The document discusses several philosophical concepts related to human nature, government, and political ideology. It explores debates around whether human nature is generally good or bad, the proper roles of government in maintaining order, freedom, and equality, and where different political ideologies fall on a spectrum from more government involvement to less. Key figures discussed include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and debates around liberal versus conservative views.
Thomas Hobbes - State of Nature- The state of nature is war. There are no morals in the state of nature, justice is non-existent. He claims that the supreme power determines justice, in a state of nature, there is no power. - Nature of Man- People are created equal, but its just a metaphysical fact, we are all equally in secure. Man is naturally bad, we are out for ourselves at the expense of others in an anti-social way. - Natural Rights in Nature- Only one, the right to preserve ones self.
In Society- What ever the power decides - Type of Government Believed in- parliament/monarchy, impartial power controls all. Wrote all this in the leviathan. - Historical Influence- Hobbes wrote in England. Supported the King during the English Civil war.
John Locke - State of Nature- People get along and are social, it is a type of society in his opinion. There is a sense of justice in the state of nature. People know they ought to obey others rights. People are rational, they would not create a government that makes them worse off than in the TSN. - Nature of Man- People have same moral equity. - Why is a Government Needed- Even though things in the state of nature are great a government is needed because 1. People may disagree over property. 2. There is no written law only natural law 3. Humans may not respect others natural rights though they know they ought to. - Natural Rights in Nature- Rights to life liberty and property. Property is gained when labor is mixed into it. - In Society- Life, liberty and property - Type of Government believed in- A democratic system must be developed to protect natural rights. People will in turn support it.
Source : http://www.writingjunction.com/famous-people-and-their-philosophies
Thomas Hobbes - State of Nature- The state of nature is war. There are no morals in the state of nature, justice is non-existent. He claims that the supreme power determines justice, in a state of nature, there is no power. - Nature of Man- People are created equal, but its just a metaphysical fact, we are all equally in secure. Man is naturally bad, we are out for ourselves at the expense of others in an anti-social way. - Natural Rights in Nature- Only one, the right to preserve ones self.
In Society- What ever the power decides - Type of Government Believed in- parliament/monarchy, impartial power controls all. Wrote all this in the leviathan. - Historical Influence- Hobbes wrote in England. Supported the King during the English Civil war.
John Locke - State of Nature- People get along and are social, it is a type of society in his opinion. There is a sense of justice in the state of nature. People know they ought to obey others rights. People are rational, they would not create a government that makes them worse off than in the TSN. - Nature of Man- People have same moral equity. - Why is a Government Needed- Even though things in the state of nature are great a government is needed because 1. People may disagree over property. 2. There is no written law only natural law 3. Humans may not respect others natural rights though they know they ought to. - Natural Rights in Nature- Rights to life liberty and property. Property is gained when labor is mixed into it. - In Society- Life, liberty and property - Type of Government believed in- A democratic system must be developed to protect natural rights. People will in turn support it.
Source : http://www.writingjunction.com/famous-people-and-their-philosophies
Human rights can be understood as defining those basic standards which are necessary for a life of dignity; and their universality is derived from the fact that in this respect, at least, all humans are equal. We should not, and cannot, discriminate between them.
Personhood, Rights and JusticeChapter 7Kant = any bein.docxherbertwilson5999
Personhood, Rights and Justice
Chapter 7
Kant = any being capable of rational thinking
More difficult than initially appears
There are creatures very close genetically to humans.
There are individuals who do not have all human physical characteristics / mental capacities.
What about parents who screen fetus for severe disabilities?
What is a Human Being?
Often, the “other” is characterized as something less than human (the other tribe, other races, etc.).
Gender issues (Greeks = male is the ideal human; women are less than ideal).
What is a Human Being?
Many social thinkers prefer the term “person.”
Avoids “human” as biological term.
Person = someone capable of psychological and social interaction with others, capable on deciding on action (thus being responsible for that action).
A person is a MORAL AGENT.
Most societies have excluded some or all of the following: slaves, women, children, foreigners, criminals, prisoners of war.
From Human to Person
Western world: all humans are persons with inalienable rights.
This is not recognized throughout the world.
Children, women, caste systems
Page 322: serial killer who targeted prostitutes, drug users
Can discrimination, racism, sexism, etc. be outlawed as an attitude?
What about murderers themselves?
Personhood
Children
In many places, fathers have supreme rights over family.
Extreme abuse, often overlooked
Must balance what they want and what they need.
Do not have the legal rights or responsibilities of adults.
What about children who commit crimes?
Personhood
Doctors who must decide who lives and who dies.
Who goes on transplant lists?
To what extent should we interfere with genetic code?
What about medical knowledge that has been gained from unethical practices (Nazi scientists)?
Science and Moral Responsibility
Do we endeavor to create healthy babies?
“Customized” children.
Will natural-born children become a new underclass.
Genetic Engineering
Hold promise as a way to repair and replace damaged organs.
What about harvesting and cloning stem cells from embryos?
Must be harvested within first two weeks of fetal development.
Even if life of fetus is intrinsically valuable, what about the people who could be saved from these procedures?
Stem Cell Research
Therapeutic
Duplicating stem cells to insert them into an organ (or regrow that organ)
Reproductive
Duplicating entire individual
Human reproductive cloning
Overpopulation already an issue
Identity of the clone
Clones might be considered expendable
Greater risk of abnormal traits
Cloning
Natural rights: right one is born with as a human
Thomas Hobbes: natural right is the right for anyone to do what it takes to stay alive; we never give up a right to defend ourselves and we never have to consent to action that will harm us.
John Locke: three inalienable rights
Life
Liberty
Property
Rights and Equality
Jeremy Bentham: rights are human invention and do not occur in nature; no such thing as “natural rights.” We must rec.
Management EthicsEthics, Diversity and Organizational .docxtienboileau
Management Ethics
Ethics, Diversity and Organizational Culture
Age and Cultural Diversity can make Business Ethics stumble
With MULTIPLE generations now in the workforce, many employers have embraced age and cultural diversity initiatives with an objective of creating create an all-inclusive workplace. However, cultural diversity can give rise to ethical issues that can be challenging for managers and employees to resolve.
Religious Differences
Gender Issues (more women in work force than ever before)
Hiring Decisions
General Business Practices
Age differential
As a group, please come up with one ethics-related situation that occurred since the last class. Share with the class the ethical conflict, action, and results.
Chapter Three:
Justice and Economic Distribution
5
Management Ethics
Reflection Questions
Chap 3 – Justice and Economic Distribution
1. What does the concept of justice mean to you?
“Injustice anywhere
is a threat to
justice everywhere.”
Martin Luther King Jr.
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
What is Justice ?
Moral principle that determines what is just, equitable, and morally right based on ethical, political, environmental, and religious beliefs and values.
-- guided by truth, reason, and fairness --
Promoting welfare, virtue, and freedom
Keeping intact the foundations of our democracy including upholding the law
Securing natural rights
According to Merriam Webster dictionary
-- Justice is the use of law and being fair --
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Justice involves REAL issues that deal with the equality and fair treatment of humanity and the environment.
Justice also involves the laws in a country or nation, and the arrangement of how a government will protect it’s values and maintain order while preserving the rights of the people.
What is Justice ?
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Maximizing Welfare
Improving standard of living for society as a whole
Bringing the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” of people = UTILITARIAN
This means that a person’s theory of justice is based on promoting prosperity or spurring economic growth, to seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Examples: Social Security, healthcare (Medicare and Medicaid), public schools, criminal justice system with prisons
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Respecting Freedom
Having respect for individual rights and universal human rights.
e.g. the Bill of Rights
Emphasis on respect for individual rights
Laissez-faire camp (free-market libertarians)
Policies that respect voluntary choices so minimal government intervention in individual lives and choices.
Fairness camp (egalitarian theorists)
Policies that give everyone a fair chance at success so government passes laws that ensure everyone has equal opportunity.
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Promoting Virtue
Looking at justice by affirming certain virtues and conceptions of the ‘good life’.
These virtues must b.
A Presentation for Art of Living Volunteers to help them explain the link between corruption and poverty.
The presentation also has action that Art of Living needs to take for the MDGs
www.standuptakeactionaolunmc.org
An essay. What does freedom mean to you? My thesaurus lists these synonyms: autonomy; lack of restriction; self-determination; independence; choice; free will; sovereignty are listed under liberty (n.) restriction is an antonym. Freedom also has another meaning, perhaps a less desirable one: openness; inventiveness; nonconformity; frankness; abandon; candor; free expression; rough are listed under looseness (n) conformity is an antonym.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
8. In your opinion, is it human nature to generally be good? Or is it human nature to generally be bad?
9. What makes us human? In other words, what things make us a unique species? What is “human nature?” In your opinion are we (humans) generally good or generally bad? If left entirely to our own devices would we act in a good way or a bad way?
15. People are basically bad. Gov’t needs to make them safe. People are basically good. Gov’t needs to preserve their freedom. Vs. Thomas Hobbes John Locke
16. 3 Roles of Gov’t Order Freedom Equality Freedoms guaranteed to people. State what the Gov’t can’t do. (freedom of speech) Privileges given to people & protected against random removal by Gov’t (right to vote) 1 person = 1 vote * Most recent & most controversial role of Gov’t - protect life & property - promote social order Rules for common behavior Civil Liberties Civil Rights political equality
21. 3 Roles of Gov’t Order Freedom Equality Freedoms guaranteed to people. State what the Gov’t can’t do. (freedom of speech) Privileges given to people & protected against random removal by Gov’t (right to vote) 1 person = 1 vote +/- equality in wealth, education, & status * Most recent & most controversial role of Gov’t - protect life & property - promote social order Rules for common behavior Civil Liberties Civil Rights political equality social equality (?)
22. Equal Opportunity Each person has the same chance to succeed in life. Equal Outcome Gov’t policies help make people equal. Title IX - colleges must set aside = $ for women’s sports. Tax rich to fund programs for the poor Gov’t involvement in private life clashes w/ freedom
23. 1960’s - Equal Pay Act Requires employers to pay men and women The same amount for equal work. Employer’s are forced to pay women more than they would if their payment policies were based on free choice.
24. 1970’s - courts ordered the bussing of students out of their district to achieve a fair distribution of students in public schools.
25. 1990’s - The Americans with Disabilities Act required all modes of public transportation and all Public building to be handicapped accessible.
26. 3 Roles of Gov’t Order Freedom Equality Freedoms guaranteed to people. State what the Gov’t can’t do. (freedom of speech) Privileges given to people & protected against random removal by Gov’t (right to vote) 1 person = 1 vote +/- equality in wealth, education, & status * Most recent & most controversial role of Gov’t - protect life & property - promote social order Rules for common behavior Civil Liberties Civil Rights political equality social equality (?)
27. The Political Spectrum The range of beliefs about the proper role & purpose of Gov’t Left = More Gov’t Right = Less Gov’t Totalitarian Anarchy
28. The Political Spectrum The range of beliefs about the proper role & purpose of Gov’t Liberal/Democrat Conservative/Republican Left = More Gov’t Right = Less Gov’t
29. Liberal Conservative Role of Gov’t Purpose of Gov’t Gov’t should provide public goods Generous support for: Public education Wildlife Protection Public Transportation Gov’t should NOT provide public goods (charity should) Supports private business Use Gov’t to promote equal outcome Use Gov’t to maintain social order (and ensure economic freedom) More accepting of differences between people & cultures (Multiculturalism) Wants to preserve traditional roles & ideas
31. Fascism Libertarian Right Left (Gov’t has TOTAL social control) (Gov’t has ZERO social control) (Gov’t has TOTAL $ control) (Gov’t has ZERO $ control)
32. Capitalism Allows privately owned business where people compete for economic gain. Achieve your goal by any means Relies on the free market to determine the price of goods and services The public chooses based on their interests. No Gov’t interference Laissez Faire - means “hands off”