SlideShare a Scribd company logo
of the brain
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain weighing
about 5 grams. It bounds the ventral half of the 3rd ventricle
and lies below the thalamus.
On its inferior pole,it is connected with the pituitary
gland.the afferent and efferent connections of the
hypothalamus show that it is a vital integration centre for the
somatic,autonomic and endocrine functions.
Ventral hypothalamus is reciprocally connected to the upper
midbrain,the limbic midbrain and the limbic system.It receives
afferent inputs from all parts of the body through the spinal
cord,medulla oblongata and the reticular formation of the brain stem.
These pathways project into the hypothalamus either through the
thalamus or limbic midbrain area.Efferent connections from the
hypothalamus link it with autonomic and somatic nuclei in the
reticular formation.
The medial hypothalamus also makes a reciprocal connections with
the lateral hypothalamus and receives direct afferent inputs from
non-hypothalamic parts of the brain.
Special neurons in the medial hypothalamus measure the
concentration of important constituents of the blood or cerebrospinal
fluid. In this way, the medial hypothalamus monitors the internal
milieu(internal environment).
Such receptors measure blood concentration of glucose, salts,
endocrine hormones or the temperature of blood
The efferent connections from the medial hypothalamus to the
hypophysis are neuronal to the neurohypophysis (the
hypothalamohypophysial tract) and hormonal to the
adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary gland) through the portal
hypophysiavessels.
The hypothalamus is made up of many hypothalamic nuclei and each
of these nuclei have been associated with specific functions.
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI THEIR FUNCTIONS
Hypothalamic nuclei Functions.
 Supraoptic nuclei -Vsaopresin release(ADH)
 Paraventricular nuclei -Oxytocin release (Pitocin)
 Medial preoptic area -Bladder contraction,decreased heart
rate &blood pressure
 Posterior preoptic and anterior
Hypothalamic areas -Body temperature regulation
Hypothalamic nuclei Functions (contd)
 Mamilary body -Feeding reflexes
 Lateral hypothalamic area -Thirst & hunger
 Ventromedial nucleus -Satiety,neuroendocrine control
 Periformical nucleus -Hunger,rage,increased blood
pressure
 Dorsomedial nucleus -Gastrointestinal stimulation
 Posterior hypothalamus -Raised BP,pupillary
dilation,shievering.
Functions of the hypothalamus
The major functions of the hypothalamus are listed below:
a. Autonomic function
b. Cardiovascular function
c. Circadian rhythm(cyclic phenomenma)
d. Hunger
e. Thirst
f. Posterior pituitary secretion
g.Anterior pituitary secretion
h.Temperature regulation
I.Sexual behavior
j.Defense reaction –rage,fear
k.Sleep
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
EEG is the study of electrical activities of the brain. EEG is the
graphical recording of electrical activities of the brain. Electrical
activity of the brain is complicated when compared to that of a single
nerve fibre or neuron,this is due to the involvement of large number
of neurons and synapses.
German Psychiatrist Hans Berger was the first one to analyse the EEG
waves systematically and hence the EEG waves are referred to as
Berger waves.
Significance of EEG
EEG is useful in the diagnosis of neurological and sleep disorders.Its
pattern is altered in the following neurological disorders :
1. Epilepsy ,which occurs due to excessive discharge of impulsesfrom
cerebral cortex
2. Disorders of midbrain affecting ascending reticular activating
system (ARAS)
3. Subdural hematoma during which there is collection of blood in
subdural space over the cerebral cortex
Method of Recording EEG
Electroencephalograph is the instrument used to record EEG. The
electrodes called scalp electrodes from the instrument are placed
over unopened skull or over the brain after opening the skull or by
piercing into brain.
Electrodes are of two types,Unipolar and Bipolar electrodes. While
using bipolar electrodes,both the terminals are placed in different
parts of the brain. When using unipolar electrode, the active
electrode is placed over over cortex and the inactive electrode is kept
on some part of the body away from cortex.
Waves of EEG
Electrical activity recorded by EEG may have synchronized or
desynchronized waves. Synchronized waves are the regular and
invariant waves,whereas dysnchronized waves are irregular and
variant waves.
In normal persons,EEG has three frequency bands:
1. Alpha rhythm/waves
2. Beta rhythm /waves
3. Delta rhythm/waves
In addition to these three types of waves, EEG in children shows
theta waves.
Alpha Rhythm/waves :
Alpha waves consists of rhythmical waves,which appear at a frequency
of 8 to 13Hz with the amplitude of 50µV.Alpha waves are synchronized
waves.
Alpha rhythm is obtained in inattentive brain or mind as in
drowsiness,/slight sleep with closed eyes.
It is abolished by visual stimuli or any other type of stimuli or by
mental effort.So,it is abolished when eyes are opened.
Alpha Block :Alpha block is the replacement of synchronized alpha
waves in EEG by desynchronized and low voltage waves when the
eyes are opened.
The desynchronized waves do not have specific frequency.It occurs
due to any form of sensory stimulation of mental concentration,such
as solving arithmetic problems.
Beta Rhythm :
This includes high frequency waves of 15 to 60 Hz,but the amplitude is
low,i.e 5 to 10µV.Beta waves are desynchronized waves and are
recorded during mental activity or mental tension or arousal state.It is
not affected by opening the eyes.
Delta Rhythm/waves – This includes waves with low frequency and
high amplitude .The waves have the frequency of 1 to 5Hz with the
amplitude of 20 to 200 µV .It is commom in early childhood during
waking hours. In adults,it appears mostly during deep sleep.
Presence of Delta waves in adults during conditions other than sleep
indicates the pathological process in brain like tumor,
epilepsy,increased intracranial pressure and mental deficiency or
deoression.These waves are not affected by opening the eyes.
Theta waves-theta waves are obtained generally in children below
5years of age. These waves are of low frequency and low voltage
waves. The frequency of theta waves is 4 to 8 Hz and the amplitude is
about 10µV.
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
Sleep is the natural periodic state of rest for mind and body with
closed eyes characterized by partial or complete loss of consciousness
.Loss of consciousness leads to decreased response to external stimuli
and decreased body movements.
Depth of sleep is not constant throughout the sleeping period. It
varies in different stages of sleep. Sleep can also be defined as a state
of unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory
or other stimuli. It is different from coma, which is unconsciousness
from which a p[erson cannot be aroused.In other words,sleep is an
alteration of,rather than loss of consciousness .
Sleep Requirement
Sleep requirement is not constant. However,average sleep
requirement per day at different different age group is :
1. New born infants :18 to 20 hours
2. Growing children : 12 to 14 hours
3. Adults :7 to 9 hours
4. Old persons :5 to 7hours
Physiological changes during sleep
During sleep,most of the body functions are reduced to basal
level.The following are important changes in the body during sleep:
 Plasma volume : Plasma volume decreases by 10 % during sleep
 Cardiovascular system :
Heart rate : the heart rate reduces during sleep.It varies between 45
and 60 beats per minute (Bradycardia)
Blood pressure : Systolic blood pressure falls to about 90 to 110 mmHg.
 Lowest level of blood pressure is reached about 4th hour of sleep and
remains at this level till a short time before waking up.Then,the blood
pressure starts to rise. If sleep is disturbed by exciting dreams,the
pressure is elevated above 130mmHg.
3.Respiratory system: Rate and force of respiration are decreased.
Respiration becomes irregular
4.GIT(gastrointestinal tract)-salivary secretion decreases during sleep.
5.Excretion : formation of urine decreases and specific gravity of urine
increases.
6.Sweat secretion –sweat secretion decreases during sleep.
7.Lacrimal secretion : decreases during sleep.
8. Muscle tone : tone in all muscles except ocular muscles decreases
significantly during sleep.This is called sleep paralysis.
9. Brain : brain is inactive during sleep.

More Related Content

Similar to Hypothalamus physio.pptx

Eeg normal inglish
Eeg normal inglishEeg normal inglish
Eeg normal inglish
guestf282ad
 
Unconsciousness presentation 1
Unconsciousness presentation 1Unconsciousness presentation 1
Unconsciousness presentation 1
Soumya Ranjan Parida
 
4 Endocrine system.pdf
4 Endocrine system.pdf4 Endocrine system.pdf
4 Endocrine system.pdf
GebrehywotMesele
 
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
Hena Jawaid
 
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptxParts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
samrashahid16
 
Electrical activity of the brain
Electrical activity of the brainElectrical activity of the brain
Electrical activity of the brain
Shlok Mathur
 
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
Soheir ELghonemy
 
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdfsleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
AderawAlemie
 
Physiological Basis of Behavior
Physiological Basis of BehaviorPhysiological Basis of Behavior
Physiological Basis of Behavior
Mypzi
 
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
Dr. Aniket Shilwant
 
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptxRole of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
Mr SACHIN
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Nervous systerm
Nervous systermNervous systerm
Nervous systerm
Ashish Dadheech
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
rimshailyas1
 
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptx
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptxSleep and sleep disorders.pptx
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptx
AdebayoAbayomi3
 
Sleep and Rest power point presentation
Sleep and Rest  power point presentationSleep and Rest  power point presentation
Sleep and Rest power point presentation
VineelaKuchipudi
 
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
AdityaRahane7
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
MBBS IMS MSU
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
MBBS IMS MSU
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
MBBS IMS MSU
 

Similar to Hypothalamus physio.pptx (20)

Eeg normal inglish
Eeg normal inglishEeg normal inglish
Eeg normal inglish
 
Unconsciousness presentation 1
Unconsciousness presentation 1Unconsciousness presentation 1
Unconsciousness presentation 1
 
4 Endocrine system.pdf
4 Endocrine system.pdf4 Endocrine system.pdf
4 Endocrine system.pdf
 
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)
 
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptxParts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
Parts of Brain mainly the Forebrain .pptx
 
Electrical activity of the brain
Electrical activity of the brainElectrical activity of the brain
Electrical activity of the brain
 
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
Normal Sleep and Sleep disorders
 
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdfsleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
sleepdisordersdpp-150224091829-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
 
Physiological Basis of Behavior
Physiological Basis of BehaviorPhysiological Basis of Behavior
Physiological Basis of Behavior
 
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP & DREAMS
 
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptxRole of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptx
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
 
Nervous systerm
Nervous systermNervous systerm
Nervous systerm
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
 
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptx
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptxSleep and sleep disorders.pptx
Sleep and sleep disorders.pptx
 
Sleep and Rest power point presentation
Sleep and Rest  power point presentationSleep and Rest  power point presentation
Sleep and Rest power point presentation
 
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
 
Cns 12
Cns 12Cns 12
Cns 12
 

Recently uploaded

Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxIdentification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
MGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
 
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdfNetter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
BrissaOrtiz3
 
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in DehradunDehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
chandankumarsmartiso
 
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptxMuscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore
 
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat EuropeLight House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Lighthouse Retreat
 
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxDoes Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
walterHu5
 
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdfCardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
shivalingatalekar1
 
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptxVestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore
 
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of HyperthyroidismRole of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Dr. Jyothirmai Paindla
 
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptxTests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
taiba qazi
 
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 BernAortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
suvadeepdas911
 
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Holistified Wellness
 
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfOsteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Jim Jacob Roy
 
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxshare - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Tina Purnat
 
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic PrinciplesThe Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
MedicoseAcademics
 
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
chandankumarsmartiso
 
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in AyurvedaEfficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Dr. Jyothirmai Paindla
 
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programNVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Sapna Thakur
 
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
A Classical Text Review on BasavarajeeyamA Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Dr. Jyothirmai Paindla
 
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeNovas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxIdentification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
 
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdfNetter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy 7.ed.pdf
 
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in DehradunDehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
 
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptxMuscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
 
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat EuropeLight House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
 
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxDoes Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
 
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdfCardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
Cardiac Assessment for B.sc Nursing Student.pdf
 
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptxVestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
 
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of HyperthyroidismRole of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
 
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptxTests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
 
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 BernAortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
Aortic Association CBL Pilot April 19 – 20 Bern
 
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
 
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfOsteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
 
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxshare - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
 
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic PrinciplesThe Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
 
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
 
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in AyurvedaEfficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
 
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programNVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
 
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
A Classical Text Review on BasavarajeeyamA Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
 
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeNovas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
 

Hypothalamus physio.pptx

  • 1. of the brain THE HYPOTHALAMUS The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain weighing about 5 grams. It bounds the ventral half of the 3rd ventricle and lies below the thalamus. On its inferior pole,it is connected with the pituitary gland.the afferent and efferent connections of the hypothalamus show that it is a vital integration centre for the somatic,autonomic and endocrine functions.
  • 2. Ventral hypothalamus is reciprocally connected to the upper midbrain,the limbic midbrain and the limbic system.It receives afferent inputs from all parts of the body through the spinal cord,medulla oblongata and the reticular formation of the brain stem. These pathways project into the hypothalamus either through the thalamus or limbic midbrain area.Efferent connections from the hypothalamus link it with autonomic and somatic nuclei in the reticular formation.
  • 3. The medial hypothalamus also makes a reciprocal connections with the lateral hypothalamus and receives direct afferent inputs from non-hypothalamic parts of the brain. Special neurons in the medial hypothalamus measure the concentration of important constituents of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. In this way, the medial hypothalamus monitors the internal milieu(internal environment). Such receptors measure blood concentration of glucose, salts, endocrine hormones or the temperature of blood
  • 4. The efferent connections from the medial hypothalamus to the hypophysis are neuronal to the neurohypophysis (the hypothalamohypophysial tract) and hormonal to the adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary gland) through the portal hypophysiavessels. The hypothalamus is made up of many hypothalamic nuclei and each of these nuclei have been associated with specific functions.
  • 5. HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI THEIR FUNCTIONS Hypothalamic nuclei Functions.  Supraoptic nuclei -Vsaopresin release(ADH)  Paraventricular nuclei -Oxytocin release (Pitocin)  Medial preoptic area -Bladder contraction,decreased heart rate &blood pressure  Posterior preoptic and anterior Hypothalamic areas -Body temperature regulation
  • 6. Hypothalamic nuclei Functions (contd)  Mamilary body -Feeding reflexes  Lateral hypothalamic area -Thirst & hunger  Ventromedial nucleus -Satiety,neuroendocrine control  Periformical nucleus -Hunger,rage,increased blood pressure  Dorsomedial nucleus -Gastrointestinal stimulation  Posterior hypothalamus -Raised BP,pupillary dilation,shievering.
  • 7. Functions of the hypothalamus The major functions of the hypothalamus are listed below: a. Autonomic function b. Cardiovascular function c. Circadian rhythm(cyclic phenomenma) d. Hunger e. Thirst f. Posterior pituitary secretion
  • 8. g.Anterior pituitary secretion h.Temperature regulation I.Sexual behavior j.Defense reaction –rage,fear k.Sleep
  • 9. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) EEG is the study of electrical activities of the brain. EEG is the graphical recording of electrical activities of the brain. Electrical activity of the brain is complicated when compared to that of a single nerve fibre or neuron,this is due to the involvement of large number of neurons and synapses. German Psychiatrist Hans Berger was the first one to analyse the EEG waves systematically and hence the EEG waves are referred to as Berger waves.
  • 10. Significance of EEG EEG is useful in the diagnosis of neurological and sleep disorders.Its pattern is altered in the following neurological disorders : 1. Epilepsy ,which occurs due to excessive discharge of impulsesfrom cerebral cortex 2. Disorders of midbrain affecting ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) 3. Subdural hematoma during which there is collection of blood in subdural space over the cerebral cortex
  • 11. Method of Recording EEG Electroencephalograph is the instrument used to record EEG. The electrodes called scalp electrodes from the instrument are placed over unopened skull or over the brain after opening the skull or by piercing into brain. Electrodes are of two types,Unipolar and Bipolar electrodes. While using bipolar electrodes,both the terminals are placed in different parts of the brain. When using unipolar electrode, the active electrode is placed over over cortex and the inactive electrode is kept on some part of the body away from cortex.
  • 12. Waves of EEG Electrical activity recorded by EEG may have synchronized or desynchronized waves. Synchronized waves are the regular and invariant waves,whereas dysnchronized waves are irregular and variant waves. In normal persons,EEG has three frequency bands: 1. Alpha rhythm/waves 2. Beta rhythm /waves 3. Delta rhythm/waves
  • 13. In addition to these three types of waves, EEG in children shows theta waves. Alpha Rhythm/waves : Alpha waves consists of rhythmical waves,which appear at a frequency of 8 to 13Hz with the amplitude of 50µV.Alpha waves are synchronized waves. Alpha rhythm is obtained in inattentive brain or mind as in drowsiness,/slight sleep with closed eyes.
  • 14. It is abolished by visual stimuli or any other type of stimuli or by mental effort.So,it is abolished when eyes are opened. Alpha Block :Alpha block is the replacement of synchronized alpha waves in EEG by desynchronized and low voltage waves when the eyes are opened. The desynchronized waves do not have specific frequency.It occurs due to any form of sensory stimulation of mental concentration,such as solving arithmetic problems.
  • 15. Beta Rhythm : This includes high frequency waves of 15 to 60 Hz,but the amplitude is low,i.e 5 to 10µV.Beta waves are desynchronized waves and are recorded during mental activity or mental tension or arousal state.It is not affected by opening the eyes. Delta Rhythm/waves – This includes waves with low frequency and high amplitude .The waves have the frequency of 1 to 5Hz with the amplitude of 20 to 200 µV .It is commom in early childhood during waking hours. In adults,it appears mostly during deep sleep.
  • 16. Presence of Delta waves in adults during conditions other than sleep indicates the pathological process in brain like tumor, epilepsy,increased intracranial pressure and mental deficiency or deoression.These waves are not affected by opening the eyes. Theta waves-theta waves are obtained generally in children below 5years of age. These waves are of low frequency and low voltage waves. The frequency of theta waves is 4 to 8 Hz and the amplitude is about 10µV.
  • 17. PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP Sleep is the natural periodic state of rest for mind and body with closed eyes characterized by partial or complete loss of consciousness .Loss of consciousness leads to decreased response to external stimuli and decreased body movements. Depth of sleep is not constant throughout the sleeping period. It varies in different stages of sleep. Sleep can also be defined as a state of unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli. It is different from coma, which is unconsciousness from which a p[erson cannot be aroused.In other words,sleep is an alteration of,rather than loss of consciousness .
  • 18. Sleep Requirement Sleep requirement is not constant. However,average sleep requirement per day at different different age group is : 1. New born infants :18 to 20 hours 2. Growing children : 12 to 14 hours 3. Adults :7 to 9 hours 4. Old persons :5 to 7hours
  • 19. Physiological changes during sleep During sleep,most of the body functions are reduced to basal level.The following are important changes in the body during sleep:  Plasma volume : Plasma volume decreases by 10 % during sleep  Cardiovascular system : Heart rate : the heart rate reduces during sleep.It varies between 45 and 60 beats per minute (Bradycardia) Blood pressure : Systolic blood pressure falls to about 90 to 110 mmHg.
  • 20.  Lowest level of blood pressure is reached about 4th hour of sleep and remains at this level till a short time before waking up.Then,the blood pressure starts to rise. If sleep is disturbed by exciting dreams,the pressure is elevated above 130mmHg. 3.Respiratory system: Rate and force of respiration are decreased. Respiration becomes irregular 4.GIT(gastrointestinal tract)-salivary secretion decreases during sleep. 5.Excretion : formation of urine decreases and specific gravity of urine increases.
  • 21. 6.Sweat secretion –sweat secretion decreases during sleep. 7.Lacrimal secretion : decreases during sleep. 8. Muscle tone : tone in all muscles except ocular muscles decreases significantly during sleep.This is called sleep paralysis. 9. Brain : brain is inactive during sleep.