Discover effective treatments for hypertension (high blood pressure). Learn about lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating and regular exercise, that can help manage hypertension. Explore medication options and other therapies recommended by medical professionals to control blood pressure levels. Get valuable insights on managing hypertension and reducing the risk of complications. Take charge of your health by understanding the various treatment approaches for hypertension.
Discover effective treatments for hypertension (high blood pressure). Learn about lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating and regular exercise, that can help manage hypertension. Explore medication options and other therapies recommended by medical professionals to control blood pressure levels. Get valuable insights on managing hypertension and reducing the risk of complications. Take charge of your health by understanding the various treatment approaches for hypertension.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What is hypertension?
What is normal BP?
Prevalence of hypertension.
Causes of hypertension.
Risk factors.
Regulation of BP.
Measurement of BP.
Treatment of hypertension.
3. DEFINITION
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which the
long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that
it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease.
4. NORMAL BP
Normal blood pressure for most adults is defined as a systolic pressure of
less than 120 and a diastolic pressure of less than 80.
5. HYPERTENSIVE BP
Hypertension is diagnosed when systolic BP is 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP
is greater than 90 mm Hg on repeated examination.
Systolic BP is important and is basis for diagnosis in most patients.
For those age greater than 80 systolic BP is up to 150 mm Hg is now
regarded acceptable.
6. A WORLD EPIDEMIC
Nearly 1 billion hypertensive in world.
Hypertension is poorly cvontrolled with less than 25% controlled in
developed countries and less 10% in developing countries.
Hypertension is responsible for 3 million annual deaths.
May 14th is world hypertension day.
8. RISK FACTOR
Family history of cardiovascular
disease.
Psycho-social stress.
Smoking,high cholestrol diet,low
fruit consumption.
High intake of alcohol.
Co-existing disorders such as
diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.
Obesity and weight gain.
10. CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION
Renal
Endocrine
Miscellaneous
Unknown
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Asymptomatic in majority of patients can remain undetected for many
years.
Headache may occur when SBP rise above 200 mm Hg or when BP is
rapidly elevated.
12. COMPLICATIONS OF
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension itself isn’t life threatening but it can lead to
certain complications which can be life threatening.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications
including:
Heart attack or stroke
Aneurysm
Heart failure
Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in your kidneys
Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the eyes
Metabolic syndrome
Trouble with memory or understanding
Dementia
16. SELF MEASUREMENT OF BP
Provides information on:
1. Response to antihypertensive therapy
2. Improving adherence with therapy
3. Evaluating white-coat HTN
Home measurement of >135/85 mmHg is generally considered to be
hypertensive.
Home measurement devices should be checked regularly.
17. MEASURING OF BP
There are three types of blood pressure measuring devices:
1. Mercury sphygmanometer
2. Aneroid sphygmanometer
3. Digital sphygmanometer
21. MEASURING OF BP
Patient seated quietly for at least 5minutes in a chair, with feet on the floor
and arm supported at heart level.
An appropriate-sized cuff (cuff bladder encircling at least 80% of the arm).
At least two measurement.
22. MEASURING OF BP
Systolic Blood Pressure is the point at which the first of 2 or more sounds
is heard
Diastolic Blood Pressure is the point of disappearance of the sounds
23. MEASURING OF BP
Ambulatory BP Monitoring - information about BP during daily activities
and sleep.
Correlates better than office measurements with target-organ injury.
24. LABORATORY TESTS
Routine Tests
Electrocardiogram
Urinalysis
Blood glucose,
Serum potassium, creatinine, or the corresponding
estimated GFR, and calcium
Lipid profile, after 9- to 12-hour fast, that includes high-
density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and
triglycerides
Optional tests
Measurement of urinary albumin excretion or
albumin/creatinine ratio
More extensive testing for identifiable causes is not
generally indicated unless BP control is not achieved
25. MONITORING OF BP
Is of two types
1. Out of office Blood Pressure Monitoring
2. Office Blood Pressure Monitoring
29. AMBULATORY BP
MONITORING
Ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring allows your blood
pressure (BP) readings to be
recorded over a 24-hour period,
whether you're awake or asleep.
30. HYPERTENSION EVEN TODAY IS A
TRIPLE PARADOX WHICH IS:
Easy to diagnose OFTEN remains undetected.
Simple to treat OFTEN remain untreated.
Despite availability of potent drugs, treatment all to OFTEN is undetected.
32. OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT
Goals of therapy
Lifestyle modification
Pharmacologic treatment
Algorithm for treatment of hypertension
Follow up and monitoring
33. GOALS OF THERAPY
Reduce Cardiac and renal morbidity and mortality.
Primary focus should be on achieving of primary systolic BP.
Treat to BP <140/90 mmHg or BP <130/80 mmHg in patients with
diabetes or chronic kidney disease
34. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS 1
Losing weight if you are overweight or obese
Quitting smoking. Tobacco damages the walls of your blood vessels and
hardens your arteries. Both need to be in good shape while you control
your blood pressure.
Following the DASH eating plan, which stands for Dietary Approaches to
Stop Hypertension. It focuses on vegetables, fruits, whole grains fish,
poultry, nuts, and beans. High-potassium foods, like avocados, bananas,
dried fruits, tomatoes, and black beans, get a big thumbs-up. This plan
keeps sugary drinks, sweets, and high-fat meats and dairy products at a
minimum.
35. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS 2
Reducing the amount of sodium in your diet to less than 1,500 milligrams
a day if you have high blood pressure; healthy adults should try to limit
their sodium intake to no more than 2,300 milligrams a day (about 1
teaspoon of salt). Many processed foods have a lot of salt in them. For
instance, soups, condiments, and tomato sauce can have as much as 75%
of the total amount of salt you need each day. Read food labels carefully
(salt is listed as sodium), and don't sprinkle more on when you cook or
before you eat. Instead, use spices and herbs to flavor your food.
36. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS 3
Keeping a healthy weight for your age and height is key. If you're
overweight or have obesity, you can lower your blood pressure by losing
just 5 pounds.
Limiting alcohol to two drinks a day for men, one drink a day for women.
One drink is an ounce of alcohol, 5 ounces of wine, or 12 ounces of beer.
Reducing stress. Think about stressful areas of your life and take steps to
change them. Consider talking to a counselor, learning meditation or
anger-control techniques, or getting regular massages.
44. CAUSES OF RESISTANT
HYPERTENSION
Improper BP measurement
Excess sodium intake
Inadequate diuretic therapy
Medication
Inadequate doses
Drug actions and interactions (e.g., (NSAIDs), illicit drugs, sympathomimetics, OCP)
Over-the-counter drugs and some herbal supplements
Excess alcohol intake
Identifiable causes of HTN
45. TRATMENT OF RESISTANT
HYPERTENSION
Limiting salt and alcohol.
Limiting use of NSAIDs for pain relief (acetaminophen can be used
instead).
Doing at least 30 minutes a day of aerobic activity several days a week.
Treating sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure.
46. CONCLUSION
Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and needs to be treated
It is an extremely common condition; however it is still under-diagnosed and
undertreated
Hypertension is easy to diagnose and easy to treat
Aim of the management is to save the target organ from the deleterious effect
Besides pharmacology we have other choices and one has to be acquainted with
that choice
Life style modification should always be encouraged in all Hypertensive patients