma
cihazı, ara sonuçları kaydetmek için ayrı bir
mekanizma ve 6 basamaklı bir ondalık
toplama cihazı vardır.

İlk Toplama Çıkarma
Makinesi(1642)
• İlk mekanik hesap makinesi 1642'de ortaya
çıktı.
• Fransız matematik uzmanı Blaise Pascal icadını
"insan zekasına gerek olmadan dört aritmetik
işlemi gerçekleştirebilen bir cihaz" olarak
tanımladı.
• Pascal'ın makinesi dişli çarkları kullanıyordu ve
iki sayıyı doğrudan toplayıp çıkarabiliyordu.

İlk Toplama Çıkarma
Makinesi(1642)
• Çarpma ve bölme işlemi ise tekrarlama ile
yapılıyordu.

İlk İşlevsel Mekanik Hesap
Makinesi(1778)
• Cihazın çalışan ilk kopyası 1773'te hazır
olmasına rağmen Hahn, makinenin taşımaya
uygun olmaması nedeniyle hesap makinesini
uzun süre duyuramadı.

İlk Ticari Olarak Üretilen Hesap
Makinesi, Aritmometre (1822)
• 1822 yılında ilk kez bir hesap makinesi
ticari anlamda seri olarak üretildi.
• Charles ve Thomas de Colmar
tarafından icat edilen bu alet, dört
işlemi iki yönlü yapabilen bir hesap
makinesiydi.
• O kadar başarılı oldu ki, o yıllarda
neredeyse bu makineye sahip
olmayan işletme yoktu. Kullanımı
Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na kadar sürdü.

İlk Ticari Olarak Üretilen Hesap
Makinesi, Aritmometre (1822)

İlk Elektronik Masaüstü Hesap
Makinesi (1961)
«Aritmetiğe Yeni Bir İlham» adıyla
İngilizler tarafında geliştirildi

İlk Avuç İçi Hesap Makinesi
(1967)
• 12 haneye kadar sayılar arasında 4 işlemin
yapılabildiği bu makine 1970 yılında piyasaya
sürdü.
• Bu makinenin bir ilk olarak sunduğu bir özellik
olarak, işlemler ince bir şerit üzerine
yazılabiliyordu.

Yeni Nesil Hesap Makineleri
1-Mühendislerin kullanabileceği çok fonksiyonlu
grafik çizebilen hesap makineleri.
2-Dokunmatik ekranlı hesap makineleri.
3-Renkli ekranlı hesap makineleri.

Kaynaklar
• Hesap Makinesinin İcadı-Tarihçesi » Bilgiustam
• Hesap makinesinin 4500 yıllık tarihi – UNGO
• HESAP MAKİNESİNİN İCADI VE GELİŞİMİ KISACA
(bilgihanemiz.com)
• https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesap_makinesi

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İcatların servüne ilgınd

1. Ilgın DURMUŞOĞLU 2-A 1578

2. Hesap Makinesi Tarihsel Gelişimi • Hesap makinelerinin gelişimi 4000 yıldan fazla süren ve ancak 1990'larda bugünkü şeklini alan bir icat olarak, teknoloji tarihindeki yeri özeldir.

3. Abaküs • İlk önce, el ile kullanılan mekanik hesap makinesi olan abaküs vardı.

4. Abaküs • Her birinde on kayar boncuk bulunan birkaç çubuk, çerçeveyle bir arada tutulurdu. • İlk çubuktaki tüm boncuklar kaydırıldığında sıra sonraki çubuğa gelirdi. • Buradaki çubuk 10'lu sayıları gösterir. • O çubuk da bittiğinde 100'lü sayıları gösteren üçüncü çubuğa geçilir. • İşlem böyle devam eder ve her geçişte ilk sıradaki çubuklar başlangıç pozisyonuna getirilir.

5. İlk Toplama Makinesi(1623) • Wilhelm Schickard dünyanın ilk toplama makinesini icat etmesiyle bilinir. • Schickard’ın hesaplama saatinde bir çarpma cihazı, ara sonuçları kaydetmek için ayrı bir mekanizma ve 6 basamaklı bir ondalık toplama cihazı vardır.

6. İlk Toplama Çıkarma Makinesi(1642) • İlk mekanik hesap makinesi 1642'de ortaya çıktı. • Fransız matematik uzmanı Blaise Pascal icadını "insan zekasına gerek olmadan dört aritmetik işlemi gerçekleştirebilen bir cihaz" olarak tanımladı. • Pascal'ın makinesi dişli çarkları kullanıyordu ve iki sayıyı doğrudan toplayıp çıkarabiliyordu.

7. İlk Toplama Çıkarma Makinesi(1642) • Çarpma ve bölme işlemi ise tekrarlama ile yapılıyordu.

8. İlk İşlevsel Mekanik Hesap Makinesi(1778) • Cihazın çalışan ilk kopyası 1773'te hazır olmasına rağmen Hahn, makinenin taşımaya uygun olmaması nedeniyle hesap makinesini uzun süre duyuramadı.

9. İlk Ticari Olarak Üretilen Hesap Makinesi, Aritmometre (1822) • 1822 yılında ilk kez bir hesap makinesi ticari anlamda seri olarak üretildi. • Charles ve Thomas de Colmar tarafından icat edilen bu alet, dört işlemi iki yönlü yapabilen bir hesap makinesiydi. • O kadar başarılı oldu ki, o yıllarda neredeyse bu makineye sahip olmayan işletme yoktu. Kullanımı Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na kadar sürdü.

10. İlk Ticari Olarak Üretilen Hesap Makinesi, Aritmometre (1822)

11. İlk Elektronik Masaüstü Hesap Makinesi (1961) «Aritmetiğe Yeni Bir İlham» adıyla İngilizler tarafında geliştirildi

12. İlk Avuç İçi Hesap Makinesi (1967) • 12 haneye kadar sayılar arasında 4 işlemin yapılabildiği bu makine 1970 yılında piyasaya sürdü. • Bu makinenin bir ilk olarak sunduğu bir özellik olarak, işlemler ince bir şerit üzerine yazılabiliyordu.

13. İlk Avuç İçi Hesap Makinesi (1967)

14. Yeni Nesil Hesap Makineleri 1-Mühendislerin kullanabileceği çok fonksiyonlu grafik çizebilen hesap makineleri. 2-Dokunmatik ekranlı hesap makineleri. 3-Renkli ekranlı hesap makineleri.

15. Kaynaklar • Hesap Makinesinin İcadı-Tarihçesi » Bilgiustam • Hesap makinesinin 4500 yıllık tarihi – UNGO • HESAP MAKİNESİNİN İCADI VE GELİŞİMİ KISACA (bilgihanemiz.com) • https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesap_makinesi

16. DİNLEDİĞİNİZ İÇİN TEŞEKKÜR EDERİM

Editor's Notes

Buradaki çubuk 10'lu sayıları gösterir. O çubuk da bittiğinde 100'lü sayıları gösteren üçüncü çubuğa geçilir. İşlem böyle devam eder ve her geçişte ilk sıradaki çubuklar başlangıç pozisyonuna getirilir. Bir abaküsle sonsuza dek hesaplama yapabilirsiniz. Abaküs, toplama ve çıkarmayı daha hızlı ve daha az hataya açık hale getirdi ve 'fasulye sayıcısı' olarak anıldı. İlk mekanik hesap makineleri MS 17. yüzyılda Avrupa'da görülmeye başlanacaktı.

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