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1. Assignments
Kholod Saleh Fallatah
Public Health Specialist
Under supervision of dr hatem elbitar

2. Assignment 1

3. Infection control and prevention diffnition
Infection control concerns about factors related to the spread of infections And among staff and
the patients), including prevention tools :
hand hygiene, ppe , cleaning , disinfection , sterilization and vaccination.

4. Theories of infection control, mention scientist who inventing it?
Dr.lgnaz semmelweiss in europe (father of infection control) in 1850.
How soap kill the microorganisms?
The hydrophilic head of a pin-shaped soap molecule forms a bond with water, while the hydrophobic
tail forms a bond with fats and oils. The molecules in the soap help lift the oil, germs, and bacteria off
your skin as you work up a lather. After that, everything is removed by rinsing with clean water.

5. Discuss all you know about CDC?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the
United States.It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services,
Atlanta,Georgia.
Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and
disability in the US and internationally.
The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention.
It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health ,
occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to
improve the health of United States citizens.
The CDC also conducts research and provides information on non-infectious diseases, such as obesity and
diabetes

6. Continue
The CDC mission:
1-CDC increases the health security of our nation.
2-CDC saves lives and protects people from health threats.
3-To accomplish our mission, CDC conducts critical science and provides health information that protects our
nation against expensive and dangerous health threats.
The CDC vision:
1-Detecting and responding to new and emerging health threats.
2-Tackling the biggest health problems causing death and disability for Americans.
3-Putting science and advanced technology into action to prevent disease.
4-Promoting healthy and safe behaviors, communities and environment.
5-Developing leaders and training the public health workforce, including disease detectives.
6-Taking the health pulse of our nation.

7. Discuss concept of infection and factors Affecting infective dose?
factors related to the spread of infections And among staff and the patients), including prevention tools (hand
hygiene, ppe , cleaning , disinfection , sterilization, vaccination
Factors that affecting infective does are:
Pathogen factors.
Environmental factors.
Host factors.
Define sterilization and disinfection, cleaning?
Sterilization: A process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial forms including
endospores.
Disinfection: a process less effective than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores.
Cleaning: Physical removal of foreign material, e.g., dust, soil, organic material such as blood, secretions,
excretions and microorganisms. It is accomplished with water, detergents and mechanical action.

8. Assignment 2

9. Discuss endospores giving examples:
Endospores: is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some gram positive bacteria , It is
usually occurs due to unfavorable circumstances like lack of nutrients or ph disturbance.
Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores
remaining viable over 10,000 years, When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can
reactivate itself to the vegetative state.
Examples of bacterial genera that can form endospores include Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium tetani.

10. How do infection occurs and factors affecting it?
An infection occurs when germs enter the body, increase in number, and cause a reaction of the body.
Three factors are necessary for an infection to occur:
1-Source: Places where infectious agents (germs) live (e.g., sinks, surfaces, human skin)
2-Susceptible Person: “with a way for germs to enter the body
3-Transmission: a way germs are moved to the susceptible person

11. Discuss types and location of germs?
Germs are also found in the healthcare environment.
Examples of environmental sources of germs include:
-Dry surfaces in patient care areas (e.g., bed rails, medical equipment, countertops, and tables)
-Wet surfaces, moist environments, and biofilms (e.g. sinks, and equipment such as ventilators)
medical devices (e.g., catheters and IV lines)
-Dust or decaying debris

12. Explain components of infection cycle and how to break it?

13. Mention modes of transmission?
-Some are transmitted primarily by direct or indirect contact, (e.g., Herpes simplex virus [HSV],
respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus),
-Others by the droplet, (e.g., influenza virus, B. pertussis)
-Airborne routes (e.g., M. tuberculosis).
-Other infectious agents, such as bloodborne viruses (e.g., hepatitis B and C viruses [HBV, HCV]
There are five main modes of transmission
-Droplet
-Vector borne
-Air borne transmission
-Contact (The most common mode of Common vehicle)

14. Assignment 3

15. Discuss contact modes of transmission Examples of it ?
Direct-contact transmission
It Involves a direct body surface to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms
between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as occurs when a person have
infected object and touches another person
Opportunities for direct contact transmission between patients and healthcare personnel include: •
blood or other blood-containing body fluids from a patient directly enters a caregiver’s body through
contact with a mucous membrane or breaks (i.e., cuts, abrasions) in the skin.
Indirect contact transmission
Indirect transmission involves the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated
intermediate object or person. In the absence of a point-source outbreak, it is difficult to determine
how indirect transmission occurs. the contaminated hands of healthcare personnel are important
contributors to indirect contact transmission.

16. Indirect transmission involves the transfer of an infectious agent through a
contaminated intermediate object or person. In the absence of a point-source
outbreak, it is difficult to determine how indirect transmission occurs. the
contaminated hands of healthcare personnel are important contributors to indirect
contact transmission. Indirect contact transmission Examples of opportunities for
indirect contact transmission include:
• Hands of healthcare personnel may transmit pathogens after touching an infected
or colonized body site on one patient or a contaminated inanimate object, if hand
hygiene is not performed before touching another patient Indirect contact
transmission
• Patient-care devices (e.g., electronic thermometers, glucose monitoring devices)
may transmit pathogens if devices contaminated with blood or body fluids are
shared between patients without cleaning and disinfecting between patients.
Indirect contact transmission

17. • Shared toys may become a vehicle for transmitting respiratory viruses (e.g.,
respiratory syncytial virus or pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
among pediatric patients. Indirect contact transmission
• Instruments that are inadequately cleaned between patients before
disinfection or sterilization (e.g., endoscopes or surgical instruments) or that have
manufacturing defects that interfere with the effectiveness of reprocessing may
transmit bacterial and viral pathogens.
Indirect contact transmission Clothing, uniforms, laboratory coats, or isolation
gowns used as personal protective equipment (PPE), may become contaminated
with potential pathogens after care of a patient colonized or infected with an
infectious agent, (e.g., MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile90. Although contaminated
clothing has not been implicated directly in transmission, the potential exists for
soiled attires to transfer infectious agents to successive patients.

18. Discuss gate of entry of infection?
Any body opening of an uninfected enter person which allows pathogens to
Nose, mouth, eyes, rectum, genitals and other mucous membranes Cuts,
abrasions or breaks in the skin

19. Discuss most target figures of infection?
1-Anyone whose resistance to disease decreases A-medically compromised
patients, B-newly born infants C-following steroids therapy D-pregnant females
2-Reasons for lowered resistance: existing illnesses(cancer, organ
transplantation, and diabetes ,fatigue and stress)
3-The elderly have weaker immune systems and a lower resistance to
pathogens.
4-Every body deal within medical facility(health care staff)
5-prolonged hospitalized patients, increasing the chance for hospital-acquired
infections

20. Discuss universal precautions?
1-Universal precautions are infection control guidelines designed to protect workers from
exposure to all types of communicable diseases especially which spread by blood and body
fluids.
2-Always treat blood, body fluids, broken skin and mucous membranes as if they were
infected.
3-Always follow Universal Precautions because you cannot tell by looking at a person
whether they have a contagious disease.
4- Be practical, be careful, treat every case as individual one!
5- Wash your hands before putting on gloves and immediately after removing gloves
6- Do not touch clean objects with contaminated gloves
7-Wear gloves if you may come in contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and
excretions, broken or open skin, human tissue of mucous membranes
8-Bag all disposable contaminated Supplies in the same place of the operation ,don’t walk
away until you finish the whole procedure

21. 9-ensure that all touching surfaces of the operation area are Clean, clean all surfaces that may be
contaminated with infectious waste, such as beds, wheelchairs and shower chairs before and after using
them
10- Good hand washing(hygiene) is the most effective method to prevent the spread of infection.
11- May use an alcohol-based hand cleaner in place of washing with soap and water 12- Avoid touching
eyes, nose or mouth During medical operations, consider it infected if you touch them and do hand hygiene
again before continue the procedure
13-Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue every time you cough or sneeze(follow cough etiquette)
14-Throw used tissue in a wastebasket Especially with respiratory illness
15-Always clean your hands after coughing or sneezing

22. Thank you