The document discusses the hypothalamus and sleep physiology. It describes the hypothalamus as a small brain structure connected to the pituitary gland that integrates somatic, autonomic, and endocrine functions. It contains nuclei that regulate various functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone secretion. Regarding sleep, it states that sleep depth varies in stages and is characterized by decreased consciousness and body movement. Physiological changes during sleep include lowered heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tone.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. It describes circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and influenced by factors like light and temperature. Two drives regulate sleep - a homeostatic drive that increases with wakefulness, and a circadian drive controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus promote sleep by inhibiting wake-promoting areas. The document also discusses EEG patterns in different sleep stages, including spindles in stage 2 and delta waves in stage 3. It mentions the role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in maintaining wakefulness and inhibiting REM sleep.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains that sleep is an active process involving different neuronal centers and neurohormonal substances that cause different stages of sleep. The brain waves associated with different stages are also described, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Various sleep disorders are also mentioned.
SLEEP & ITS DISTURBANCES, UNCONSCIOUSNESS.pptxRITIKARana18
Sleep is a complex rhythmic state involving repeated cycles of different brain and body activity phases crucial for well-being. Unconsciousness is a stage of depressed cerebral function causing impaired response and awareness for an uncertain time. This document discusses sleep physiology and cycles, factors affecting sleep, common sleep disturbances and their management, as well as defining unconsciousness, its causes, manifestations, diagnostic assessment, and management including symptomatic and surgical treatments and potential complications.
The document summarizes different parts of the brain stem including the thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla, pons, and cerebellum. It discusses the location and functions of each part, as well as some related diseases and effects of brain damage. Key functions covered include relaying sensory information, regulating autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, controlling movement, and maintaining homeostasis.
Isabella thoburn college neural mechanism of sleepMadeeha Zaidi
Sleep is regulated by two main mechanisms - sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. Sleep homeostasis refers to the increasing need for sleep driven by a buildup of adenosine in the brain throughout periods of wakefulness. Circadian rhythms refer to the approximately 24 hour cycles in physiology and behavior driven by the brain's biological clock in the hypothalamus, which is synchronized to light/dark cycles. Disruptions to these mechanisms can cause sleep disorders like jet lag. Neural control of sleep involves both sleep-promoting and wake-promoting areas. Key sleep-promoting areas include the basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, and ventrolateral preoptic area. Key wake-promoting areas include the brainstem
This document discusses brainwaves (EEG), which are fluctuations in electrical potential produced by neurons firing in the brain. It describes how brainwaves can be measured via EEG and outlines the main brainwave frequencies (alpha, beta, theta, delta), their associated mental states, and significance. Stimulating different brainwave frequencies through techniques like neurofeedback and brainwave entrainment can help induce specific mental states and potentially treat disorders.
1) Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, and feelings of impending doom. They arise from activation of the body's innate fight or flight system by the sympathetic nervous system.
2) Diagnosis involves ruling out medical causes through testing and assessing anxiety levels. Treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like SSRIs or beta blockers to manage symptoms.
3) Lifestyle factors like exercise, diet, caffeine intake, and stress management are also important to treatment and prevention of panic attacks. Maintaining healthy neurotransmitter and hormone levels can help keep anxiety in check.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. It describes circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and influenced by factors like light and temperature. Two drives regulate sleep - a homeostatic drive that increases with wakefulness, and a circadian drive controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus promote sleep by inhibiting wake-promoting areas. The document also discusses EEG patterns in different sleep stages, including spindles in stage 2 and delta waves in stage 3. It mentions the role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in maintaining wakefulness and inhibiting REM sleep.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains that sleep is an active process involving different neuronal centers and neurohormonal substances that cause different stages of sleep. The brain waves associated with different stages are also described, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Various sleep disorders are also mentioned.
SLEEP & ITS DISTURBANCES, UNCONSCIOUSNESS.pptxRITIKARana18
Sleep is a complex rhythmic state involving repeated cycles of different brain and body activity phases crucial for well-being. Unconsciousness is a stage of depressed cerebral function causing impaired response and awareness for an uncertain time. This document discusses sleep physiology and cycles, factors affecting sleep, common sleep disturbances and their management, as well as defining unconsciousness, its causes, manifestations, diagnostic assessment, and management including symptomatic and surgical treatments and potential complications.
The document summarizes different parts of the brain stem including the thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla, pons, and cerebellum. It discusses the location and functions of each part, as well as some related diseases and effects of brain damage. Key functions covered include relaying sensory information, regulating autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, controlling movement, and maintaining homeostasis.
Isabella thoburn college neural mechanism of sleepMadeeha Zaidi
Sleep is regulated by two main mechanisms - sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. Sleep homeostasis refers to the increasing need for sleep driven by a buildup of adenosine in the brain throughout periods of wakefulness. Circadian rhythms refer to the approximately 24 hour cycles in physiology and behavior driven by the brain's biological clock in the hypothalamus, which is synchronized to light/dark cycles. Disruptions to these mechanisms can cause sleep disorders like jet lag. Neural control of sleep involves both sleep-promoting and wake-promoting areas. Key sleep-promoting areas include the basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, and ventrolateral preoptic area. Key wake-promoting areas include the brainstem
This document discusses brainwaves (EEG), which are fluctuations in electrical potential produced by neurons firing in the brain. It describes how brainwaves can be measured via EEG and outlines the main brainwave frequencies (alpha, beta, theta, delta), their associated mental states, and significance. Stimulating different brainwave frequencies through techniques like neurofeedback and brainwave entrainment can help induce specific mental states and potentially treat disorders.
1) Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, and feelings of impending doom. They arise from activation of the body's innate fight or flight system by the sympathetic nervous system.
2) Diagnosis involves ruling out medical causes through testing and assessing anxiety levels. Treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like SSRIs or beta blockers to manage symptoms.
3) Lifestyle factors like exercise, diet, caffeine intake, and stress management are also important to treatment and prevention of panic attacks. Maintaining healthy neurotransmitter and hormone levels can help keep anxiety in check.
The document discusses electroencephalography (EEG) patterns during different states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep. It describes the different sleep stages including non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep involves high-amplitude slow waves while REM sleep involves low-amplitude fast waves similar to wakefulness. The neural mechanisms controlling arousal, NREM sleep and REM sleep are also summarized.
This document discusses unconsciousness and coma. It defines unconsciousness as a temporary state of lacking awareness and responsiveness. Coma is described as a state of sustained unconsciousness where the patient does not respond to stimuli. The causes, assessment tools, medical management, nursing care needs, and outcomes of unconsciousness and coma are covered. Reticular activating system is identified as controlling consciousness and disorders of this system can cause coma.
The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to control and coordinate the body through chemical messengers called hormones. While the nervous system responds rapidly through electrical signals, the endocrine system enables slower, longer-term responses by releasing hormones into the bloodstream which then travel to target organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Each gland secretes specific hormones that influence various metabolic processes and regulate bodily functions.
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Hena Jawaid
This document provides an overview of neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines normal sleep, describes the circadian rhythm and two-process model that regulate sleep-wake cycles. It outlines the reticular activating system and flip-flop switch that control transitions between wake and sleep states. Non-REM and REM sleep are characterized based on EEG patterns. Polysomnography and other tools for measuring sleep are discussed. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are introduced.
Electrical activity of the brain as studied with the help of Electroencephalogram. Sleep wake cycle and circardian rythym.
learn more about different brain waves.
The document discusses sleep disorders and the measurement and stages of sleep. It provides details on:
1) How sleep is measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG electrodes to record brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity.
2) The stages of sleep including NREM stages 1-4 and REM sleep, characterized by different brain wave patterns.
3) Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. Treatment options are also outlined.
The document discusses sleep disorders and how sleep is measured. It describes the stages of sleep including non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages characterized by different brain wave patterns. The cycles between NREM and REM sleep are important for rest. Common sleep disorders include primary insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Insomnia involves difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep while hypersomnia involves excessive daytime sleepiness. Breathing-related disorders disrupt sleep through interrupted breathing.
1) The document discusses physiology of sleep and dreams, defining sleep and outlining typical sleep requirements by age.
2) It describes the stages and types of sleep, including REM and NREM sleep cycles. Physiological changes during sleep like decreased heart rate and respiratory rate are also summarized.
3) The mechanisms and centers of the brain that control sleep and dreaming are examined. Various sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea are also discussed.
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptxMr SACHIN
The document summarizes the roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus regulates body functions like temperature and hunger through both nervous and endocrine connections. The hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, releasing regulatory factors that stimulate hormone production in the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that target various organs, while the posterior pituitary stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus like ADH and oxytocin.
The document summarizes key aspects of the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It describes the structures and functions of the thalamus, including its role as a relay station and gateway to the cerebral cortex. It then discusses the hypothalamus, describing its locations, connections, and roles in regulating autonomic functions, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, hormone secretion, memory, and circadian rhythms.
In this topic i am trying to covered information about nervous system i knew its not enough but as per my knowledge and resources i have attached the material
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
This document summarizes key information about sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses how sleep is measured using EEG, EOG and EMG recordings. It describes the different types of brain waves seen on EEGs during sleep stages. The stages of sleep including non-REM sleep stages I-IV and REM sleep are outlined. Factors influencing sleep such as biological rhythms and neuroendocrine regulation are also summarized.
this is useful for all the students of bachelors degree in nursing , mostly fresh students . this will be useful during their exam preparation, material for future as a tutor/lecturer/teacher/associate professors for nursing college. this can be useful for non nursing and non teaching faculty who needs health education regarding sleep and rest.
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...AdityaRahane7
This document discusses EEG (electroencephalography), including:
1. EEG involves recording electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp.
2. EEG can help diagnose epilepsy, classify seizure types, localize epileptic zones, assess treatment response, and evaluate risks after stopping medication.
3. It describes normal sleep cycles and the brain wave patterns associated with each sleep stage.
4. Abnormal EEG patterns include epileptiform discharges like spikes and sharp waves, as well as non-epileptiform periodic discharges seen in conditions like encephalitis.
The document discusses the structures of the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotional responses. It also controls the pituitary gland and circadian rhythms. The epithalamus is the posterior portion of the diencephalon.
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is critical for sensory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. It also controls the pituitary gland and emotional responses. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland which regulates melatonin secretion and the sleep-wake cycle.
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is critical for sensory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms. It also controls the pituitary gland and emotional responses. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland which regulates melatonin secretion and sleep cycles.
The document discusses electroencephalography (EEG) patterns during different states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep. It describes the different sleep stages including non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep involves high-amplitude slow waves while REM sleep involves low-amplitude fast waves similar to wakefulness. The neural mechanisms controlling arousal, NREM sleep and REM sleep are also summarized.
This document discusses unconsciousness and coma. It defines unconsciousness as a temporary state of lacking awareness and responsiveness. Coma is described as a state of sustained unconsciousness where the patient does not respond to stimuli. The causes, assessment tools, medical management, nursing care needs, and outcomes of unconsciousness and coma are covered. Reticular activating system is identified as controlling consciousness and disorders of this system can cause coma.
The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to control and coordinate the body through chemical messengers called hormones. While the nervous system responds rapidly through electrical signals, the endocrine system enables slower, longer-term responses by releasing hormones into the bloodstream which then travel to target organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Each gland secretes specific hormones that influence various metabolic processes and regulate bodily functions.
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Hena Jawaid
This document provides an overview of neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines normal sleep, describes the circadian rhythm and two-process model that regulate sleep-wake cycles. It outlines the reticular activating system and flip-flop switch that control transitions between wake and sleep states. Non-REM and REM sleep are characterized based on EEG patterns. Polysomnography and other tools for measuring sleep are discussed. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are introduced.
Electrical activity of the brain as studied with the help of Electroencephalogram. Sleep wake cycle and circardian rythym.
learn more about different brain waves.
The document discusses sleep disorders and the measurement and stages of sleep. It provides details on:
1) How sleep is measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG electrodes to record brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity.
2) The stages of sleep including NREM stages 1-4 and REM sleep, characterized by different brain wave patterns.
3) Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. Treatment options are also outlined.
The document discusses sleep disorders and how sleep is measured. It describes the stages of sleep including non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages characterized by different brain wave patterns. The cycles between NREM and REM sleep are important for rest. Common sleep disorders include primary insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Insomnia involves difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep while hypersomnia involves excessive daytime sleepiness. Breathing-related disorders disrupt sleep through interrupted breathing.
1) The document discusses physiology of sleep and dreams, defining sleep and outlining typical sleep requirements by age.
2) It describes the stages and types of sleep, including REM and NREM sleep cycles. Physiological changes during sleep like decreased heart rate and respiratory rate are also summarized.
3) The mechanisms and centers of the brain that control sleep and dreaming are examined. Various sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea are also discussed.
Role of hypothalamus and Pituitary-1.pptxMr SACHIN
The document summarizes the roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus regulates body functions like temperature and hunger through both nervous and endocrine connections. The hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, releasing regulatory factors that stimulate hormone production in the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that target various organs, while the posterior pituitary stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus like ADH and oxytocin.
The document summarizes key aspects of the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It describes the structures and functions of the thalamus, including its role as a relay station and gateway to the cerebral cortex. It then discusses the hypothalamus, describing its locations, connections, and roles in regulating autonomic functions, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, hormone secretion, memory, and circadian rhythms.
In this topic i am trying to covered information about nervous system i knew its not enough but as per my knowledge and resources i have attached the material
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
This document summarizes key information about sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses how sleep is measured using EEG, EOG and EMG recordings. It describes the different types of brain waves seen on EEGs during sleep stages. The stages of sleep including non-REM sleep stages I-IV and REM sleep are outlined. Factors influencing sleep such as biological rhythms and neuroendocrine regulation are also summarized.
this is useful for all the students of bachelors degree in nursing , mostly fresh students . this will be useful during their exam preparation, material for future as a tutor/lecturer/teacher/associate professors for nursing college. this can be useful for non nursing and non teaching faculty who needs health education regarding sleep and rest.
eeg ppt defining all aspects of eeg and various type of waves seen in every e...AdityaRahane7
This document discusses EEG (electroencephalography), including:
1. EEG involves recording electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp.
2. EEG can help diagnose epilepsy, classify seizure types, localize epileptic zones, assess treatment response, and evaluate risks after stopping medication.
3. It describes normal sleep cycles and the brain wave patterns associated with each sleep stage.
4. Abnormal EEG patterns include epileptiform discharges like spikes and sharp waves, as well as non-epileptiform periodic discharges seen in conditions like encephalitis.
The document discusses the structures of the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotional responses. It also controls the pituitary gland and circadian rhythms. The epithalamus is the posterior portion of the diencephalon.
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is critical for sensory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. It also controls the pituitary gland and emotional responses. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland which regulates melatonin secretion and the sleep-wake cycle.
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is critical for sensory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms. It also controls the pituitary gland and emotional responses. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland which regulates melatonin secretion and sleep cycles.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Hypothalamus physio.pptx
1. of the brain
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain weighing
about 5 grams. It bounds the ventral half of the 3rd ventricle
and lies below the thalamus.
On its inferior pole,it is connected with the pituitary
gland.the afferent and efferent connections of the
hypothalamus show that it is a vital integration centre for the
somatic,autonomic and endocrine functions.
2. Ventral hypothalamus is reciprocally connected to the upper
midbrain,the limbic midbrain and the limbic system.It receives
afferent inputs from all parts of the body through the spinal
cord,medulla oblongata and the reticular formation of the brain stem.
These pathways project into the hypothalamus either through the
thalamus or limbic midbrain area.Efferent connections from the
hypothalamus link it with autonomic and somatic nuclei in the
reticular formation.
3. The medial hypothalamus also makes a reciprocal connections with
the lateral hypothalamus and receives direct afferent inputs from
non-hypothalamic parts of the brain.
Special neurons in the medial hypothalamus measure the
concentration of important constituents of the blood or cerebrospinal
fluid. In this way, the medial hypothalamus monitors the internal
milieu(internal environment).
Such receptors measure blood concentration of glucose, salts,
endocrine hormones or the temperature of blood
4. The efferent connections from the medial hypothalamus to the
hypophysis are neuronal to the neurohypophysis (the
hypothalamohypophysial tract) and hormonal to the
adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary gland) through the portal
hypophysiavessels.
The hypothalamus is made up of many hypothalamic nuclei and each
of these nuclei have been associated with specific functions.
5. HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI THEIR FUNCTIONS
Hypothalamic nuclei Functions.
Supraoptic nuclei -Vsaopresin release(ADH)
Paraventricular nuclei -Oxytocin release (Pitocin)
Medial preoptic area -Bladder contraction,decreased heart
rate &blood pressure
Posterior preoptic and anterior
Hypothalamic areas -Body temperature regulation
7. Functions of the hypothalamus
The major functions of the hypothalamus are listed below:
a. Autonomic function
b. Cardiovascular function
c. Circadian rhythm(cyclic phenomenma)
d. Hunger
e. Thirst
f. Posterior pituitary secretion
9. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
EEG is the study of electrical activities of the brain. EEG is the
graphical recording of electrical activities of the brain. Electrical
activity of the brain is complicated when compared to that of a single
nerve fibre or neuron,this is due to the involvement of large number
of neurons and synapses.
German Psychiatrist Hans Berger was the first one to analyse the EEG
waves systematically and hence the EEG waves are referred to as
Berger waves.
10. Significance of EEG
EEG is useful in the diagnosis of neurological and sleep disorders.Its
pattern is altered in the following neurological disorders :
1. Epilepsy ,which occurs due to excessive discharge of impulsesfrom
cerebral cortex
2. Disorders of midbrain affecting ascending reticular activating
system (ARAS)
3. Subdural hematoma during which there is collection of blood in
subdural space over the cerebral cortex
11. Method of Recording EEG
Electroencephalograph is the instrument used to record EEG. The
electrodes called scalp electrodes from the instrument are placed
over unopened skull or over the brain after opening the skull or by
piercing into brain.
Electrodes are of two types,Unipolar and Bipolar electrodes. While
using bipolar electrodes,both the terminals are placed in different
parts of the brain. When using unipolar electrode, the active
electrode is placed over over cortex and the inactive electrode is kept
on some part of the body away from cortex.
12. Waves of EEG
Electrical activity recorded by EEG may have synchronized or
desynchronized waves. Synchronized waves are the regular and
invariant waves,whereas dysnchronized waves are irregular and
variant waves.
In normal persons,EEG has three frequency bands:
1. Alpha rhythm/waves
2. Beta rhythm /waves
3. Delta rhythm/waves
13. In addition to these three types of waves, EEG in children shows
theta waves.
Alpha Rhythm/waves :
Alpha waves consists of rhythmical waves,which appear at a frequency
of 8 to 13Hz with the amplitude of 50µV.Alpha waves are synchronized
waves.
Alpha rhythm is obtained in inattentive brain or mind as in
drowsiness,/slight sleep with closed eyes.
14. It is abolished by visual stimuli or any other type of stimuli or by
mental effort.So,it is abolished when eyes are opened.
Alpha Block :Alpha block is the replacement of synchronized alpha
waves in EEG by desynchronized and low voltage waves when the
eyes are opened.
The desynchronized waves do not have specific frequency.It occurs
due to any form of sensory stimulation of mental concentration,such
as solving arithmetic problems.
15. Beta Rhythm :
This includes high frequency waves of 15 to 60 Hz,but the amplitude is
low,i.e 5 to 10µV.Beta waves are desynchronized waves and are
recorded during mental activity or mental tension or arousal state.It is
not affected by opening the eyes.
Delta Rhythm/waves – This includes waves with low frequency and
high amplitude .The waves have the frequency of 1 to 5Hz with the
amplitude of 20 to 200 µV .It is commom in early childhood during
waking hours. In adults,it appears mostly during deep sleep.
16. Presence of Delta waves in adults during conditions other than sleep
indicates the pathological process in brain like tumor,
epilepsy,increased intracranial pressure and mental deficiency or
deoression.These waves are not affected by opening the eyes.
Theta waves-theta waves are obtained generally in children below
5years of age. These waves are of low frequency and low voltage
waves. The frequency of theta waves is 4 to 8 Hz and the amplitude is
about 10µV.
17. PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
Sleep is the natural periodic state of rest for mind and body with
closed eyes characterized by partial or complete loss of consciousness
.Loss of consciousness leads to decreased response to external stimuli
and decreased body movements.
Depth of sleep is not constant throughout the sleeping period. It
varies in different stages of sleep. Sleep can also be defined as a state
of unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory
or other stimuli. It is different from coma, which is unconsciousness
from which a p[erson cannot be aroused.In other words,sleep is an
alteration of,rather than loss of consciousness .
18. Sleep Requirement
Sleep requirement is not constant. However,average sleep
requirement per day at different different age group is :
1. New born infants :18 to 20 hours
2. Growing children : 12 to 14 hours
3. Adults :7 to 9 hours
4. Old persons :5 to 7hours
19. Physiological changes during sleep
During sleep,most of the body functions are reduced to basal
level.The following are important changes in the body during sleep:
Plasma volume : Plasma volume decreases by 10 % during sleep
Cardiovascular system :
Heart rate : the heart rate reduces during sleep.It varies between 45
and 60 beats per minute (Bradycardia)
Blood pressure : Systolic blood pressure falls to about 90 to 110 mmHg.
20. Lowest level of blood pressure is reached about 4th hour of sleep and
remains at this level till a short time before waking up.Then,the blood
pressure starts to rise. If sleep is disturbed by exciting dreams,the
pressure is elevated above 130mmHg.
3.Respiratory system: Rate and force of respiration are decreased.
Respiration becomes irregular
4.GIT(gastrointestinal tract)-salivary secretion decreases during sleep.
5.Excretion : formation of urine decreases and specific gravity of urine
increases.
21. 6.Sweat secretion –sweat secretion decreases during sleep.
7.Lacrimal secretion : decreases during sleep.
8. Muscle tone : tone in all muscles except ocular muscles decreases
significantly during sleep.This is called sleep paralysis.
9. Brain : brain is inactive during sleep.