HumanPhysiology_Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization.ppt
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This document provides an overview of gametogenesis, which is the production of eggs and sperm. It discusses the stages of oogenesis, or egg production, in females, including the stages of meiosis and the roles of hormones and cycles. It also discusses the stages of spermatogenesis, or sperm production, in males, including meiosis and differentiation into mature sperm. Finally, it provides information on where and how fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm unite.
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Gemetogenesis
The document discusses gametogenesis, the production of eggs and sperm. It describes oogenesis, the stages of meiosis in females including ovarian maturation and hormone cycles, and spermatogenesis, the stages of meiosis in males including differentiation into sperm. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, follicle, ovulation, polar body, zygote, oogonia, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum, and fertilization through implantation.
HumanPhysiology_Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis in female ovarian maturation and the hormones and cycles involved. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis in males and the process of differentiation into sperm. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and more. The histology of the testis is depicted, and spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are explained.
Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization_2.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis in female ovarian maturation and the hormones and cycles involved. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis in males and the differentiation process. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and more. The histology of the testis is depicted, and spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are explained.
HumanPhysiology_Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization_2.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis, hormones and cycles, and ovulation. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis and differentiation into sperm. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Additional terms defined include gamete, follicle, polar body, zygote, and the cell stages in oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Histology slides of the testis are also referenced.
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
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Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
permatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into an embryo
General embryology for students reading part I (2).pptx
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Gemetogenesis
The document discusses gametogenesis, the production of eggs and sperm. It describes oogenesis, the stages of meiosis in females including ovarian maturation and hormone cycles, and spermatogenesis, the stages of meiosis in males including differentiation into sperm. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, follicle, ovulation, polar body, zygote, oogonia, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum, and fertilization through implantation.
HumanPhysiology_Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis in female ovarian maturation and the hormones and cycles involved. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis in males and the process of differentiation into sperm. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and more. The histology of the testis is depicted, and spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are explained.
Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization_2.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis in female ovarian maturation and the hormones and cycles involved. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis in males and the differentiation process. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Key terms defined include gamete, gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and more. The histology of the testis is depicted, and spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are explained.
HumanPhysiology_Oogenesis_Spermatogenesis_Fertilization_2.ppt
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture series on the human reproductive system. It discusses the stages of gametogenesis including oogenesis and spermatogenesis. For oogenesis, it mentions the stages of meiosis, hormones and cycles, and ovulation. For spermatogenesis, it outlines the stages of meiosis and differentiation into sperm. It also briefly discusses fertilization, noting where and how it takes place. Additional terms defined include gamete, follicle, polar body, zygote, and the cell stages in oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Histology slides of the testis are also referenced.
EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology is the science of development from fertilization to the fetus stage. Gametogenesis is the development of sex cells or gametes in the gonads through meiosis. This results in haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis in the testes and haploid eggs in females through oogenesis in the ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally when sperm meets an egg either in the fallopian tubes or uterus, forming a zygote which becomes an embryo after the first cell division.
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permatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into an embryo
General embryology for students reading part I (2).pptx
Huvuchghhjgjyfu6htyhtgtgbvffgdvgdgfdgrfdggrbgfdgfdtgrggtdgthttgvfbgfvbgdcgffdgtrtfvgfgdthdthfvhggfyhtfvfghyfvyjcvbgcvfgf6uyhthgtgthybgghbhbffvhygbfghbgcfvhtfvfgvgxhffgfggfgfghyhghfgghgyhghthhtthhbgbjhjhghuyhghghghghggjhhghgbvhgbvghghhjghhhcvguuhchyfhgugguycgucghggcghcuycgghchhgbttvghghvjhbvy7uyhghghgghghyjghyjvhyjghyhvghgffyfggffgfgytythgyu7iuijhjuiujj
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Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve the production of gametes through meiosis, but they differ in important ways. Spermatogenesis occurs continuously in the testes from puberty through a male's life, producing millions of sperm cells daily by meiosis of spermatogonia stem cells. Oogenesis occurs cyclically in the ovaries, beginning in the womb and ending at menopause. A single egg is produced each menstrual cycle through meiosis of a primordial follicle, with polar bodies formed and discarded. While both produce haploid gametes through meiosis, spermatogenesis provides replacement spermatogonia whereas oogenesis fully depletes each follicle.
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Gametogenesis is the process by which mature gametes (sperm or ovum) are formed from primitive germ cells through mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and produces sperm from puberty until old age. In females, oogenesis begins during fetal development and arrests in meiosis until puberty, when ovulation and formation of ova resumes monthly in the ovaries until menopause. Both processes reduce the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid and develop the cytoplasmic features necessary for fertilization.
fertilizationnotes-140122140506-phpapp02.pdf
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The document describes several key processes in human development:
1. Gamete production and spermatogenesis/oogenesis which involve the formation of sperm and eggs through meiosis in the gonads.
2. Fertilization, which requires the sperm penetrating the egg's jelly coat and plasma membrane fusing with the egg's plasma membrane.
3. Cleavage, where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis to form a morula then blastula.
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2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
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This document provides an overview of reproduction in mammals. It summarizes the structure and function of the testis and ovaries, including gamete formation through spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The key stages of the ovarian and uterine cycles are described, including the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. Menstruation occurs in females due to these cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus each month from puberty to menopause.
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Reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which are transported through ducts. The female reproductive system produces eggs in the ovaries which pass to the uterus. Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg join together. In humans and most animals, reproduction occurs sexually through internal fertilization.
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1. Animal reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction produces offspring without fusion of gametes but maintains parental traits, while sexual reproduction allows for genetic variability through gamete fusion.
2. Sexual reproduction in animals involves complex reproductive systems with gonads that produce gametes and accessory structures for gamete transport and nourishment. Fertilization can be internal or external.
3. After fertilization, the embryo undergoes cleavage and then gastrulation to form the germ layers and begin organ development. Hormones coordinate the reproductive cycles.
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Stages of oogenesis:
Oogonia proliferation:
Stem cells called oogonia divide mitotically in the ovaries, creating a large pool of cells.
Pre-meiosis and entry into first meiotic prophase:
Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes, which arrest in prophase I of meiosis for an extended period, sometimes years.
Folliculogenesis:
Surrounding follicular cells nourish and support the growing oocyte, forming a protective layer called the follicle.
Vitellogenesis:
The main event! Yolk proteins like vitellogenin synthesized in the liver are transported to the oocyte and stored as yolk platelets, filling the cytoplasm and providing nutrients for the developing embryo.
Meiotic maturation:
Upon hormonal stimulation, the oocyte resumes meiosis, completing meiosis I and entering meiosis II. At this point, it's called a secondary oocyte.
Ovulation:
The mature oocyte, surrounded by a layer of follicular cells, bursts out of the ovary and into the oviduct, ready for fertilization.
Unique features of amphibian oogenesis:
Long period of meiotic arrest: This extended pause allows for significant growth and yolk accumulation before fertilization.
Large numbers of oocytes:
Amphibians can produce hundreds or even thousands of eggs per breeding season.
Asynchronous development:
Not all oocytes mature and ovulate at the same time, ensuring a longer spawning period.
Environmental control:
Hormonal regulation of oocyte maturation is often triggered by environmental cues like temperature or rainfall.
Additional points of interest:
Different types of amphibians exhibit variations in oogenesis, such as the timing of oocyte maturation and the specific yolk protein sources.
Research on amphibian oogenesis offers insights into early embryonic development and reproductive strategies in these fascinating creatures.
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The document describes several key processes in human development:
1. Gamete production and spermatogenesis/oogenesis which involve the formation of sperm and eggs through meiosis in the gonads.
2. Fertilization, which requires the sperm penetrating the egg's jelly coat and plasma membrane fusing with the egg's plasma membrane.
3. Cleavage, where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis to form a morula then blastula.
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After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division through cleavage and develops into a morula, then a blastula. The blastula forms a gastrula through cell differentiation and the embryo implants in the uterus. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which is stored and transported via the epididymis, vas deferens, urethra and released through the penis during ejaculation. The female reproductive system contains ovaries which release eggs and produce hormones, fallopian tubes for fertilization, a uterus for implantation and development, and a vagina that serves as the birth canal.
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Stages of oogenesis:
Oogonia proliferation:
Stem cells called oogonia divide mitotically in the ovaries, creating a large pool of cells.
Pre-meiosis and entry into first meiotic prophase:
Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes, which arrest in prophase I of meiosis for an extended period, sometimes years.
Folliculogenesis:
Surrounding follicular cells nourish and support the growing oocyte, forming a protective layer called the follicle.
Vitellogenesis:
The main event! Yolk proteins like vitellogenin synthesized in the liver are transported to the oocyte and stored as yolk platelets, filling the cytoplasm and providing nutrients for the developing embryo.
Meiotic maturation:
Upon hormonal stimulation, the oocyte resumes meiosis, completing meiosis I and entering meiosis II. At this point, it's called a secondary oocyte.
Ovulation:
The mature oocyte, surrounded by a layer of follicular cells, bursts out of the ovary and into the oviduct, ready for fertilization.
Unique features of amphibian oogenesis:
Long period of meiotic arrest: This extended pause allows for significant growth and yolk accumulation before fertilization.
Large numbers of oocytes:
Amphibians can produce hundreds or even thousands of eggs per breeding season.
Asynchronous development:
Not all oocytes mature and ovulate at the same time, ensuring a longer spawning period.
Environmental control:
Hormonal regulation of oocyte maturation is often triggered by environmental cues like temperature or rainfall.
Additional points of interest:
Different types of amphibians exhibit variations in oogenesis, such as the timing of oocyte maturation and the specific yolk protein sources.
Research on amphibian oogenesis offers insights into early embryonic development and reproductive strategies in these fascinating creatures.
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11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- 1. GAMETOGENESIS Lecture 1 & 2 a. Oogenesis stages of meiosis in the female ovarian maturation, hormones and cycles ovulation b. Spermatogenesis Lecture 3 stages of meiosis in the male differentiation (spermiogenesis) FERTILIZATION Lecture 4 a. Where it takes place b. How it takes place OUTLINE
- 2. SOME TERMS Gamete: egg or sperm Gametogenesis: production of eggs or sperm Oogenesis: production of eggs Spermatogenesis: production of sperm Spermiogenesis: differentiation of sperm morphology Follicle: where eggs mature in the ovary Ovulation: release of egg from follicle Polar body: nonfunctional product of meiotic divisions in oogenesis Zygote: Fertilized egg
- 3. SOME MORE TERMS Oogonia: mitotically dividing cells in the ovary, will become Oocytes Primary oocyte: decision has been made to undergo meiosis, cell has grown. Cells are arrested at this stage until puberty. Secondary oocyte: has completed first meiotic division the division was unequal in terms of cytoplasm Ovum: Ovulated egg, ready to be fertilized. If fertilized, the second meitoic division will occur, another polar body will be given off.
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- 13. Spermatogenesis
- 14. Spermatogenic cycle A1 2A1 Mitosis 3A2 A1 Mitosis 6B1 Mitosis 12B2 Mitosis 24 primary spermatocytes Mitosis 48 secondary spermatocytes Meiosis I 96 spermatids Meiosis II 96 mature spermatozoa Spermiogenesis = Spermateleosis = Spermatozoan metamorphosis First meiotic division lasts several weeks in humans Second meiotic division takes about 8 hours in humans The following is an example of how the number of spermatozoa is increased by repetitive mitotic divisions of spermatogonial cells followed by the two meiotic divisions. There are actually more than 4 types of spermatogonia, so the actual number of mature spermatozoa originating from the initial division of a type A1 spermatogonium is actually greater than 96. Reductional division Equational division An entire spermatogenic cycle in humans takes about 64 days. The maturing spermatids remain attached by cytoplasmic bridges as they mature => syncytium
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