The document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It discusses key topics in HCI including the relationship between humans and computers, components of HCI involving humans, computers and their interaction, and models of interaction. The document outlines several learning outcomes related to understanding fundamental HCI concepts such as user interface design, interaction styles, and how technology influences interfaces. It also covers input and output devices, human memory and capabilities, and the importance of considering human factors in design.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other pointing devices used for input. It also covers display technologies like CRT and LCD screens, as well as emerging technologies like digital paper. The document explores how these devices enable different styles of interaction and discusses some of the technical considerations around devices like resolution, color depth, and health impacts of older display technologies.
Chapter 2: The computer
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, displays, printers and scanners. It explains how these devices work and how they allow interaction with computers. Different interaction techniques are suitable depending on the devices used, such as direct interaction with touchscreens versus indirect interaction with mice.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other pointing devices used for input. It also covers display technologies like CRT and LCD screens, as well as emerging technologies like digital paper. The document explores how these devices enable different styles of interaction and discusses some of the technical considerations around devices like resolution, color depth, and health concerns related to older display technologies.
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1rjsuthar56
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1950s to present:
- The first generation used punched cards for input and vacuum tubes for memory and storage. High-level programming languages were developed.
- The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, enabling faster and more reliable computers. Timesharing allowed multiple users to access mainframe computers remotely via terminals.
- The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, allowing for smaller computers. Networks like ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, were established.
- The fourth generation featured microcomputers powered by microprocessors like the Intel 8080. The IBM PC launched in 1981, popularizing the use of microcomputers
The document discusses various aspects of human-computer interaction, including input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens; output displays like screens, digital paper; and interaction techniques like virtual reality, 3D interaction, and physical controls. It covers topics like text entry, positioning and pointing devices, display resolutions and technologies, situated and large displays, and using additional senses like sound and haptics for richer interaction.
The document provides an overview of human-computer interaction and the various elements that affect interaction, including input devices, output devices, processing capabilities, and sensors. It discusses common input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and speech recognition. It also covers output display technologies like CRT and LCD screens. The document aims to explain computers and their components to understand how humans interact with computers.
The document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It discusses key topics in HCI including the relationship between humans and computers, components of HCI involving humans, computers and their interaction, and models of interaction. The document outlines several learning outcomes related to understanding fundamental HCI concepts such as user interface design, interaction styles, and how technology influences interfaces. It also covers input and output devices, human memory and capabilities, and the importance of considering human factors in design.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other pointing devices used for input. It also covers display technologies like CRT and LCD screens, as well as emerging technologies like digital paper. The document explores how these devices enable different styles of interaction and discusses some of the technical considerations around devices like resolution, color depth, and health impacts of older display technologies.
Chapter 2: The computer
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, displays, printers and scanners. It explains how these devices work and how they allow interaction with computers. Different interaction techniques are suitable depending on the devices used, such as direct interaction with touchscreens versus indirect interaction with mice.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computer systems. It describes keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other pointing devices used for input. It also covers display technologies like CRT and LCD screens, as well as emerging technologies like digital paper. The document explores how these devices enable different styles of interaction and discusses some of the technical considerations around devices like resolution, color depth, and health concerns related to older display technologies.
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1rjsuthar56
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1950s to present:
- The first generation used punched cards for input and vacuum tubes for memory and storage. High-level programming languages were developed.
- The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, enabling faster and more reliable computers. Timesharing allowed multiple users to access mainframe computers remotely via terminals.
- The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, allowing for smaller computers. Networks like ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, were established.
- The fourth generation featured microcomputers powered by microprocessors like the Intel 8080. The IBM PC launched in 1981, popularizing the use of microcomputers
The document discusses various aspects of human-computer interaction, including input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens; output displays like screens, digital paper; and interaction techniques like virtual reality, 3D interaction, and physical controls. It covers topics like text entry, positioning and pointing devices, display resolutions and technologies, situated and large displays, and using additional senses like sound and haptics for richer interaction.
The document provides an overview of human-computer interaction and the various elements that affect interaction, including input devices, output devices, processing capabilities, and sensors. It discusses common input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and speech recognition. It also covers output display technologies like CRT and LCD screens. The document aims to explain computers and their components to understand how humans interact with computers.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in human-computer interaction, including keyboards, mice, touchscreens, styluses, digitizing tablets, and eyegaze trackers. It describes how these devices work and their advantages and disadvantages for different types of interaction.
The document discusses various elements of computer systems including input devices, output devices, memory, and processing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touch screens, as well as output devices like computer screens and digital paper. It also covers computer memory, processing speed, and networks.
The document discusses various elements of computer systems including input devices, output devices, memory, and processing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touch screens, as well as output devices like computer screens and digital paper. It also covers computer memory, processing speed, and networks.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, speakers, and virtual/augmented reality displays. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that enable interaction are also addressed at a high-level.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, speakers, and virtual/augmented reality displays. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that enable interaction are also addressed at a high-level.
Human computer Interactive in HCI EducationDrAliKMattar
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, printers, and speakers. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that connect computers are also addressed.
This document provides an introduction to information technology concepts. It defines IT as using technologies like computing, electronics, and telecommunications to process and distribute digital information. It also discusses computer literacy and the basic components of a computer system, including hardware like the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage. The document also covers software types like operating systems and applications. It provides examples of common system software tasks and operating systems for different device types.
The document discusses the key components of a typical computer system including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like computer screens, and processing elements like memory and speed. It provides details on different types of keyboards, pointing devices, and screen technologies. The document focuses on how these elements enable different styles of interaction with the computer system.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and specialized controls. It also covers output devices such as screens, digital paper, and virtual reality displays. The document discusses how these devices dictate the style of interaction systems support and how interaction has evolved from batch processing to being more interactive.
BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM,DEFINITION, TYPES OF COMPUTER, PERSONAL COMPUTER, MAINFRAME COMPUTER, MINICOMPUTER ,SUPER COMPUTER,PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM, INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES, STORAGE DEVICES
The document discusses different types of computers and their uses. It describes supercomputers, mainframes, mini-computers, and personal computers. It then focuses on personal computers, describing desktops, portable notebooks/laptops, and handheld devices. The document also covers computer networks, hardware components like processors and storage drives, and the two main types of software: operating systems like Windows and application programs for tasks like word processing.
Computer basics--cte i-_-_computer_basicsUsman Shah
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Pinot is a realtime distributed computer , which is used at LinkedIn to deliver scalable real time analytics with low latency. It can ingest data from offline data sources (such as Hadoop and flat files) as well as online sources (such as Kafka). Pinot is designed to scale horizontally.
There are several types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, and mini-computers which are used to process large amounts of information for things like weather prediction, satellite images, and military scenarios. Personal computers, also known as PCs, are smaller and less powerful and are used in homes, schools, and small businesses. There are desktop, portable, and hand-held personal computers. A network connects computers together using wires or wireless to share hardware and information. Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the tangible parts like the case, CPU, monitor, and storage devices; and software which are the programs that tell the computer what to do like operating systems and applications.
There are several types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, and mini-computers which are used to process large amounts of information for things like weather prediction, satellite images, and military scenarios. Personal computers, also known as PCs, are smaller and less powerful and are used in homes, schools, and small businesses. There are desktop, portable, and hand-held personal computers. A network connects computers together using wires or wireless to share hardware and information. Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the tangible parts like the case, CPU, monitor, and storage devices; and software which are the programs that tell the computer what to do like operating systems and applications.
The document provides an overview of basic computer systems. It discusses the main types of computers including personal computers, mainframes, minicomputers, and supercomputers. It then describes the typical components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and input/output devices. Finally, it discusses operating systems and how they control the hardware and allow users to interact with applications and the computer.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
The document discusses various input and output devices used in human-computer interaction, including keyboards, mice, touchscreens, styluses, digitizing tablets, and eyegaze trackers. It describes how these devices work and their advantages and disadvantages for different types of interaction.
The document discusses various elements of computer systems including input devices, output devices, memory, and processing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touch screens, as well as output devices like computer screens and digital paper. It also covers computer memory, processing speed, and networks.
The document discusses various elements of computer systems including input devices, output devices, memory, and processing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touch screens, as well as output devices like computer screens and digital paper. It also covers computer memory, processing speed, and networks.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, speakers, and virtual/augmented reality displays. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that enable interaction are also addressed at a high-level.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, speakers, and virtual/augmented reality displays. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that enable interaction are also addressed at a high-level.
Human computer Interactive in HCI EducationDrAliKMattar
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, as well as output devices like screens, printers, and speakers. It also covers physical interaction technologies involving sound, touch, and bio-sensing. Memory, processing capabilities, and networks that connect computers are also addressed.
This document provides an introduction to information technology concepts. It defines IT as using technologies like computing, electronics, and telecommunications to process and distribute digital information. It also discusses computer literacy and the basic components of a computer system, including hardware like the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and storage. The document also covers software types like operating systems and applications. It provides examples of common system software tasks and operating systems for different device types.
The document discusses the key components of a typical computer system including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like computer screens, and processing elements like memory and speed. It provides details on different types of keyboards, pointing devices, and screen technologies. The document focuses on how these elements enable different styles of interaction with the computer system.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This document discusses various elements of computer systems and human-computer interaction. It describes input devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and specialized controls. It also covers output devices such as screens, digital paper, and virtual reality displays. The document discusses how these devices dictate the style of interaction systems support and how interaction has evolved from batch processing to being more interactive.
BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM,DEFINITION, TYPES OF COMPUTER, PERSONAL COMPUTER, MAINFRAME COMPUTER, MINICOMPUTER ,SUPER COMPUTER,PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM, INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES, STORAGE DEVICES
The document discusses different types of computers and their uses. It describes supercomputers, mainframes, mini-computers, and personal computers. It then focuses on personal computers, describing desktops, portable notebooks/laptops, and handheld devices. The document also covers computer networks, hardware components like processors and storage drives, and the two main types of software: operating systems like Windows and application programs for tasks like word processing.
Computer basics--cte i-_-_computer_basicsUsman Shah
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Pinot is a realtime distributed computer , which is used at LinkedIn to deliver scalable real time analytics with low latency. It can ingest data from offline data sources (such as Hadoop and flat files) as well as online sources (such as Kafka). Pinot is designed to scale horizontally.
There are several types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, and mini-computers which are used to process large amounts of information for things like weather prediction, satellite images, and military scenarios. Personal computers, also known as PCs, are smaller and less powerful and are used in homes, schools, and small businesses. There are desktop, portable, and hand-held personal computers. A network connects computers together using wires or wireless to share hardware and information. Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the tangible parts like the case, CPU, monitor, and storage devices; and software which are the programs that tell the computer what to do like operating systems and applications.
There are several types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, and mini-computers which are used to process large amounts of information for things like weather prediction, satellite images, and military scenarios. Personal computers, also known as PCs, are smaller and less powerful and are used in homes, schools, and small businesses. There are desktop, portable, and hand-held personal computers. A network connects computers together using wires or wireless to share hardware and information. Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the tangible parts like the case, CPU, monitor, and storage devices; and software which are the programs that tell the computer what to do like operating systems and applications.
The document provides an overview of basic computer systems. It discusses the main types of computers including personal computers, mainframes, minicomputers, and supercomputers. It then describes the typical components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and input/output devices. Finally, it discusses operating systems and how they control the hardware and allow users to interact with applications and the computer.
Similar to humancomputer interaction lecture number 2.pdf (20)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
8. What Interactions did we See
Mechanical
Poor feedback
Specialist use
Process control
Calculations
No intention to address the mass market
9. Development of HCI
Early computers:
Extremely difficult to use
Large and Expensive
By comparison: “people time” (labour) cheap
Used by specialists
No knowledge about how to make use easier
10. Development of HCI
Early computers:
Extremely difficult to use
Large and Expensive
By comparison: “people time” (labour) cheap
Used by specialists
No knowledge about how to make use easier
Today
None of these conditions hold
Development of PC’s major landmark
11. Development of HCI
Early computers: extremely difficult to use
Large and Expensive
By comparison: “people time” (labour) cheap
Used by specialists
No knowledge about how to make use easier
Today
None of these conditions hold
Development of PC’s major landmark
Shift to other interaction paradigms
Small-handheld-Devices
Mobility
12. What is HCI
HCI is the study of interaction between human
(users) and computers.
The interaction between user(s) and
computer(s) is achieved via an interface –
user interface
16. Principle of HCI (Usability)
useful
Accomplish what is required (functional, does
things)
usable
Do it easily and naturally without error (does the
right things)
used
Make people want to use it (be attractive,
acceptable to organization)
19. Why do we need to understand
Humans in HCI
Humans are limited in their capacity to
process information.
This has important implications for design
Interacting with technology is cognitive
Human Information Processing is referred to
as cognition
20. Optical Illusions
“These illusion demonstrate that our
perception of size is not completely reliable”
the Ponzo illusion the Muller Lyer illusion
22. What is human memory?
It is the ability to store and retrieve the
information
Much of our everyday activity relies on
memory
We need to understand some of the
capabilities and limitations of human memory
to answer these
How does memory works?
How do we remember some arbitrary list ?
Why do some people remember more easily than
others?
23. Memory
There are three types of memory function:
Sensory memories
Short-term memory or working memory
Long-term memory
Selection of stimuli governed by level of arousal.
24. Human memory
Human memory has limited capacity- 7± 2
chunks
There are two methods for measuring memory
capacity
Recall the sequence in order
Recall the sequence in any order
32. The Computer
a computer system is made up of various elements
each of these elements affects the interaction
input devices – text entry and pointing
output devices – screen (small&large), digital paper
virtual reality – special interaction and display devices
physical interaction – e.g. sound, haptic, bio-sensing
paper – as output (print) and input (scan)
memory – RAM & permanent media, capacity & access
processing – speed of processing, networks
33. A ‘typical’ computer system
keyboard
mouse/trackpad
screen, or monitor, on which there are windows
variations
desktop
laptop
PDA
the devices dictate the styles of interaction that the system supports
If we use different devices, then the interface will support a different style of
interaction
window 1
window 2
12-37pm
?
34. Keyboards
Most common text input device
Allows rapid entry of text by experienced users
Keypress closes connection, causing a character code
to be sent
Usually connected by cable, but can be wireless
35. Layout – QWERTY
Standardised layout
but …
non-alphanumeric keys are placed differently
accented symbols needed for different scripts
minor differences between UK and USA keyboards
QWERTY arrangement not optimal for typing
– layout to prevent typewriters jamming!
Alternative designs allow faster typing but large social base of
QWERTY typists produces reluctance to change.
36. QWERTY (ctd)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Q W E R T Y U I
1
O P
S D F H J L
A G K
Z X C V B N M , .
SPACE
37. Alternative keyboard layouts
Alphabetic
keys arranged in alphabetic order
not faster for trained typists
not faster for beginners either!
Dvorak
common letters under dominant fingers
biased towards right hand
common combinations of letters alternate between hands
10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigue
But - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market pressures
not to change
38. Chord keyboards
only a few keys - four or 5
letters typed as combination of keypresses
compact size
– ideal for portable applications
short learning time
– keypresses reflect letter shape
fast
– once you have trained
BUT - social resistance, plus fatigue after extended use
NEW – niche market for some wearables
39. Special keyboards
designs to reduce fatigue for RSI (repetitive
strain injury)
for one handed use
e.g. the Maltron left-handed keyboard
40. Numeric keypads: two different
style
for entering numbers quickly:
calculator, PC keyboard
for telephones
not the same!!
ATM like phone
4 5 6
7 8 9
*
0 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
1 2 3
0 . =
7 8 9
Telephone style Calculator style
41. The Mouse
Handheld pointing device
very common
easy to use
Two characteristics
planar movement
buttons
(usually from 1 to 3 buttons on top, used for making a
selection, indicating an option, or to initiate drawing
etc.)
43. Touchpad
small touch sensitive tablets
‘stroke’ to move mouse pointer
used mainly in laptop computers
good ‘acceleration’ settings important
fast stroke
lots of pixels per inch moved
initial movement to the target
slow stroke
less pixels per inch
for accurate positioning
44. Trackball and thumbwheels
Trackball
ball is rotated inside static housing
like an upsdie down mouse!
very fast for gaming
used in some portable and notebook computers.
Thumbwheels …
for accurate CAD – two dials for X-Y cursor position
for fast scrolling – single dial on mouse
45. Joystick
Joystick
indirect
pressure of stick = velocity of movement
buttons for selection
on top or on front like a trigger
often used for computer games
aircraft controls and 3D navigation
46. Short-term Memory - RAM
Random access memory (RAM)
on silicon chips
100 nano-second access time
usually volatile (lose information if power turned off)
data transferred at around 100 Mbytes/sec
Some no n-vo latile RA
Mused to store basic set-up
information
Typical desktop computers:
64 to 256 Mbytes RAM
47. Long-term Memory - disks
magnetic disks
floppy disks store around 1.4 Mbytes
hard disks typically 40 Gbytes to 100s of Gbytes
access time ~10ms, transfer rate 100kbytes/s
optical disks
use lasers to read and sometimes write
more robust that magnetic media
CD-ROM
- same technology as home audio, ~ 600 Gbytes
DVD - for AV applications, or very large files
48. Speed and capacity
what do the numbers mean?
some sizes (all uncompressed) …
this book, text only ~ 320,000 words, 2Mb
the Bible ~ 4.5 Mbytes
scanned page ~ 128 Mbytes
(11x8 inches, 1200 dpi, 8bit greyscale)
digital photo ~ 10 Mbytes
(2–4 mega pixels, 24 bit colour)
video ~ 10 Mbytes pe r se co nd
(512x512, 12 bit colour, 25 frames per sec)
49. Cathode ray tube
Stream of electrons emitted from electron gun, focused and
directed by magnetic fields, hit phosphor-coated screen which
glows
used in TVs and computer monitors
electron gun
focussing and
deflection
electron beam
phosphor-
coated screen
50. Liquid crystal displays
Smaller, lighter, and … no radiation problems.
Found on PDAs, portables and notebooks,
… and increasingly on desktop and even for home TV
also used in dedicted displays:
digital watches, mobile phones, HiFi controls
How it works …
Top plate transparent and polarised, bottom plate reflecting.
Light passes through top plate and crystal, and reflects back to eye.
Voltage applied to crystal changes polarisation and hence colour
N.B. light reflected not emitted => less eye strain
51. Printing
image made from small dots
allows any character set or graphic to be printed,
critical features:
resolution
size and spacing of the dots
measured in dots per inch (dpi)
speed
usually measured in pages per minute
cost!!
54. Types of user interfaces (Common
interaction styles)
Command line interface
Menus
Natural language
Question/answer and query dialogue
Form-fills and spreadsheets
WIMP
Point and click
Three–dimensional interfaces
55. Command line interface
Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly
function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole
words, or a combination
suitable for repetitive tasks
better for expert users than novices
offers direct access to system functionality
command names/abbreviations should be meaningful!
Typical example: the Unix system
56. Menus
Set of options displayed on the screen
Options visible
less recall - easier to use
rely on recognition so names should be meaningful
Selection by:
numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse
combination (e.g. mouse plus accelerators)
Often (frequent) options hierarchically grouped
sensible grouping is needed
Restricted form of full WIMP system
57. Natural language
Familiar to user
speech recognition or typed natural language
Problems
vague
ambiguous
hard to do well!
Solutions
try to understand a subset
pick on key words
58. Query interfaces
Question/answer interfaces
user led through interaction via series of questions
suitable for novice users but restricted functionality
often used in information systems
Query languages (e.g. SQL)
used to retrieve information from database
requires understanding of database structure and language
syntax, hence requires some expertise
59. Form-fills
Primarily for data entry or data retrieval
Screen like paper form.
Data put in relevant place
Requires
good design
obvious correction
facilities
60. Spreadsheets
First spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by
Lotus 1-2-3
MS Excel most common today
Sophisticated variation of form-filling.
grid of cells contain a value or a formula
formula can involve values of other cells
e.g. sum of all cells in this column
user can enter and alter data spreadsheet
maintains consistency
62. Point and click interfaces
used in ..
multimedia
web browsers
hypertext
just click something!
icons, text links or location on map
minimal typing
63. Three dimensional interfaces
virtual reality
‘ordinary’ window systems
highlighting
visual affordance
indiscriminate use
just confusing!
3D workspaces
use for extra virtual space
light and occlusion give depth
distance effects
flat buttons …
… or sculptured
click me!
