This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which are a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. It defines the different types of hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The document outlines risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, investigations, management including delivery timing, and complications like eclampsia and HELLP syndrome for different hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for seizures of eclampsia. Delivery is usually required to resolve preeclampsia symptoms.
Preeclampsia is a disorder that is unique to human pregnancy, and the only known cure for this complication is delivery. Preeclampsia affects approximately 4% to 5% of pregnancies . The Preeclampsia Foundation states that: “Globally, preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death. By conservative estimates, these disorders are responsible for 76,000 maternal and 500,000 infant deaths each year.” As is evident from the statement that, preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In India, the incidence of preeclampsia is reported to be 8-10% among the pregnant women. According to a study, the prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 7.8% with preeclampsia in 5.4% of the study population in India
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. PIH is a multisystem disorder characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine that develops during pregnancy. It can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby if untreated. The document covers the definition, classification, signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of mild and severe cases of PIH.
1. The document discusses various types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy including physiological anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, complications, investigations, and management of these anemias.
3. Specific attention is given to megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid deficiency which is a common form of anemia during pregnancy, as well as the effects and management of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia during pregnancy.
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy pptxShabnam Shaikh
Hypertensive disorders are a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. This document discusses the classification, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. It provides guidelines for monitoring, treatment with antihypertensive medications, delivery timing, and postpartum care for women with mild or severe forms of these conditions. The goal of treatment is to prevent maternal complications while allowing for fetal lung maturity as determined by gestational age.
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy include:
1) Increased production of anti-insulin hormones by the placenta like human placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, estrogen, and progesterone which cause insulin resistance.
2) This insulin resistance develops in mid-pregnancy and results in low fasting blood sugar but high post-prandial blood sugar as well as low renal threshold for glucose and increased glucose in the urine (glycosuria).
3) The insulin receptors cannot fully respond to insulin so glucose transporters become inactive, glucose cannot enter cells, and hyperglycemia occurs to supply nutrients to support the growth and demands of the fetus and mother.
Diabetes in pregnancy Dr.Pasham Sharath ChandraPasham sharath
This document discusses diabetes in pregnancy. It provides information on different types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. It notes the risks of diabetes in pregnancy for both the mother and fetus, including complications like miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and congenital malformations. The document discusses management of pregestational or overt diabetes in pregnancy, including achieving good glycemic control before and during pregnancy through insulin therapy, medical nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.
This document discusses preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder that occurs during pregnancy. It defines preeclampsia as hypertension and proteinuria arising after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures. Risk factors include primigravidity and family history. Symptoms include headaches and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves blood pressure monitoring and urine analysis. Delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, monitoring the fetus, and timely delivery. Complications for the mother include eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and stroke, while risks for the baby include growth restriction and stillbirth.
Preeclampsia is a disorder that is unique to human pregnancy, and the only known cure for this complication is delivery. Preeclampsia affects approximately 4% to 5% of pregnancies . The Preeclampsia Foundation states that: “Globally, preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death. By conservative estimates, these disorders are responsible for 76,000 maternal and 500,000 infant deaths each year.” As is evident from the statement that, preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In India, the incidence of preeclampsia is reported to be 8-10% among the pregnant women. According to a study, the prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 7.8% with preeclampsia in 5.4% of the study population in India
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. PIH is a multisystem disorder characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine that develops during pregnancy. It can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby if untreated. The document covers the definition, classification, signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of mild and severe cases of PIH.
1. The document discusses various types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy including physiological anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, complications, investigations, and management of these anemias.
3. Specific attention is given to megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid deficiency which is a common form of anemia during pregnancy, as well as the effects and management of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia during pregnancy.
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy pptxShabnam Shaikh
Hypertensive disorders are a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. This document discusses the classification, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. It provides guidelines for monitoring, treatment with antihypertensive medications, delivery timing, and postpartum care for women with mild or severe forms of these conditions. The goal of treatment is to prevent maternal complications while allowing for fetal lung maturity as determined by gestational age.
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy include:
1) Increased production of anti-insulin hormones by the placenta like human placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, estrogen, and progesterone which cause insulin resistance.
2) This insulin resistance develops in mid-pregnancy and results in low fasting blood sugar but high post-prandial blood sugar as well as low renal threshold for glucose and increased glucose in the urine (glycosuria).
3) The insulin receptors cannot fully respond to insulin so glucose transporters become inactive, glucose cannot enter cells, and hyperglycemia occurs to supply nutrients to support the growth and demands of the fetus and mother.
Diabetes in pregnancy Dr.Pasham Sharath ChandraPasham sharath
This document discusses diabetes in pregnancy. It provides information on different types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. It notes the risks of diabetes in pregnancy for both the mother and fetus, including complications like miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and congenital malformations. The document discusses management of pregestational or overt diabetes in pregnancy, including achieving good glycemic control before and during pregnancy through insulin therapy, medical nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.
This document discusses preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder that occurs during pregnancy. It defines preeclampsia as hypertension and proteinuria arising after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures. Risk factors include primigravidity and family history. Symptoms include headaches and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves blood pressure monitoring and urine analysis. Delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, monitoring the fetus, and timely delivery. Complications for the mother include eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and stroke, while risks for the baby include growth restriction and stillbirth.
Obstetric cholestasis (OC), also known as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), is a liver disorder that occurs during pregnancy characterized by severe pruritus and abnormal liver function tests. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors that inhibit bile salt transporters in the liver. Risk factors include a family history and multiple pregnancies. Symptoms include worsening pruritus, jaundice in 50% of cases, and elevated bile acids and liver enzymes. Management involves monitoring for preterm birth and fetal distress risks, discussing induction of labor after 37 weeks to prevent stillbirth, and treating pruritus symptoms. Prognosis is typically good with resolution of symptoms after delivery.
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as bleeding more than 500ml following childbirth. It can be primary within 24 hours or secondary between 24 hours to 6 weeks. The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony, retained placental tissue, lacerations, and coagulation disorders. Risk factors include overdistention of the uterus, previous PPH, prolonged labor, and preeclampsia. Clinical presentation includes heavy bleeding and signs of shock. Management involves bimanual compression, B-Lynch brace suture, exclusion of retained tissue, and antibiotic treatment for endometritis in secondary PPH cases.
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
This document discusses epilepsy and pregnancy. Some key points:
- Epilepsy affects 0.5% of women of childbearing age and is the most common neurological disorder complicating pregnancy.
- Seizure frequency may increase, decrease or remain unchanged during pregnancy, depending on the individual. The risk of seizures is highest around delivery.
- Antiepileptic medications used to treat epilepsy can cause birth defects, especially sodium valproate which has been linked to neural tube defects. The risk increases with multiple medications and higher valproate doses.
- Women with epilepsy need folic acid, careful monitoring of seizure frequency and medication levels during pregnancy, and fetal screening for birth defects. Managing epilepsy treatment aims to control
- Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande is a medical director and chairperson of several organizations focused on obstetrics and gynecology in India.
- She has received numerous national awards for her work in women's health issues like the Nagpur Ratan Award and the Bharat Excellence Award.
- The document discusses diabetes in pregnancy, including the types of diabetes (pre-existing vs. gestational), prevalence, pathophysiology, screening and diagnostic criteria, management, and monitoring during pregnancy.
- Key aspects of managing gestational diabetes include medical nutrition therapy, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, glycemic targets, fetal monitoring, and insulin treatment if needed to control blood sugar
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur in pregnancy across multiple body systems. The uterus increases dramatically in size from 70g and 10mL non-pregnant to approximately 1100g and 5L by the end of pregnancy. Hormonal changes include increased estrogen, progesterone, hCG, hPL, prolactin, IGF, and decreased hGH levels. This leads to adaptations in various organ systems like increased blood volume by 45%, enlarged heart and increased cardiac output, mild anemia and thrombocytopenia, immunosuppression to tolerate the fetus, and metabolic changes in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Respiration is also altered to support higher oxygen demands.
The document discusses various factors that can impact the fetus during labor, including uterine contractions, cord accidents, and head compression. It also reviews different methods for intrapartum fetal monitoring, such as cardiotocography (CTG), to detect hypoxia and acidosis in the fetus so timely interventions can be provided. The goal of fetal monitoring is to improve perinatal outcomes by identifying any non-reassuring signs on the CTG tracing and addressing potentially correctable causes to prevent fetal asphyxia and injury.
This document discusses systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy. It notes that SLE occurs more frequently in women, especially during childbearing years. Pregnancy can cause flares in 40-60% of cases, most likely immediately postpartum. Good pregnancy outcomes require quiescent SLE for at least 6 months before conception with no active renal involvement or antiphospholipid antibodies. Management involves preconception counseling and multidisciplinary monitoring of disease activity and fetal wellbeing. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for flares.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. It begins by providing background information on PIH, including classification and pathophysiology. It then discusses screening tests and measurements for diagnosing PIH, including blood pressure measurement techniques. The document further summarizes the classification of PIH, risk factors, pathogenesis involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and theories on the immunological and genetic factors involved in preeclampsia.
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies. It can be caused by anatomical, genetic, infectious, immune, or other factors. Common anatomical causes include uterine abnormalities like septate uterus and fibroids. Genetic factors may include chromosomal abnormalities in the products of conception or balanced translocations in one or both parents. Infectious causes like bacterial vaginosis can also contribute. The immune condition antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, characterized by antibodies that cause blood clots, increases the risk of recurrent loss. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery to correct uterine anomalies, antibiotics for infections, low-dose aspirin with or without heparin for antiphospholip
Antepartum and intrapartum foetal monitoringrajeev sood
This document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being, including clinical assessment, ultrasound, non-stress tests (NST), biophysical profile (BPP), and more. It provides details on each method, including how they are performed, interpreted, and used to monitor high-risk pregnancies and detect issues with the fetus. The key methods discussed are NST, BPP, ultrasound measurements, and Doppler assessments. Clinical assessment includes factors like fundal height, fetal movement counting, and maternal weight gain.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
Dr. Gitanjali presented a case of a 36-year-old primigravida woman at 38 weeks and 2 days of pregnancy who presented with raised blood pressure of 200/150 mmHg. She was diagnosed with chronic hypertension, superimposed preeclampsia, anemia, fetal growth restriction, and hypothyroidism. Despite treatment with antihypertensive medications, her blood pressure remained elevated. She underwent an emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and delivered a baby. Her case highlights the importance of monitoring and managing the multiple complications that can arise in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy recent guidelines fogsi 2014Dr Meenakshi Sharma
This document discusses guidelines for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy from FOGSI 2014. Some key points:
1. Hypertension complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Preeclampsia can develop in women with a history of the condition in 13-53% of future pregnancies.
2. Diagnosis of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy includes gestational hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 without proteinuria after 20 weeks), preeclampsia (same with proteinuria), and chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy).
3. Treatment for mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy focuses on oral antihypertensives like labetalol and
This document discusses traditional and novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. It summarizes the findings of various studies on biomarkers such as urine albumin excretion rate, serum uric acid levels, microalbuminuria, urinary soluble endoglin, urine proteomics, inhibin A, and thrombomodulin among others. Many of these show potential as predictors but have limitations in sensitivity, specificity, or ability to determine disease severity. Novel placental factors measured early in pregnancy may be promising predictors if they can be easily and cheaply measured with high sensitivity and specificity.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy, including definitions of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. It describes potential complications affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, renal and hepatic systems in the mother, as well as fetal growth restriction and preterm birth. Diagnosis involves blood pressure monitoring and urine testing. Management includes antihypertensive treatment, fluid management, magnesium therapy, and timely delivery. Regional anesthesia is preferred for labor and c-section, though general anesthesia may be required in emergencies. Post-delivery, close monitoring is needed as preeclampsia can worsen for up to 6 weeks.
This document discusses the definition, indications, timing, criteria, and contraindications of induced labor. It notes that induced labor is initiated before spontaneous labor to achieve delivery when the benefits outweigh the risks of continuing the pregnancy, such as in cases of post-dates pregnancy, preeclampsia, diabetes, or fetal compromise. The timing depends on the indication, and criteria include confirmed dates and no acute fetal distress. Contraindications include conditions that could increase risks during a vaginal delivery. District hospitals have limits on the number of prostaglandins that can be used to induce labor without specialist consultation.
Diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy, affecting 4-6% of pregnancies in the US. It can lead to both maternal and fetal morbidity. The main types of diabetes in pregnancy are gestational diabetes (88% of cases), type 2 diabetes (8% of cases), and type 1 diabetes (4% of cases). Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of miscarriage, preterm delivery, birth defects, macrosomia, growth restriction, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress in the baby. It also increases the mother's risk of preeclampsia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and complications from existing diabetes or related conditions. Diagnosis and treatment focus on managing blood glucose
This document provides information about postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), including its definition, causes, risk factors, prevention, assessment, management, and treatment. Some key points:
- PPH is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, responsible for 1/3 of maternal deaths. The majority occur within 4 hours of delivery.
- Causes (4 Ts) include uterine atony (80% of cases), retained placenta or clots, genital tract trauma, and coagulation disorders.
- Risk factors include overdistended uterus, rapid/prolonged labor, uterine anomalies, and coagulation disorders.
- Prevention is through active management of the third stage of labor
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by defining hypertensive disorders and noting their high rates of morbidity and mortality. It then discusses the various types of hypertensive disorders seen in pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, etc.) and their signs and symptoms. Risk factors are identified. The pathophysiology and assessment/management of hypertensive disorders are explained in detail over multiple pages. Management includes antihypertensive treatment, seizure prophylaxis, monitoring, delivery indications, and postpartum care. Hypertensive disorders are identified as one of the most significant complications seen in up to 10% of pregnancies.
The document summarizes the management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines hypertension and the different types of hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management approaches for non-severe and severe preeclampsia, including antihypertensive treatment and seizure prophylaxis.
Obstetric cholestasis (OC), also known as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), is a liver disorder that occurs during pregnancy characterized by severe pruritus and abnormal liver function tests. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors that inhibit bile salt transporters in the liver. Risk factors include a family history and multiple pregnancies. Symptoms include worsening pruritus, jaundice in 50% of cases, and elevated bile acids and liver enzymes. Management involves monitoring for preterm birth and fetal distress risks, discussing induction of labor after 37 weeks to prevent stillbirth, and treating pruritus symptoms. Prognosis is typically good with resolution of symptoms after delivery.
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as bleeding more than 500ml following childbirth. It can be primary within 24 hours or secondary between 24 hours to 6 weeks. The main causes of primary PPH are uterine atony, retained placental tissue, lacerations, and coagulation disorders. Risk factors include overdistention of the uterus, previous PPH, prolonged labor, and preeclampsia. Clinical presentation includes heavy bleeding and signs of shock. Management involves bimanual compression, B-Lynch brace suture, exclusion of retained tissue, and antibiotic treatment for endometritis in secondary PPH cases.
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
This document discusses epilepsy and pregnancy. Some key points:
- Epilepsy affects 0.5% of women of childbearing age and is the most common neurological disorder complicating pregnancy.
- Seizure frequency may increase, decrease or remain unchanged during pregnancy, depending on the individual. The risk of seizures is highest around delivery.
- Antiepileptic medications used to treat epilepsy can cause birth defects, especially sodium valproate which has been linked to neural tube defects. The risk increases with multiple medications and higher valproate doses.
- Women with epilepsy need folic acid, careful monitoring of seizure frequency and medication levels during pregnancy, and fetal screening for birth defects. Managing epilepsy treatment aims to control
- Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande is a medical director and chairperson of several organizations focused on obstetrics and gynecology in India.
- She has received numerous national awards for her work in women's health issues like the Nagpur Ratan Award and the Bharat Excellence Award.
- The document discusses diabetes in pregnancy, including the types of diabetes (pre-existing vs. gestational), prevalence, pathophysiology, screening and diagnostic criteria, management, and monitoring during pregnancy.
- Key aspects of managing gestational diabetes include medical nutrition therapy, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, glycemic targets, fetal monitoring, and insulin treatment if needed to control blood sugar
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur in pregnancy across multiple body systems. The uterus increases dramatically in size from 70g and 10mL non-pregnant to approximately 1100g and 5L by the end of pregnancy. Hormonal changes include increased estrogen, progesterone, hCG, hPL, prolactin, IGF, and decreased hGH levels. This leads to adaptations in various organ systems like increased blood volume by 45%, enlarged heart and increased cardiac output, mild anemia and thrombocytopenia, immunosuppression to tolerate the fetus, and metabolic changes in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Respiration is also altered to support higher oxygen demands.
The document discusses various factors that can impact the fetus during labor, including uterine contractions, cord accidents, and head compression. It also reviews different methods for intrapartum fetal monitoring, such as cardiotocography (CTG), to detect hypoxia and acidosis in the fetus so timely interventions can be provided. The goal of fetal monitoring is to improve perinatal outcomes by identifying any non-reassuring signs on the CTG tracing and addressing potentially correctable causes to prevent fetal asphyxia and injury.
This document discusses systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy. It notes that SLE occurs more frequently in women, especially during childbearing years. Pregnancy can cause flares in 40-60% of cases, most likely immediately postpartum. Good pregnancy outcomes require quiescent SLE for at least 6 months before conception with no active renal involvement or antiphospholipid antibodies. Management involves preconception counseling and multidisciplinary monitoring of disease activity and fetal wellbeing. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for flares.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. It begins by providing background information on PIH, including classification and pathophysiology. It then discusses screening tests and measurements for diagnosing PIH, including blood pressure measurement techniques. The document further summarizes the classification of PIH, risk factors, pathogenesis involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and theories on the immunological and genetic factors involved in preeclampsia.
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies. It can be caused by anatomical, genetic, infectious, immune, or other factors. Common anatomical causes include uterine abnormalities like septate uterus and fibroids. Genetic factors may include chromosomal abnormalities in the products of conception or balanced translocations in one or both parents. Infectious causes like bacterial vaginosis can also contribute. The immune condition antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, characterized by antibodies that cause blood clots, increases the risk of recurrent loss. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery to correct uterine anomalies, antibiotics for infections, low-dose aspirin with or without heparin for antiphospholip
Antepartum and intrapartum foetal monitoringrajeev sood
This document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being, including clinical assessment, ultrasound, non-stress tests (NST), biophysical profile (BPP), and more. It provides details on each method, including how they are performed, interpreted, and used to monitor high-risk pregnancies and detect issues with the fetus. The key methods discussed are NST, BPP, ultrasound measurements, and Doppler assessments. Clinical assessment includes factors like fundal height, fetal movement counting, and maternal weight gain.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
Dr. Gitanjali presented a case of a 36-year-old primigravida woman at 38 weeks and 2 days of pregnancy who presented with raised blood pressure of 200/150 mmHg. She was diagnosed with chronic hypertension, superimposed preeclampsia, anemia, fetal growth restriction, and hypothyroidism. Despite treatment with antihypertensive medications, her blood pressure remained elevated. She underwent an emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and delivered a baby. Her case highlights the importance of monitoring and managing the multiple complications that can arise in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy recent guidelines fogsi 2014Dr Meenakshi Sharma
This document discusses guidelines for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy from FOGSI 2014. Some key points:
1. Hypertension complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Preeclampsia can develop in women with a history of the condition in 13-53% of future pregnancies.
2. Diagnosis of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy includes gestational hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 without proteinuria after 20 weeks), preeclampsia (same with proteinuria), and chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy).
3. Treatment for mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy focuses on oral antihypertensives like labetalol and
This document discusses traditional and novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. It summarizes the findings of various studies on biomarkers such as urine albumin excretion rate, serum uric acid levels, microalbuminuria, urinary soluble endoglin, urine proteomics, inhibin A, and thrombomodulin among others. Many of these show potential as predictors but have limitations in sensitivity, specificity, or ability to determine disease severity. Novel placental factors measured early in pregnancy may be promising predictors if they can be easily and cheaply measured with high sensitivity and specificity.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy, including definitions of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. It describes potential complications affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, renal and hepatic systems in the mother, as well as fetal growth restriction and preterm birth. Diagnosis involves blood pressure monitoring and urine testing. Management includes antihypertensive treatment, fluid management, magnesium therapy, and timely delivery. Regional anesthesia is preferred for labor and c-section, though general anesthesia may be required in emergencies. Post-delivery, close monitoring is needed as preeclampsia can worsen for up to 6 weeks.
This document discusses the definition, indications, timing, criteria, and contraindications of induced labor. It notes that induced labor is initiated before spontaneous labor to achieve delivery when the benefits outweigh the risks of continuing the pregnancy, such as in cases of post-dates pregnancy, preeclampsia, diabetes, or fetal compromise. The timing depends on the indication, and criteria include confirmed dates and no acute fetal distress. Contraindications include conditions that could increase risks during a vaginal delivery. District hospitals have limits on the number of prostaglandins that can be used to induce labor without specialist consultation.
Diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy, affecting 4-6% of pregnancies in the US. It can lead to both maternal and fetal morbidity. The main types of diabetes in pregnancy are gestational diabetes (88% of cases), type 2 diabetes (8% of cases), and type 1 diabetes (4% of cases). Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of miscarriage, preterm delivery, birth defects, macrosomia, growth restriction, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress in the baby. It also increases the mother's risk of preeclampsia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and complications from existing diabetes or related conditions. Diagnosis and treatment focus on managing blood glucose
This document provides information about postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), including its definition, causes, risk factors, prevention, assessment, management, and treatment. Some key points:
- PPH is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, responsible for 1/3 of maternal deaths. The majority occur within 4 hours of delivery.
- Causes (4 Ts) include uterine atony (80% of cases), retained placenta or clots, genital tract trauma, and coagulation disorders.
- Risk factors include overdistended uterus, rapid/prolonged labor, uterine anomalies, and coagulation disorders.
- Prevention is through active management of the third stage of labor
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by defining hypertensive disorders and noting their high rates of morbidity and mortality. It then discusses the various types of hypertensive disorders seen in pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, etc.) and their signs and symptoms. Risk factors are identified. The pathophysiology and assessment/management of hypertensive disorders are explained in detail over multiple pages. Management includes antihypertensive treatment, seizure prophylaxis, monitoring, delivery indications, and postpartum care. Hypertensive disorders are identified as one of the most significant complications seen in up to 10% of pregnancies.
The document summarizes the management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines hypertension and the different types of hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management approaches for non-severe and severe preeclampsia, including antihypertensive treatment and seizure prophylaxis.
HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. It occurs in 0.2-0.6% of pregnancies and can lead to significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality if not properly managed. Diagnosis is based on laboratory criteria of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures, administering corticosteroids to improve fetal lung maturity, and timely delivery once the fetus is deemed viable outside the womb. Intensive postpartum care is needed to monitor for complications like hepatic rupture. Future pregnancy risks of recurrence are high, warranting careful management of
The document outlines the diagnosis, classification, risk factors, complications and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, focusing on pre-eclampsia. It defines pre-eclampsia and how it is diagnosed, classified as mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms and signs. The management of pre-eclampsia is also described, including controlling blood pressure, seizures and fluid balance, as well as delivering the baby.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), including definitions, classifications, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. PIH is a multisystem disorder characterized by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation. It includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Management involves monitoring for signs of worsening disease and delivering after 37 weeks if mild or earlier if severe to prevent maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Treatment includes antihypertensives, magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures, and delivery.
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. PIH is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology that can lead to increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if left untreated. It is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The document covers the classification, signs, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of the different types of PIH, including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Treatment involves blood pressure control with antihypertensives, magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures, and timely delivery once the fetus is mature.
This document discusses various causes of convulsions and coma that can occur during pregnancy, including eclampsia, preeclampsia, infections, trauma, and metabolic or electrolyte imbalances. It provides details on diagnosing and managing eclampsia, including use of magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant and delivering the fetus. Coma during pregnancy can result from conditions like cerebrovascular accidents, peripartum cardiomyopathy, amniotic fluid embolism, and cerebral venous thrombosis. Evaluation and treatment of specific etiologies is discussed.
The document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, which refers to diseases presenting with hypertension and/or proteinuria during pregnancy. The most common types are gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is diagnosed with new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation and can progress to eclampsia if seizures occur. Risk factors include nulliparity and obesity. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and often requires early delivery once the pregnancy is deemed mature enough. Antepartum hemorrhage, such as placenta previa when the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, is another complication discussed.
Hypertension in pregnancy can take several forms including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia include chronic hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and a family history. Screening and treatment with low dose aspirin and calcium supplementation can help prevent preeclampsia in high risk women. Severe preeclampsia requires close monitoring in hospital and timely delivery if signs worsen. Magnesium sulfate is the treatment of choice to prevent eclampsia. Postpartum follow up is also important to monitor for ongoing high blood pressure
This document discusses peripartum convulsions and eclampsia. It begins by defining convulsive disorders and their origins in the central nervous system. It then discusses the causes of peripartum convulsions, with 98% being obstetric (eclampsia) and 2% being non-obstetric. Eclampsia is defined as a disease of pregnancy involving high blood pressure, convulsions, and proteinuria. The document outlines the presentation, types, investigations, and management of eclampsia. Management involves controlling seizures, lowering blood pressure, delivering the baby, and preventing recurrence through magnesium sulfate administration. Complications and ominous signs are also noted.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition characterized by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation without prior chronic hypertension. It can range from mild to severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Severe PIH is associated with multiple organ involvement and risks to both mother and baby. Care involves careful monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby when term, and preventing and treating seizures with magnesium sulfate. Anesthetic management focuses on regional techniques like epidural anesthesia to control blood pressure, while preparing for potential difficulties like airway edema during general anesthesia if needed.
CME Hypertension in Pregnancy yoges edited.pptxyogeswary7
Based on the case, this is a high risk pregnancy with multiple risk factors for preeclampsia:
1. Obesity
2. Previous preeclampsia
3. Chronic hypertension
Given the history of preeclampsia in the previous pregnancy requiring early delivery, close monitoring is needed in this pregnancy. Some key points:
- Monitor blood pressure closely and watch for signs of worsening preeclampsia like increasing proteinuria
- Consider earlier delivery between 34-37 weeks given previous preterm delivery for preeclampsia
- Ensure magnesium sulfate is available in case of eclampsia during delivery
- Optimize diabetes and blood pressure control to reduce risks
- Counsel on signs and symptoms of
Discover the critical insights you need to understand and combat pre-eclampsia in this engaging presentation. My expertly curated slides offer a comprehensive overview of this pregnancy-related condition, covering its causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventative measures. Don't miss this opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of pre-eclampsia and protect the health of expectant mothers and their babies.
Hypertension in pregnancy can be gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, or chronic hypertension appearing for the first time in pregnancy. Gestational hypertension is high blood pressure without proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Pre-eclampsia includes gestational hypertension plus proteinuria. Eclampsia involves seizures in pre-eclamptic women. The pathophysiology involves placental lesions restricting blood flow and damaging the endothelium, affecting multiple maternal organs. Management involves monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering if complications occur, and magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures in eclampsia.
The document discusses pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), including risk factors, symptoms, medical and nursing management, and interventions. PIH is a condition characterized by vasospasm and hypertension during pregnancy. Primary treatment goals are delivery of the fetus, reducing vasospasm and preventing seizures. Nursing focuses on monitoring the patient, administering medications to control blood pressure and prevent eclampsia, and delivering the baby via induction or c-section if needed to stabilize the mother's condition.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It defines various types like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors include chronic hypertension, obesity, and multiple pregnancies. Symptoms are non-specific like headaches and visual disturbances. Treatment involves prevention, controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions, and potentially terminating the pregnancy. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing seizures in preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including definitions, classifications, signs and symptoms, investigations, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. It defines key terms like preeclampsia, eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with seizures. Treatment involves prevention, controlling hypertension, preventing seizures, and terminating pregnancy if needed. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing and controlling seizures.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It defines various types such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. Eclampsia is defined as the occurrence of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. Diagnosis and treatment methods are outlined, including expectant management, controlling blood pressure through various drugs, preventing seizures primarily with magnesium sulfate, and potentially terminating the pregnancy. Differential diagnoses are also listed.
This document provides information on convulsions during pregnancy. It discusses the different causes of convulsions including eclampsia, epilepsy, infections, tumors, and electrolyte imbalances. Eclampsia is defined as new-onset seizures in a woman with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation. The incidence of eclampsia is higher in developing countries. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing seizures in eclampsia. Management of eclampsia involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the fetus, and preventing further seizures and complications. Epilepsy during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus but does not necessarily contraindicate breastfeeding with proper monitoring and treatment.
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Some key points:
- Preeclampsia complicates 7-10% of pregnancies in the US and is a leading cause of maternal death. It is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks.
- Eclampsia occurs in 1 in 10,000-150,000 pregnancies and is characterized by seizures that cannot be attributed to other causes in women with preeclampsia.
- Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing and treating seizures from eclampsia, as it reduces the risk of recurrent seizures by over 50%. However,
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2. 2
Introduction
1. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are
one of the leading causes of maternal
mortality.
2. Worldwide: 50,000 women die each year.
3. Jordan: 4th. Cause of maternal death after
(hemorrhage, thrombo-embolism, and
sepsis. (Jordan MMR 19.1 per 100000 live
birth, 2007-2008)
3. 3
Diagnosis of hypertension in
pregnancy
A systolic BP of > 140 mmHg, a diastolic BP
of > 90 mmHg, or both.
Hypertension is considered severe when BP >
160 for systolic or > 110 for diastolic.
It required at lest two determinations with at
least 6 hours apart of bed rest.
4. 4
How to measure BP in pregnant
woman
Women should be allowed to sit quietly for 10-20 minutes before
each blood pressure measurement.
Blood pressure should be measured in the sitting position, with the
cuff at the level of the heart.
Korotkoff sounds I (the first sound) and V (the disappearance of
sound) should be used to denote the systolic blood pressure
(SBP) and DBP, respectively.
In about 5% of women, an exaggerated gap exists between the
fourth (muffling) and fifth (disappearance) Korotkoff sounds, with
the fifth sound approaching zero. In this setting, both the fourth
and fifth sounds should be recorded (eg, 120/80/40, with sound I =
120, sound IV = 80, and sound V = 40), because the fourth sound
will more closely approximate the true DBP.
5. 5
Diagnosis of Protienurea in
pregnancy
Proteinuria:
≥ 300mg/24 hours urine.
≥ +1 dipstick. (only applicable if the others are not
avialables)
Urinary Protein:creatinine ratio:
At least 0.3 (each measured as mg/dl)
7. 7
Definitions
Gestational hypertension:
– Hypertension for first time after 20 w, without
Proteinuria. BP returns to normal before 12
weeks postpartum.
Chronic hypertension with pregnancy:
– Hypertension antedates pregnancy and detected
before 20 w, & lasts more than 12 weeks
postpartum.
8. 8
Definitions
– Preeclampsia:
The development of hypertension and Proteinuria after
20 weeks.
May occur earlier in vesicular mole or multiple
pregnancy.
Preeclampsia is diagnosed also in the presence of
sever features even in the absence of protienurea (see
next slide).
– Eclampsia:
The occurrence of tonic-clonic convulsions (without
any neurological disease) in a woman with pre-
eclampsia.
11. 11
Incidence of hypertensive disorders in
pregnancy
Gestational hypertension occurs in around 5-6% of all
pregnancies. More common in primigravida. Most cases are
diagnosed after 34 weeks.
PE complicates 1-2% of all pregnancies. 4-7% of first
pregnancies (1 in 4 of PIH) and 1% of subsequent
pregnancies, rising to 16% with history of preeclampsia in
first pregnancy.
Around 5-10% of PE cases are severe.
Approximately 1% of pregnancies are complicated by
chronic hypertension and 20-25% of women with chronic
hypertension develop preeclampsia during pregnancy.
12. 12
Pre-eclampsia (PE):
Definition:
A diastolic BP > 90 mmHg, on at least two
occasions after 20 weeks of gestation
accompanied by significant proteinuria (>
300 mg/24h) and/or other systemic severe
manifestations mentioned before.
13. 13
Aetiology of PE:
PE is the disease of theories:
1. Damage to the vascular endothelial cells.
2. Abnormal lipid metabolism.
3. Reduced anti-oxidant status.
4. Altered catecholamine homeostasis.
5. Abnormal dietary calcium, magnesium, or selenium.
6. Reduced production of nitric oxide.
7. Abnormal immune response to pregnancy.
14. 14
Patho-physiology of PE:
Abnormal placentation is central to the pathogenesis
of PE.
In PE there is reduction in the synthesis of nitric
oxide and prostacyclin and increased production of
endothelin and sensitivity to angiotensin. This result
in to vasospasm and endothelial dysfunction, with
subsequent platelet activation and micro thrombus
formation. These are responsible for features of PE.
17. 17
Prevention of PE:
Aspirin: Low dose (81mg/day) increases the
prostacycline to thromboxan ratio and prevent platelets
aggregation. It should be used from 12 weeks of
pregnancy in women at risk.
Calcium supplementation ( may reduce severity in
women with low intake of calcium.
Antioxidant: vit.C or vit.E (not effective)
Restriction of dietary salt (not effective)
18. 18
High risk women that need aspirin
Maternal disorders:
– Chronic hypertension
– Renal diseases
– Diabetes
– Autoimmune conditions
First pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
Maternal BMI > 25
H/O preeclampsia
Age > 40 years
19. 19
Investigations for PE:
Urinalysis.
24 h urine collection for total protein.
Renal function (urea,uric acid,s. creatinine).
Full blood count (platelets and haematocrit).
Liver function tests.
Coagulation profile if delivery is indicated.
Fetal biophysical profile and Doppler study.
20. 20
Management of PE:
Diagnosis of PE requires admission for bed
rest and close monitoring for mother and fetus.
If the diastolic BP is 90-95mmHg with only 1+
protein in the urine, out-patient management
could be followed.
The definitive treatment for PE is delivery. But
this depend on gestational age and feto-
maternal well-being.
21. 21
Management of PE (cont.):
Antihypertensive therapy:
Treating the hypertension is mainly to reduce the maternal
complications. It will not improve fetal condition.
Acute treatment of severe hypertension:
Hydralazine: 5mg IV repeated every 20-30 min.
Nifedipine: 10mg orally repeated at 30 min. IV infusion can be
used in severe cases.
Labetalol:10-20mg IV .
The dose can be doubled every 10 minutes if proper
response is not achieved.
Magnesium Sulphate should be given in the management of
all cases of severe preeclampsia to prevent eclampsia.
22. 22
Indications for delivery in PE:
Term pregnancy.
Severe uncontrolled hypertension (>160/110).
Haemolysis with thrombocytopenia.
Progressive symptoms (headache, visual disturbances,
epigastric pain).
Pulmonary oedema.
Renal failure with oliguria.
Eclampsia.
Fetal compromise ( abnormal biophysical profile).
23. 23
Management of labour and
delivery:
The mode of delivery is determined by Bishop’s score
and feto-maternal well-being.
Induction of labour is commonly used, but CS is
needed in large number of cases.
Fluids input and output should be monitored.
Prolonged pushing by the mother should be avoided.
Ergometrine should be avoided.
Pain relief is optimal (epidural analgesia if no signs of
DIC).
24. 24
Complications of severe PE:
Eclampsia: Occurrence of convulsions in association with
PE.
Incidence: 5 in 10 000 deliveries and 1-2% of severe
PE cases.
High maternal and fetal mortality.
It can occur ante-natally, intra-partum and post-partum.
The patho-physiology is cerebral vasospasm leading to
ischemia and cerebral edema.
25. 25
Eclampsia:
Diagnosis:
Women manifest excitability or hyperflexia prior
to onset of seizure.
Tonic-clonic convulsions with small period of
coma.
Prolonged coma mains CVA.
26. 26
Management of eclampsia:
During seizure: Maintain airway, Administer oxygen
and avoid supine hypotension.
Anticonvulsant therapy:
1. Magnesium sulphate 4-6 g IV followed by a
maintenance infusion of 1-2 g / h.
2. Diazepam 20mg IV followed by a maintenance
infusion as required.
3. Phynenton
Anticonvulsant should be continued for at least 24 h
after the last convulsion.
CS is indicated unless the mother is in active labour.
27. 27
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4):
It can be given IV or IM or SC
– The therapeutic level is 4-7mEq/L.
– The total dose of MgSO4 should not exceed 24 gms in 24
hours .
The dose of MgSO4 is monitored by:
Preserved patellar reflex. (7-10 mEq/L)
Respiratory rate >16/min. (10-13 mEq/L)
Urine output >100ml/4hours. (15-25 mEq/L)
Serum Mg++ level.
Is stopped 24 hours after delivery.
Antidote is ca gluconate
28. 28
Complications of severe PE:
HELLP syndrome: Occurs in the absence of hypertension.
H: haemolysis.
EL: elevated liver enzymes.
LP: low platelet count.
Present with epigastric pain, tender liver, nausea & vomiting.
Headache and arterial hypertension.
Carries high maternal (acute renal failure & pulmonary odema)
and fetal mortality.
Treatment similar to eclampia & DIC. Platelet transfusion and
cortico-steroids are necessary.
Delivery is the treatment of choice.
29. 29
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy
Causes of CHT:
1. Essential hypertension.
2. Renal diseases (glomerulonephritis, polycystic
disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal artery stenosis).
3. Collagen vascular diseases ( systemic lupus
erythematosus, scleroderma).
4. Coarctation of the aorta.
5. Phaeochromocytoma.
30. 30
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy
The main concern that one third of these women will
develop superimposed PIH.
Risk factors for preeclampsia in CHT:
1. Renal disease.
2. Maternal age > 40 years.
3. Diabetes.
4. SLE.
5. Coarctation of the aorta.
6. BP > 160/100 mmHg in early pregnancy.
32. 32
Long-term treatment of hypertension
This is used mainly in CHD.
Methyldopa is the most common in use (least
side effects). 1-2 g / day in three divided doses.
Nifedipine 40 mg / day in two divided doses.
Labetolol and Hydralazine can also be used.
ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II blocker, and
Chlorothiazide should be avoided because of
teratogenic effect.
33. 33
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy
Management:
Investigations should be performed to diagnose the
cause of hypertension.
If the woman is on antihypertensive drugs, she should
continue on it, except for angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors (captoprel) because of risk of fetal
damage. Care should be taken not to excessively
lower the BP as this may affect the fetal healthy.
Maternal and fetal well-being should be monitored
through the pregnancy.
34. 34
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy
Management (cont.):
In severe cases admission is needed.
The obstetric management is similar to that of
preeclampsia.
Timing the delivery must be individualized
according to the feto-maternal well-being.
Induction of labour or CS should be selected
according to the case.