Human Sexuality problem and the remedies based on studies

1. What is Human Sexuality?
1. What is Human Sexuality?
2. Male & Female Anatomy
2. Male & Female Anatomy
3.
3. Physiology & Sexual Response
Physiology & Sexual Response
4.
4. Love & Attraction
Love & Attraction
5. Relationships,
5. Relationships,
Communication & Intimacy
Communication & Intimacy
6.
6. Sexual Orientation & Atypical
Sexual Orientation & Atypical
Behavior
Behavior
7.
7. STIs
STIs
8.
8. Conception, Pregnancy &
Conception, Pregnancy &

What is
What is
Human
Human
Sexuality?
Sexuality?

o physical
o psychological
o social
o cultural
o spiritual
Make-up Of An Individual’s
Unique Sexual Being:

o Sensuality
o Intimacy
o Sexual Identity
o Reproduction
o Sexualization
Five Features of Sexuality:

o knowledge of anatomy & physiology
o understanding sexual response
o body image
o satisfaction of skin hunger
o attraction template
o fantasy
SENSUALITY
awareness and acceptance of our own body

o caring
o sharing
o risk taking
o vulnerability
o self disclosure
INTIMACY
experiencing emotional closeness to another

o gender roles
o orientation
o self esteem & confidence level
o relationships with family & friends
o roles as child & adult
o perception of self as male/female
SEXUAL IDENTITY
process of discovering who we are in terms of sexuality

o contraception & fertility issues
o lifestyles
o STIs (including AIDS)
o anatomy & physiology
o morality issues
REPRODUCTION
values, attitudes & behaviors relating to reproduction

o style of dress
o appearance & body language
o advertising
o movies, talk shows & media
o harassment & sexual assault
o paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism…)
SEXUALIZATION
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate

Values…
VALUES: the qualities in life which are
deemed important or unimportant, right
or wrong, desirable or undesirable
MORAL VALUES: relate to our conduct
with and treatment of other people,
more than just right or wrong, looks at
the whole picture

Values…
SEXUAL MORAL VALUES: relate to the
rightness and wrongness of sexual conduct
and when and how sexuality should be
expressed
SOURCES OF SEXUAL VALUES: we acquire
our sexual values from our social
environment

Research
Founders…
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Austrian physician
Personality theory based on sex drive as
our principle motivating force

Research
Founders…
ALFRED KINSEY (1894-1956):
American zoologist
First comprehensive survey ~ interviewed
12,000 subjects

Research
Founders…
WILLIAM MASTERS & VIRGINIA
JOHNSON (1960s):
Lab observations of 700 subjects to study
human sexual response stages

MONS VENERIS:
 fatty tissue that covers the joint of the
pubic bones in front of the body, below
the abdomen
 cushions a woman’s body during sexual
intercourse, protecting her and her partner
from the pressure against the pubic bone

LABIA MAJORA:
 large folds of skin that run downward
from the mons along the sides of the
vulva
 amply supplied with nerve endings
that respond to stimulation
 shield the inner portions of the female
genitals

LABIA MINORA:
 hairless, light colored membranes
located between the labia majora
 they surround the urethral and vaginal
opening
 at the top, they join at the hood of the
clitoris
 highly sensitive to sexual stimulation
 darken and swell when stimulated

CLITORIS:
 female sex organ located above the
urethral opening
 serves no known function other than
sexual pleasure
PREPUCE:
 “hood” that covers the clitoris

URETHRAL OPENING:
 opening through which urine passes
from the female’s body
VAGINAL OPENING:
 lies below and is larger than the
urethral opening, covered by a hymen

HYMEN:
 fold of tissue across the vaginal
opening that is usually present at birth
and remains at least partially intact
until a woman engages in coitus
PUBO COCCYGEUS MUSCLE:
 muscles that encircle the entrance to the
vagina (Kegel exercises)

VAGINA:
 usually 3 to 5 inches long
 extends back and upward from the
vaginal opening
 menstrual flow and babies pass from
the uterus through the vagina
 during coitus, the penis is contained
within the vagina

CERVIX:
 is the lower end of the uterus
 it’s walls, like the vagina, produce
secretions that contribute to the chemical
balance of the vagina
 the opening in the middle of the cervix,
called the os, is normally the width of a
straw
 os expands to permit passage of a baby
during childbirth

UTERUS (aka WOMB):
 the organ in which a fertilized
egg implants and develops until birth
ENDOMETRIUM:
 innermost layer of tissue which is
discharged during menstruation
 tissue may grow in the abdominal cavity
or elsewhere ~ Endometriosis

OVARIES (2):
 almond shaped organs, each about 1.5
inches long
 produce egg cells (ova) and female sex
hormones estrogen and progesterone

PENIS:
 male organ of sexual intercourse
 contains the opening through which
semen and urine pass
CORPUS CAVERNOSUM (2):
 cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis
that become congested with blood and
stiffen during sexual arousal

SCROTUM:
 pouch of loose skin that
becomes covered lightly with hair at puberty
 consists of two compartments which
hold the testes
TESTES (2):
 produce germ cells (sperm) and male sex
hormone testosterone

TESTOSTERONE:
 stimulates prenatal differentiation
of male sex organs, sperm production and
development of secondary sex characteristics
(ex. beard, deep voice)
VAS DEFERENS (2):
 thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches long
that serves as a conduit for sperm

SEMINAL VESICLES (2):
 small glans each about 2 inches long
 lie behind the bladder and open into
the ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids they
secrete combine with sperm
 the fluid they produce nourishes sperm
and helps them become active

PROSTATE GLAND:
 lies beneath the bladder
 contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue
that secrete prostatic fluid which is
milky and alkaline
 provides the characteristic texture and
odor of the seminal fluid
 the alkalinity neutralizes some of the
acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the
life span of sperm as it passes through the
female reproductive system

COWPER’S GLANDS (2):
 lie below the prostate
 empty their secretion into the urethra
 during sexual arousal they secrete a
drop or so of clear, slippery fluid that
appears at the urethral opening

SEMEN:
 made up of fluids from the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s
glands
 about 70% of the ejaculate is secreted by the
seminal vesicle
 the other 30% consists of sperm and fluids
from the prostate gland and Cowper’s gland
 sperm only accounts for 1% of semen
 ejaculate = 200 - 400 million sperm

Physiology
Physiology
& Sexual
& Sexual
Response
Response

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUATION:
 the cyclical bleeding that stems from the
shedding of the uterine lining
 humans ~ averages 28 days
 regulated by estrogen & progesterone
 ovulation may not occur each time
 follows ovulation by 14 days (±2)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENARCHE:
 the onset of menstruation, the first
period
 the first few years of menstruation
may be anovulatory (no ovulation)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENOPAUSE:
 the cessation of menstruation
 commonly occurs between the ages
of 45 & 50 and lasts 2 years
 estrogen levels drop producing many
unpleasant side effects (ex. night
sweats, hot flashes)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MAN-OPAUSE (?):
 men cannot undergo menopause
because they have never menstruated
 they can experience a gradual
decline in testosterone levels but it is
unlike the sharp decline of estrogen

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DYSMENORRHEA:
 mild to severe pain or discomfort
during menstruation
 pelvic cramps, nausea, headaches,
backaches, bloating

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS):
 symptoms that regularly afflict many
women during the four to six days prior to
menstruation each month
 combination physical & psychological
 ex. anxiety, depression, irritability, weight
gain, abdominal pain

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
SEX DURING MENSTRUATION:
 no evidence that sex during menstruation
is physically harmful
 many couples continue to engage in sex
while others abstain
 may be helpful in relieving cramps by
dispelling blood congestion

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
ERECTION:
 the enlargement and stiffening of the
penis as a consequence of filling with blood
(a spinal reflex)
 can double in length and become firm in
a matter of 10-15 seconds
 bladder closes off during arousal

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
EJACULATION:
 expulsion of semen from tip of penis
 a spinal reflex triggered when sexual
stimulation reaches the threshold
 often, but not always, occurs together with
orgasm (subjective sensations)
 occurs in two stages

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 1 ~ EMISSION:
 involves contractions of the prostate
gland, seminal vesicles & vas deferens
 forces seminal fluid into a small tube
called the urethral bulb which closes at
both ends, trapping the fluid

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 2 ~ EXPULSION:
 propulsion of seminal fluid through the
urethra and out of the urethral opening at
the tip of the penis
 the muscles at the base of the penis
contract rhythmically, expelling semen
 usually accompanied by orgasm

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
RETROGRADE EJACULATION:
 ejaculate empties into the bladder rather
than being expelled
 result is a dry orgasm
 usually harmless as the semen is later
expelled during urination but may have an
underlying health risk cause

SEXUAL RESPONSE
APHRODISIAC:
 a substance that arouses or increases
one’s capacity for sexual pleasure
 no foods have been shown to be
sexually stimulating
 Spanish Fly is a toxic irritant
 basic fuel of desire = testosterone

SEXUAL RESPONSE
PHEROMONES:
 chemical substances secreted externally
which are odorless
 detected through a “sixth sense”
triggering sexual behavior in many
organisms
 contained in vaginal secretions & urine

SEXUAL RESPONSE
ORGASM:
 the climax of sexual excitement
 similar physiological response to sexual
stimulation for men and women
 described by Kaplan as a three-stage
model of sexual response

KAPLAN’S MODEL
STAGE 1 ~ DESIRE:
 the drive & interest level for sexual
activity which arises in the brain
 testosterone is the key hormone for
desire level in both men & women
 strengthened by fantasy & stimulation

KAPLAN’S MODEL
STAGE 2 ~ EXCITEMENT:
 increased muscle tension, heart rate &
blood pressure
 women – engorged clitoris, labia & vagina,
vaginal lubrication
 men – penile erection, enlargement &
elevation of testes, Cowper’s secretion

KAPLAN’S MODEL
STAGE 3 ~ ORGASM:
 involuntary muscle spasms throughout
body, mostly in vagina & penis
 blood pressure, heart rate &
respiration peak
 slightly longer duration for females

MASTURBATION
 sexual self-stimulation either manual or
with the aid of an artificial device such
as a vibrator
 physically & psychologically harmless
 negative attitudes may be associated
 reasons: relieve sexual tension, for
physical pleasure, to relax, partner
unavailable, to get to sleep…

LOVE
LOVE
&
&
ATTRACTION
ATTRACTION

ATTRACTION
minimal standards for attractiveness?
beauty in the “eye of the beholder”?
do men prefer big breasts?
opposites attract?
should I “put on a happy face”?
what do you look for “long-term”?
the “matching hypothesis”

ATTRACTION
MINIMAL STANDARDS FOR
ATTRACTIVENESS
o sensitivity, warmth and intelligence
ARE NOT more important to us
o research shows that attractiveness is
the key factor when choosing a partner

ATTRACTION
“EYE OF THE BEHOLDER”
o broad agreement among cultures that
we all want physically attractive partners
o many men prefer women to be less
slender than many women think
o many men prefer a bust size smaller
than what women think

ATTRACTION
DO OPPOSITES ATTRACT?
o we are drawn to those with similar
attitudes, background & tastes
o match made in the neighborhood, not
in heaven
o women place more value on similar
attitude, men on physical attraction

ATTRACTION
COME ON, SMILE 
o a smile DOES make you more attractive
o both genders rated a smiling photo
more attractive than a non-smiling pose
o more true for photos of women than
photos of men

ATTRACTION
LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS
o physical attraction was rated lower for men
& women when discussing long-term
relationship appeal
o warmth, honesty, sensitivity & faithfulness
ranked higher
o single most important quality - HONESTY

ATTRACTION
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS
o who is “right” for you?
o people tend to develop romantic
relationships with people who are similar to
themselves
o motive for seeking matches seems to be
fear of rejection by more appealing people

ATTRACTION TEMPLATE
WHAT SOCIETY SAYS
NICE IF
SHOULD
MUST

LOVE
STYLES OF LOVE
♥ romantic love
♥ game-playing love
♥ friendship
♥ logical love
♥ possessive / excited love
♥ selfless love

LOVE
ROMANTIC LOVE:
♥ lust
♥ similar to our concept of passion
♥ “my lover fits my ideal”
♥ “my lover & I were attracted to one
another immediately”

LOVE
GAME-PLAYING LOVE:
♥ the chase is most important
♥ “I get over affairs pretty easily”
♥ “I keep my lover up in the air about my
commitment”

LOVE
FRIENDSHIP:
♥ respect, intimacy
♥ loving attachment with nonsexual affection
♥ “the best love grows out of an enduring
friendship”

LOVE
LOGICAL LOVE:
♥ practical
♥ “I consider my lover’s potential in life
before committing myself”
♥ “I consider whether my lover will be a
good parent”

LOVE
POSSESSIVE / EXCITED LOVE:
♥ passion
♥ “I get so excited about my love that I
cannot sleep”
♥ “when my lover ignores me I get sick all
over”

LOVE
SELFLESS LOVE:
♥ similar to generosity & charity
♥ “I would do anything I can to help my
lover”
♥ “my lover’s needs & wishes are more
important than my own”
♥ unhealthy if only one partner

INTIMACY:
♥ the experience of warmth toward another
person that arises from feelings of closeness,
bondedness & connectedness to the other
PASSION:
♥ an intense romantic or sexual desire for
another person, which is accompanied by
physical arousal
COMMITMENT / DECISION:
♥ a component of love that involves both short
and long-term issues
THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE
THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE

(CONSUMMATE)
(CONSUMMATE)
C
O
M
M
I
T
M
E
N
T
C
O
M
M
I
T
M
E
N
T
I
N
T
I
M
A
C
Y
I
N
T
I
M
A
C
Y
PASSION
PASSION

♥ all three components of love are
absent
♥ Most of our personal relationships are of
this type
♥ Casual acquaintances that do not involve
any elements of love
NON LOVE

♥ A loving experience with another
person or friendship in which
intimacy is present but passion &
commitment are not
LIKING=
INTIMACY ONLY

♥ Passionate, obsessive “love at first
sight” without intimacy or commitment
INFATUATION=
PASSION ONLY

♥ Decision to love each other without
intimacy or passion
♥ Includes stagnant relationships that no
longer involve emotional intimacy or
physical attraction
EMPTY LOVE=
COMMITMENT ONLY

♥ Lovers physically & emotionally
attracted to each other but without
commitment
♥ Includes a summer romance
ROMANTIC LOVE=
INTIMACY & PASSION

♥ Long-term committed friendship such
as a marriage in which the passion has
faded
COMPANIONATE LOVE=
INTIMACY &
COMMITMENT

♥ Commitment based on passion but
without the time for intimacy to
develop
♥ Includes a “whirlwind courtship”
FATUOUS LOVE=
PASSION & COMMITMENT

♥ The full or complete measure of love
♥ Involving the combination of passion,
intimacy & commitment / decision
♥ Many of us strive to achieve this love
♥ Maintaining this love is even more
difficult than achieving it
CONSUMMATE
LOVE

INTIMACY
INTIMACY
RELATIONSHIPS
RELATIONSHIPS
&
&
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

A COUPLE’S
A COUPLE’S
JOURNEY
JOURNEY
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
HOW A
HOW A
RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP
DEVELOPS
DEVELOPS

♫ the road is long…♪
FIVE STAGES
♥ ROMANCE
♥ POWER STRUGGLE
♥ STABILITY
♥ COMMITMENT
♥ CO-CREATION

COUPLE’S JOURNEY
ROMANCE
♥ we sense our possibilities &
create a shared vision

COUPLE’S JOURNEY
POWER STRUGGLE
♥ we learn to recognize and validate
differing needs and perceptions
♥ we learn to say who we are &
what we want
♥ should be symmetrical, parallel,
complimentary

COUPLE’S JOURNEY
STABILITY
♥ learn to take responsibility & expand our
senses of identity through dialogue with
each other
♥ our differences are OK
♥ we each have our strengths

COUPLE’S JOURNEY
COMMITMENT
♥ experience ourselves as interdependent ~
“we”
♥ learn to live with impossibility &
unsolvable problems

MYTHS OF LONG-TERM
RELATIONSHIPS
♥ Relationships will make you feel complete
♥ Your partner should change for you if s/he really loves you
♥ If you truly love each other, romance should continue
♥ Your partner should understand you
♥ Any differences should always be settled
♥ In a good relationship, you have identical dreams & goals
♥ A relationship must be stable in order to be healthy
♥ The more open you are with your partner, the more
satisfying the relationship will be
♥ If you are not fulfilled, your relationship must be at fault
♥ Sexual disinterest is inevitable in a long-term relationship

Mutual Friends
Self Introductions
Family Members
Co-workers,
Classmates or
Neighbors
Other
HOW MARRIED PEOPLE MET
HOW MARRIED PEOPLE MET
THEIR PARTNER
THEIR PARTNER
(MICHAEL ET AL., 1994)
35
13
15
5
32

 JEALOUSY 
♥ “the green-ey’d monster” – Shakespeare
♥ evidence of jealousy in all cultures
♥ can impair a relationship by producing
feelings of mistrust or possessiveness
♥ fear of losing the loved one, anger
♥ may lead to depression, spousal abuse,
suicide or even murder
♥ in mild forms, can reveal how much you care

 JEALOUSY 
♥ may derive from low self-esteem
♥ these people are often overly
dependent on their partner
♥ fear that they will not find another partner
♥ for women, feelings of inadequacy lead to
feelings of jealousy
♥ for men, jealousy leads to inadequacy
♥ can lead to perceiving anyone as a rival

 JEALOUSY 
♥ unfortunately, many lovers play games
♥ they let their partner know they are
attracted to other people
♥ they flirt openly with others
♥ they may make up stories to get more
attention from their partner, to inflict pain,
or to take revenge

LONELINESS
♥ many people experience loneliness,
sometimes even in a relationship
♥ loneliness can cause depression, anxiety
& withdrawal from social activities
♥ lonely people tend to have several of the
following characteristics:

LONELY PEOPLE
♥ lack of social skills
♥ lack of interest in other people
♥ lack of empathy
♥ fear of rejection
♥ failure to disclose personal information
to potential friends
♥ cynical about human nature
♥ demanding too much too soon
♥ general pessimism

REDUCE LONELINESS
CHALLENGE FEELINGS OF
PESSIMISM
♥ adopt the attitude that things happen
for you when you make them happen
♥ make a plan for your future & start
with small steps, one day at a time
♥ remind yourself of all the things you
can be grateful for in your life

REDUCE LONELINESS
CHALLENGE YOUR CYNICISM ABOUT
HUMAN NATURE
♥ yes, lots of people are selfish & not worth
knowing
♥ but, if you assume all people are like that you
are doomed to loneliness
♥ find people who have the qualities that you
value ~ they are out there!

REDUCE LONELINESS
FAILURE OF RELATIONSHIPS IS
NO REASON FOR GIVING UP
♥ yes, a break-up can be awful & social rejection
can be painful
♥ face it, we are not going to appeal to everyone
& must learn to live with rejection
♥ keep looking for those people that have
qualities which you value

REDUCE LONELINESS
IMPROVE YOUR
DATE-SEEKING SKILLS
♥ sit with people in the cafeteria instead of
by yourself in a corner
♥ SMILE  and say “hi” to people that
interest you
♥ practice opening lines in front of a mirror

REDUCE LONELINESS
MAKE SOCIAL CONTACTS
♥ join committees
♥ attend recreational activities
♥ go to church
♥ join social action groups such as
community betterment or environmental
♥ help out at your local animal shelter
♥ go to drop-in centres

REDUCE LONELINESS
BECOME A GOOD LISTENER
♥ ask people how they’re doing
♥ ask for their opinion about events & activities
♥ actually listen to what they say before you
plan your response
♥ tolerate different opinions – no two people
will have identical perspectives

REDUCE LONELINESS
REMEMBER THAT YOU
ARE WORTHY OF FRIENDS
♥ yup, warts & all, you can be a good friend
♥ none of us is perfect (or even close to it)
♥ we are all unique & you may connect with
more people than you imagine
♥ give people a chance!

INTIMACY
♥ involves feelings of emotional closeness
& connectedness with another person
♥ desire to share each other’s innermost
thoughts & feelings
♥ mutual trust, caring & acceptance
♥ does not have to be sexual (ex. friends,
family that you are very close to)

INTIMACY
REQUIRES:
♥ knowing & liking yourself
♥ trusting & caring
♥ being honest
♥ making a commitment
♥ maintaining individuality
♥ communicating

INTIMACY
KNOWING & LIKING YOURSELF:
♥ coming to know & value yourself is
important to build intimacy with others
♥ know your innermost needs & feelings
♥ develop the security to share those
feelings

INTIMACY
TRUSTING & CARING:
♥ with trust comes feelings of security to
disclose information & feelings
♥ trust builds gradually as partners learn
whether or not it is safe to share
♥ caring is an emotional bond
♥ involves meeting each other’s needs

INTIMACY
BEING HONEST:
♥ involves sharing freely & openly
♥ does not mean partners must tell each
other everything, but there is a healthy
balance of revealing information
♥ total honesty can be devastating to a
relationship, especially when it comes to
past relationships or criticism

INTIMACY
MAKING A COMMITMENT:
♥ requires commitment to maintain the
relationship through good times & bad
♥ does not mean that the relationship must
be lifelong
♥ the couple commits to work together to
overcome problems instead of running at
the first sign of trouble

INTIMACY
MAINTAINING INDIVIDUALITY:
♥ when the I becomes we
♥ neither partner should take on the
personality of the other person
♥ each partner should maintain their
interests, goals, needs, likes & dislikes

INTIMACY
COMMUNICATING:
♥ good communication means sending &
receiving messages with your partner
♥ requires good listening & clear speaking
♥ is not always verbal

COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS:
♥ speaker may use words differently
than the listener, leading to misunderstanding
♥ speaker’s words may not match his or her
tone of voice, facial expression, or body
gestures
♥ speaker may not be able to put into words
what he or she truly means or feels

COMMUNICATION
NONVERBAL:
♥ feelings are also expressed through tone
of voice, gestures, body posture & facial
expressions
♥ touching the arm, gazing into the eyes,
hugging, holding, speaking softly or
speaking forcefully

COMMUNICATION
ACTIVE LISTENING:
♥ first, adopt the attitude that you might
actually learn something!
♥ when the other person is speaking, show
that you understand their ideas & feelings
ask questions to help clarify
♥ try to grasp the meaning the speaker’s
words instead of planning your next line

COMMUNICATION
PROVIDING INFORMATION:
♥ your partner cannot read your mind!
♥ take the opportunity to tell your partner
that s/he has done something right
♥ when giving criticism, focus on the
problem without causing guilt or fear
♥ do not give ultimatums unless you’ll
follow through with it

SEXUAL
SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
&
&
ATYPICAL
ATYPICAL
BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
 the direction of one’s sexual interests
 can be toward members of the same
gender, opposite gender or both
genders

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
HETEROSEXUAL
 attraction & preference for romantic
relationships with other gender
HOMOSEXUAL
 attraction & preference for romantic
relationships with same gender

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
BISEXUAL
 attraction & interest for romantic
relationships with both genders
DID YOU KNOW…
 sexual feelings involving people of one’s
own gender are common in adolescence &
do not mean that one will be gay in
adulthood?

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
KINSEY SCALE
 a 7-point heterosexual-homosexual scale
that classifies people according to their
homosexual behavior & the magnitude of
their attraction to members of their own
gender
 category 0 = exclusively heterosexual
 category 6 = exclusively homosexual

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
HETROSEXUAL
HOMOSEXUAL

KINSEY SCALE
KINSEY SCALE
0= exclusively heterosexual
1= heterosexual, 1-2 homosexual experiences
2= mostly heterosexual, some homosexual
3= bisexual (equal)
4= mostly homosexual, some heterosexual
5= homosexual, 1-2 heterosexual experiences
6= exclusively homosexual
Looks only at BEHAVIOR, not at FEELINGS, DESIRE or FANTASY

ATTITUDES
ATTITUDES
 one U.S. survey found that of males aged 15
– 19, 90% of them felt that sex between gay
men was “disgusting”
 60% would not even consider being friends with a
gay man
 in 2000, 9 out of 10 Canadians believed there
should be equal job opportunities for homosexuals
 yet, only 4 out of 10 support gay marriages

GENETICS
GENETICS
 there is evidence that gay sexual orientation
runs in families
 biological & psychological factors also influence
 if one identical twin is gay, there is a 50 - 65%
chance that the other twin is also gay
 compared to 22% of fraternal situations
 autopsies found that a segment of the brain’s
hypothalamus was less than half the size of a
heterosexual

ATYPICAL
ATYPICAL
BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR

ATYPICAL BEHAVIOR
ATYPICAL BEHAVIOR
 sexual behaviors which are unusual or abnormal
 sexual arousal involving a preference for nongenital
sexual outlets
 patterns of sexual behavior or arousal that appear
problematic in the eyes of the individual or society are
called paraphilias

PARAPHILIAS
PARAPHILIAS
 involve sexual arousal in response to unusual stimuli,
such as children, nonconsenting persons,
nonhuman objects, or pain & humiliation
 are diagnosed when sexual fantasies, urges or
behaviors cause significant distress or interfere with a
person’s ability to function in everyday tasks

PARAPHILIAS
PARAPHILIAS
include:
 Fetishism
 Partialism
 Transvestism
 Exhibitionism
 Voyeurism
 Frotteurism
 Sadism
 Masochism
 Zoophilia
 Necrophilia
 Nymphomania
 Satyriasis

FETISHISM
FETISHISM
• when sexual arousal is caused by
an inanimate object
 rubber
 leather
 silk
 high-heeled shoes
 panties
 ???

PARTIALISM
PARTIALISM
• related to fetishism; exaggerated sexual
arousal to a particular body part
 feet
 buttocks
 breasts
 ???

TRANSVESTISM
TRANSVESTISM
• when a person repeatedly cross-dresses
for sexual arousal or is bothered by
recurring urges to cross-dress
 most keep it a secret
 ranges from one garment to many
 almost always male
 most are married

EXHIBITIONISM
EXHIBITIONISM
• persistent, powerful urges &
sexual fantasies involving exposing one’s
genitals to unsuspecting strangers for sexual
arousal of oneself
 “flashing”
 usually begins between ages 13-16
 most are not a physical threat

VOYEURISM
VOYEURISM
• strong, repetitive urges to watch
unsuspecting strangers who are naked,
undressing or having sex
 may masturbate during or after
 usually begins before age 15
 not usually violent
 many lack social & sexual skills

FROTTEURISM
FROTTEURISM
• recurring, powerful urges to rub
against or touch a nonconsenting
person
 “mashing”
 buses, subways, elevators, concerts…
 many women do not realize it has occurred

OTHERS…
OTHERS…
SADISM
• the desire or need to inflict pain or
humiliation on others for sexual arousal
MASOCHISM
• the desire or need for pain or humiliation to
be inflicted on oneself for sexual arousal
TOGETHER, IT IS TERMED S&M

OTHERS…
OTHERS…
ZOOPHILIA
• repeated sexual urges & fantasies involving
sexual contact with animals
• men → farm animals
• women → household pets
NECROPHILIA
• the desire for sexual activity with corpses

OTHERS…
OTHERS…
NYMPHOMANIA
• an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite
in women that is insatiable
SATYRIASIS
• an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite in
men that is insatiable

CONCEPTION
CONCEPTION
PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
&
&
CHILDBIRTH
CHILDBIRTH

CONCEPTION
 the union of a sperm & an egg which
normally occurs in a fallopian tube
 only 1 in 1000 sperm will reach the egg
• gravity
• vaginal acidity
• swimming against the current
• wrong tube
• cilia barrier

CONCEPTION
 about 2000 sperm get to the right tube
 sperm secretes an enzyme which thins
the outer layer of the egg, allowing sperm
to penetrate easier
 once a sperm enters the egg, this outer
layer thickens, stopping other sperm from
entering the egg

PREGNANCY
 missed period is not always the first sign
 human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as
early as 8th
day of pregnancy with blood test, 3rd
week with urine test
 about one month after a missed period a
pelvic exam may show Hegar’s sign (softness in
the uterus)

PREGNANCY
 about ½ of women experience “morning
sickness”, which occurs throughout the day
 miscarriage can have many causes & about
¾ occur within the first 16 weeks
 normal gestation period is 280 days ~ find
the date of the first day of the last menstrual
period & add nine months

PREGNANCY
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
 Germinal Stage
Germinal Stage - about the first 2 weeks
 Embryonic Stage
Embryonic Stage - about the first 2 months
 Fetal Stage
Fetal Stage - until birth

PREGNANCY
Germinal Stage
Germinal Stage
 within 36 hours of conception, the cell divides
 divides repeatedly on way to uterus (3-4 days)
 wanders about the uterus (another 3-4 days)
 implants in the uterine wall (about 7 days)
 cells begin to group off & will eventually
become different structures

PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage
Embryonic Stage
 from implantation to about 8th
week
 major organ systems begin to develop
 development occurs from the head downward
& from the centre (spinal cord, organs) outward
 3rd
week, head & blood vessels begin to form
 4th
week, primitive heart begins to pump &
arm & leg buds appear

PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage
Embryonic Stage
 AMNITOTIC SAC – surrounded by a
clear membrane which contains amniotic fluid to
cushion the embryo from movement & maintains
a steady temperature
 PLACENTA – allows exchange of nutrients &
waste between the mother & fetus then leaves the
mother’s body after delivery (“afterbirth”)

PREGNANCY
Fetal Stage
Fetal Stage
 begins by the 9th
week & continues to birth
 by end of 1st
trimester, sex can be determined
visually, major organ systems, fingers, toes &
genitalia have all been formed
 mid-4th
month, first fetal movements
 age of viability = near end of 2nd
trimester
 7th
month, fetus turns upside down

PREGNANCY
Environmental Influences
Environmental Influences
 DIET – malnourished pregnant women during
the 3rd
trimester is linked to low birth weight
 TERATOGENS – agents that can damage an
embryo or fetus (ex: narcotics, nicotine, alcohol,
aspirin, lead, mercury, radiation, bacteria, viruses,
measles, syphilis, chicken pox, …)

CHILDBIRTH
 a day or so before labor begins, there
may be a discharge of bloody mucus
 1 in 10 women will have their “water break” as
the amniotic sac bursts
 other signs of labor: indigestion, diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, backache
 labor begins with onset of regular contractions

THREE STAGES
First Stage:
- cervix thins & widens, causing most of the pain
- may last a couple of hours or over a day
- contractions become more frequent & strong
- baby’s head begins to move into the vagina

THREE STAGES
Second Stage:
- begins when cervix is fully dilated & baby begins
to move into the vagina
- woman is taken to delivery room
- lasts a few minutes to a few hours
- “crowning” = when the head is visible
- ends with the birth of the baby

THREE STAGES
Third Stage:
- lasts from a few minutes to over an hour
- begins with the placenta being expelled
- placenta detaches from wall of uterus
- physician sew up tears or episiotomy (small
incision to prevent tearing during childbirth)

METHODS
NATURAL
• women use no anesthesia
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
• drugs to put people to sleep & eliminate pain
LOCAL ANESTHESIA
• eliminates pain in a certain area of the body

METHODS
LAMAZE
• women learn to relax & to breathe in
patterns that save energy & lesson pain
CESAREAN SECTION
• fetus is delivered through a cut in the abdomen
• used when normal delivery difficult or
threatens the health of mom or baby
• 15% is “medically appropriate” (W.H.O)

POSTPARTUM
• “following birth”
• during the days & weeks that follow
childbirth, 50-80% of mothers will feel sad,
irritable, depressed &/or tearful
• “Postpartum Depression” = persistent &
severe mood changes (15% of new mothers)
• includes psychological factors such as previous
depression, stress, troubled marriage…

FEEDING
Breast versus Bottle?
• 70% of women breast-feed for at least
the first three months
• mothers who are older, married, more
educated & living in Western Canada or Ontario
are more likely to breast-feed
• breast-feeding reduces risk of infections to baby
& reduces allergies in babies
• no other significant differences – you decide

BIRTH CONTROL
• 1882 – illegal to sell or advertise birth
control in Canada
• 1930’s – economic depression led to desire to
have small families & birth control became
available to married women only
• 1950’s – condoms available in drug stores but
only as “prevention of contagious disease”
• 1960’s – sexual revolution & contraceptive
pill becomes available in Canada

METHODS
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
• “the pill” consisting of sex hormones
• combination pill contains man-made estrogen
& progesterone
• minipill contains man-made progesterone,
but no estrogen
• effectiveness = 99.5% with perfect use, 97%
with typical use

METHODS
COMBINATION PILL
• taken for 21 days, then no pill or placebo
• fools brain into thinking the body is already
pregnant so no eggs mature or are released
MINIPILL
• taken every day
• mucus in cervix thickens, therefore sperm is
less mobile & inner lining of uterus is less
receptive to a fertilized egg

METHODS
“MORNING AFTER” PILL
• have high doses of estrogen & progesterone
• most effective when taken within 72 hours
• long-term health effects are not known
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)
• small objects of various shapes inserted into
the uterus by a doctor or nurse
• usually left for 1-7 years, depending on brand
• irritates uterine lining, toxic to sperm / egg

METHODS
DIAPHRAGM
• rubber cap or dome fitted to vagina and
coated with spermicide
• inserted prior to sex as a barrier to sperm
SPERMICIDES
• chemicals that kill sperm
• in form of jelly, foam, cream, gel, suppository
• typical use = 21% failure in first year

METHODS
CONDOMS
• made of animal membrane or latex
• barrier to sperm entering vagina
• can help prevent the spread of AIDS virus &
other STDs
• only contraceptive device worn by men
• only latex are effective against AIDS virus
• not all STDs are protected against
• and remember, pre-cum contains sperm!

SEXUALLY
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS
INFECTIONS

INFO
• EDMONTON STD CENTRE – 413-5156
EDMONTON STD CENTRE – 413-5156
11111 JASPER AVENUE
11111 JASPER AVENUE
(GENERAL HOSPITAL)
(GENERAL HOSPITAL)
• CALGARY STD CLINIC – 297-6562
CALGARY STD CLINIC – 297-6562
• TOLL FREE – 1-800-772-2437
TOLL FREE – 1-800-772-2437

PREVENTION
• only sure way is to avoid sex
• have only one partner (who is STD
free & has no other partners)
• use condoms & other protection during sex
• enjoy risk-free activities (hugging, massage…)
• do not have casual partners
• do not share IV drug equipment

CAUSES
• caused by germs or organisms such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi & parasites
• germs need a warm, dark, moist area to
live & grow such as in the genital area
• spread from person to person during sexual
intimacy (usually vaginal, anal or oral sex)
• most STI can be cured, many cannot

SYMPTOMS
• many people DO NOT develop any
symptoms when they get a STI
• they can still be affected & infect others
• some general symptoms include:
- unusual discharge
- burning pain when urinating
- itching & burning in genital area
- appearance of sores around genitals

TYPES
 bacterial
bacterial
 vaginal
vaginal
 viral
viral
 parasitic
parasitic

BACTERIAL
one-celled microorganisms that cause
many diseases such as pneumonia, TB,
meningitis and:
 CHLAMYDIA
 GONORRHEA
 SYPHILIS

CHLAMYDIA
 the most common bacterial STI in Canada
 more than 40,000 new cases a year
 especially high among Canadians aged 15-
24
 transmitted through vaginal or anal sex
 oral sex can infect the throat
 infants can be infected at birth from an
infected mother (even by C-section)

CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:
 men
 clear mucous discharge from penis at 1-3
weeks after contact
 discomfort or burning sensation in urethra
 50% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all

CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:
 women
 unusual vaginal discharge
 irregular menstrual bleeding
 discomfort during intercourse
 80% of females might not develop any
symptoms at all

CHLAMYDIA
COMPLICATIONS:
 left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian
tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease
 can develop infections in prostate gland &
testicles
 babies born to infected women can develop
eye infections or lung problems

CHLAMYDIA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
 uses the “Abbott Testpack”
 women – cervical smear (similar to Pap smear)
 men – extract fluid using a swab inserted into
the opening of the penis
 treated with antibiotics (other than penicillin)
 partners without symptoms must also be
treated to prevent further infection

GONORRHEA
 the second most commonly reported
bacterial STI in Canada
 more than 4500 new cases a year
 especially high among Canadian women
aged 15-24
 bacterial die outside the body in one minute
 transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex,
or from mother to newborn
 oral sex can infect the throat

GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:
 men
 discharge of pus from penis within a week
 mild to severe burning while urinating
 20% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all

GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:
 women
 unusual vaginal discharge
 pain during urination
 80% of females might not develop any
symptoms at all

GONORRHEA
COMPLICATIONS:
 left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian
tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease
 internal scarring & blockage of fallopian tube
can cause sterility, tubal pregnancy or pain
 can develop infection & pain in testicles
 babies born to infected women can develop
eye infections & even blindness

GONORRHEA
 clinical inspection & culture of discharge
 often occurs together with chlamydia & is
often treated together with antibiotics
 partners without symptoms should also
receive antibiotic treatment

SYPHILIS
 was declining until recently in Canada
 may increase transmission of HIV
 transmitted through direct contact with a
rash or sore during sex
 if not treated, can have very serious
consequences
 can be passed on to an unborn child

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
 same for men & women
 occurs in three stages
 First Stage:
 in 9-90 days, a painless chancre occurs at
site of infection (up to the size of a
quarter)
 chancre will heal within 2-4 weeks but the

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
 Second Stage:
 lasts 2-6 weeks, after chancre appearance
 occurs 2-6 months after initial contact
 rash (resembling measles, or heat rash) breaks ou
anywhere on body, even hands & feet
 loss of appetite, fever, tiredness, hair loss
 even when symptoms disappear, remains very
contagious at this stage

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
 Third Stage:
 lasts from 2-40 years
 even without obvious signs, the germs
continue to damage vital organs
 can cause blindness, deafness, paralysis,
brain & heart disease

SYPHILIS
 a blood test detects presence of antibodies
 treated with penicillin or other antibiotics
 can be cured at any stage
 earlier treatment reduces risk of serious
complications

VAGINAL
any kind of vaginal infection or inflammation
mostly caused by vaginal organisms or sexually
transmitted infections:
 BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
 CANDIDIASIS
 TRICHOMONIASIS

BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)
 very common
 caused by bacteria transmitted sexually
 is an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria
 can be found in the male urethra but no
symptoms usually found
 no evidence of benefit for treatment of the
male

BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)
SYMPTOMS IN FEMALE:
 thin, watery discharge, gray in color
 “fishy” smell
 examination & tests using microscope
 oral medication or vaginal cream

CANDIDIASIS
 “yeast infection”, “thrush”
 caused by a fungus called Candida
 overgrowth of yeast (often in healthy women)
 can be caused by:
- birth control pills
- tight clothing
- colored toilet paper (chemicals used to color)
- diabetes
- scented feminine hygiene products

CANDIDIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
 curdy, white vaginal discharge
 itching, redness in genital area
 examination, swab test & use of microscope
 treated with vaginal creams, vaginal
suppositories or oral medication

TRICHOMONIASIS
 “trick”, caused by a one-celled animal
 #1 STI in the world, but not in Canada
 acquired during sexual intercourse with an
infected partner
 parasite may survive several hours outside the
body (discharge on bedding, towels…)
 can be picked up from a toilet seat if direct
contact is made

TRICHOMONIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
 usually occur 1-3 weeks after contact
 females – foul smelling, greenish or yellowish
discharge & itching
 males – usually no symptoms, but sometimes a
slight urethral discharge or burning
 examination, swab test & microscope
 treated with oral medication or vaginal cream

VIRAL
tiny particles of DNA that invade a cell
body & cause it to spread the virus:
 AIDS
 HERPES
 VIRAL HEPATITIS
 GENITAL WARTS

AIDS
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,
caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)
 HIV attacks & disables the immune system
 person is susceptible to infection, cancer, …
 termed AIDS when system is beyond repair
 worldwide – 40 million people infected
(2.5 million are children under 15)(2003)
 Canada – 56, 000 people infected (2002)

AIDS
SYMPTOMS:
 may be no symptoms
 2-4 weeks after infection – flu-like symptoms
 within 6 months of infection, blood test +ve
 eventually:
weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, dry cough,
diarrhea, swollen lymph glands, memory
loss, confusion, depression, certain cancers

AIDS
 blood test for HIV antibodies
 95% of test will be +ve after 3 months
 full window period is 6 months
 test is free & confidential at STD clinic
 no vaccine to prevent HIV & no cure
 variety of meds can improve health &
increase life expectancy

HERPES
 once you get it, it’s yours for life!
 two types of viruses:
- herpes simplex type 1 – oral herpes
- herpes simplex type 2 – genital herpes
 oral = cold sores & blisters on lips & mouth
 genital = sores & blisters on genitals
 type 1 can occur on genitals & type 2 can
occur on the mouth
 both can be passed with direct skin contact
 can be passed even if there’s no signs or sores

HERPES
SYMPTOMS:
 usually occur within 1-3 weeks of
infection; can be months or never
 may begin with a tingling or burning sensation
 fluid-filled blisters appear & soon break
 open sores remain on the skin 2-4 weeks
 female - vulva, anal opening, vaginal walls
 male - penis, scrotum, anal opening
 initial outbreak may be accompanied by:
headache, fever, swollen glands, flu feeling

HERPES
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & INFO:
 examination & swab test to detect
 after sores heal, virus becomes dormant
but is still contagious
 protection is important at all times
 can be triggered by stress, menstruation,
sexual activity, sunlight & fever
 can be passed to newborn during delivery
 NO CURE, but medication can quicken healing

HEPATITIS
 inflammation of the liver
 Hep A – contact with infected fecal
matter (contaminated food from not washing
hands, oral-anal sexual activity)
 Hep B, C, D - contact with infected saliva,
blood (including menstrual), mucus or
semen through anal, vaginal & oral sex, sharing
needles, razors, toothbrushes…

HEPATITIS
 Hep C in Canada – 2000 cases per year
 Hep A & B – 1000 cases each per year
 Hep D – only occurs in presence of Hep B
 very low risk of contracting Hepatitis through
blood transfusion because of tight testing
 cannot be spread by casual contact (hugging,
shaking hands)

HEPATITIS
SYMPTOMS:
 may be no symptoms
 usually develop slowly, 6-20 weeks
after exposure to the virus
 Hep B symptoms tend to be more severe &
longer lasting
 includes: jaundice, weakness, nausea, loss of
appetite, abdominal pain, whitish bowel
movements, vomiting, brownish urine

HEPATITIS
 detected by blood test
 no cure for viral hepatitis
 90% of people with Hep B will develop
immunity without treatment
 10 % will develop cirrhosis or cancer of liver
 plenty of rest & fluids are important
 vaccination available for Hep B & Hep D
 NO vaccine for Hep A or Hep C

GENITAL WARTS
 caused by the human papilloma virus
(HPV)
 HPV itself is harmless but can lead to
cancers in genital organs, particularly cervical
or penile cancer
 20-33% of sexually active Canadian women
are infected
 women are more susceptible because of rapid
cell division in cervix

GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
 may never be any symptoms
 may appear within weeks or months
 itchy bumps that vary in shape & size
 flesh colored growths appearing
on or near the genital & anal area
 on dry skin – hard & yellow-gray color
 moist areas – soft, pink, cauliflower shape

GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
 males – usually on head & shaft of
penis, anal area or scrotum
 females – usually on external genitals,
anal area or inside vagina & cervix
 some people do not know they have it
 often appear for the first time during pregnancy

GENITAL WARTS
 visual examination using magnifier
 Pap test for females (also screens for cancer)
 must be treated by a doctor
 various treatments include:
- cryotherapy (freezing it with liquid nitrogen)
- chemicals or creams applied to surface of wart
- electric current or laser therapy to destroy it
- surgical removal

PARASITIC
tiny parasites that live in or out of the
body
ectoparasites live on the outer surface:
 pubic lice (“crabs”)
 scabies

PUBIC LICE
 tiny insects living on or near pubic hair
 size of a pinhead
 range in color from gray to reddish brown
 may also be in hair of thigh, chest or underarm
 adult crabs lay eggs (nits) on hair
 usually cannot be pulled or washed off
 can live away from body for up to 2 days
 can spread through body contact, bedding,
towels, clothing…

PUBIC LICE
SYMPTOMS:
 can be seen with naked eye
 area becomes itchy from bites on skin
 specks of blood may appear from bites
 may have crabs 2-3 weeks before noticing
 will not result in serious complications

PUBIC LICE
TREATMENT:
 specific lotions or shampoos are required
& available without prescription
 follow instructions for use carefully
 all recently used bedding, towels, clothing must
be washed in HOT SOAPY water
 mattresses should be vacuumed & disinfected
 will frequently recur if not carefully treated

SCABIES
 very contagious skin condition caused
by an almost invisible insect
 burrows under the skin to lay eggs
 transmitted through sexual contact or from
infected bedding, clothing, towels…
 often found on hands, wrists, feet, genital
areas, buttocks & armpits

SCABIES
SYMPTOMS:
 itching (more at night)
 red bumps, streaks or lines on skin surface
 may appear as a rash, sores, welts or blisters

SCABIES
 must be diagnosed by a doctor (rashes
can occur for a variety of reasons)
 small scraping of skin must be examined under
microscope to identify mites (too tiny to see with
the naked eye)
 treat with medicated lotions (follow directions)
 wash all clothing, bedding & towels with HOT
SOAPY water

Sex Chromosome
Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
Abnormalities

Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
• non-disjunction of X
chromosomes at meiosis I in
female
X
X
1st division 2nd division
Egg XX
polar body XX
XX eggs fertilized by X sperm give Triple X female;
XX eggs fertilized by Y sperm give XXY male

Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
• Occur during non-disjunction of
X or Y chromosomes at meiosis
I or meiosis II
• Normally in meiosis to produce
sperm, a small part of the X and
Y pair
X
Y
1st division 2nd division
X
X
Y
Y

Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
• Occur during non-disjunction of
X or Y chromosomes at meiosis
I or meiosis II
• Non disjunction in meiosis to
produce sperm, can cause: XX, XY,
YY or O sperm
X
Y
XY sperm meets X egg to produce XXY male
XY
XY

Triple X females- (47
XXX)
• Fertile; tend to have XX or XY
offspring
• Normal IQ range
− 75% slow in learning reading, math
− tendency for anxiety
• frequency in population is about
1/ 4,000 live births
• also called triplo X

Turners syndrome females
(45 XO)
• sterile
• Turners syndrome females are under 5’
and usually normal IQ
• difficulty in 3D rotation tests
• heart and kidney problems; frequency
1/2,000 live births
• Estrogen helps for secondary sex
character development
• HGH allows increase in stature
• about 1 in 2,500 female births

Klinefelter Males (47
XXY)
• Taller than average; infertile;
small testes
• At puberty some breast
development is easily treated
with testosterone but does not
restore fertility
• Occurs 1 in 500 to 1000 male
births

XYY males
• Taller than average; acne worse
than average; normal IQ
• XYY males are fertile; have XX or
XY children
• Frequency 1 in 300 to 1 in 1000
births
• Slight increase of XYY individuals
in prison population per capita

Sex Determination in
humans
• Presence or absence of Y at
fertilization determines sex of fetus; Y
chromosome will produce male; no Y
means female phenotype will result
• same special mass of cells in very
early embryo develops into ovary (XX)
or testes (XY)
• By 7 weeks embryo is ready to develop
into a male or a female individual

Y chromosome genes
• The Hy gene on the Y chromosome
codes for the Hy antigen protruding
from the surface of all male cells.
• After 7 weeks Tdf (Sry) gene on the
Y chromosome is expressed. The
product of this gene directs some of
the ovotestes cells to develop into
the testes and to start making
testosterone

Mullerian and Wolffian
ducts
• Ovaries in XX embryos begin to develop
in first few weeks;
• In XY embryos, the starting at 7 weeks,
ovotestes cells will develop into Wolffian
ducts, a system of ducts connecting the
testes and urinary system in males
• Ovotestes cells form Mullerian ducts in
XX embryos; ducts develop around 11
weeks, eventually forming oviducts and
uterus, connecting the ovaries to the
vagina

Primordial gametes form
outside embryo about
14 d.
• The future sperm and egg cells are
never a part of the embryonic tissue.
• These primordial cells arise
separately and do not undergo any
differentiation as the other
embryonic cells do.
• Primordial gametes migrate into
developing ovaries and testes.

At puberty secondary
sex changes occur
• Hormones prepare body for reproduction.
• Gonadotropic hormones, FSH and LH
start menstrual cycle each month,
causing maturation of egg
• FSH and LH present in trace amounts in
males cause beard to form, Adam’s
apple to enlarge, facial bones to grow,
etc.
• Adrenal glands secrete

Guevedoces syndrome
in XY
• XY infants lack enyme 5H reductase
• Fail to develop external male
genetalia
• Phenotype is female at birth
• About age 12, the enzyme appears
and the penis and testes develop
and by age 20 these individuals are
fully developed males

Many hormones
produced by
biosynthetic pathways
• Testoterone and estrogen are formed
from the cholesterol biosynthetic
pathway
• Many enzymes (proteins) are required to
catalyze the reactions in pathway; genes
for these enzymes on autosomes not on
X or Y
• Many mutations affect sexual
development by disrupting hormone
formation

Tfm, an X-linked gene
• Tfm gene codes for protein that sticks out
of cells and binds testosterone
• In Xtfm
Y males normal development of sex
characteristics is not possible because
cells are not affected by testosterone
• Phenotype of Tfm XY is sterile female; no
penis; testes form but remain up in the
body; may be surgically removed to lower
risk of cancer
• Also called Complete Androgen
Insensitivity

Brain-sex
Perception of gender
• Tfm individuals perceive
themselves as female from
earliest memories; Guevedoces
individuals perceive themselves
as male from earliest memories.
• Tfm individuals are treated with
estrogen to stimulate female
characteristics

Sex-related inheritance
• Barr bodies are condensed
(inactive) X chromosomes found
in interphase nuclei
• In nuclei with two X
chromosomes, one X becomes
inactivated and appears as a
blob in the nucleus when
stained

Lyon Hypothesis:
• the condensed X is inactive.
• X-inactivation occurs early in
development
• Inactivation of one of the X’s is random
• The same X remains inactive in all
daughter cells throughout cell divisions
• On 50th
anniversary, called “Lyons Law”

Lyon hypothesis
explains:
• Dosage compensation; XCf
XCf
and XCf
Y
genotypes will show same amount of
clotting factor protein in blood as males.
• Why females heterozygous for X-linked
trait can vary greatly in gene expression
• e.g. tortoise shell cats and calico cats are
always XB
Xb
females; orange patches are
where Xb
is active, black patches where XB
is active

Calico cat
• Calico cats also express
dominant gene for white
spotting.

Genomic Imprinting
• Small regions of AUTOSOMES are
inactivacted during formation of egg
and sperm (gametogenesis)
• Inactivated regions not expressed in
fetus but gene donated from other
parent is normally active
• If other parent donates a defective
gene, aberrant phenotype results

Prader-Willi and
Angelman
• Both syndromes are related to
failure of gene expression on
chromo. 15
• Prader-Willi: mental retardation,
hunger uncontrolled causes obesity
• Angelman syndrome: severe speech
impairment, mental retardation,
happy demeanor, sleep disorders

Sex-limited traits
• Genes are in both sexes but only
expressed in one of the sexes
• Genes usually not on X or Y
chromosomes; usually on
autosomes
• Examples: lactation in female
mammals

Sex-influenced traits
• Dominant in one sex, recessive
in the other
• Examples: horns in male sheep,
pattern baldness in human males
• Must use chart with genotype
and sex to determine outcome or
phenotype

Horns in sheep
• H’H heterozygote gives different
phenotype depending on sex; sex
hormones involved
• Genotype male female
• H’H’ Horns Horns
• H’H Horns No horns
• HH No horns No horns

260
Adult Sexual Behaviors and
Adult Sexual Behaviors and
Attitudes
Attitudes

261
What is normal?
• Recall that “normal” is different between
cultures and changes throughout history.
• Statistically normal – a large number of
people engage in the behavior.
• Normal is actually a range of behaviors.
• Most sexual behaviors are considered
normal as long as the individual does not
suffer physical or psychological damage,
does not harm others and the behavior
doesn’t interfere with daily life.

BETTER SEX LIFE - SECRET SEX TURN-ONS YOU
MUST KNOW TO HAVE A BETTER SEX LIFE
By
Dr. Rickey

• Sex is often used to catch people’s
attention. Why?
• What makes it such an interesting
word?

You need to make good
decisions about your
sexual health. To do
this, you need
information

• Sexuality includes not only
biology and science but also
social, emotional and behavioral
aspects. Learning about sex
involves ALL of these things.

Adolescence
• What does adolescence mean?
-becoming an adult.
-moving from the thoughts, feelings, body,
and relationships of a child to that of an
adult.
-can begin as early as 9 years old.
Girls=usually 9-16
Boys=usually 10-16
**everyone changes at his/her own rate.

Female Reproductive
System
 Women have 2 ovaries
 The ovaries are where egg cells are stored
and
where they mature
 Women are born with ALL the egg cells
(OVA) they
have during their lifetime.
The mature egg is swept into the FALLOPIAN
TUBES
down to the UTERUS. This is where the
fertilized
egg stays and grows In case of pregnancy.
The FETUS (fertilized egg) or the non-fertilized
egg leaves the body through the VAGINA.

• In general, one egg becomes mature
each month accompanied by the
thickening of the tissues in the uterus as
induced by the female hormones.
• When the egg is not fertilized and thus no
pregnancy occurs, the mature egg and
the broken-up thickened lining are
sloughed off, and thus the bleeding. This
is known as MENSTRUATION (having a
period).
• A woman’s period lasts about 3-7 days.

Male Reproductive
System
• With puberty brings the capacity to produce sperm
The TESTES or TESTICLES are the organs that produce
sperm cells.
The TESTICLES sit in a pouch of
skin called the SCROTUM.
As sperm cells travel down the tubes,
a milky fluid is added by the prostate
gland to provide nutrition and mobility
for the sperm-this is called SEMEN.
The SEMEN then travels through a tube in the penis.
When the SEMEN is released from the body it is called
EJACULATION.

Factors that influence good
health
• 3 meals a day
• Moderate exercise
2-3 times a week
• Adequate sleep
• Not smoking
• Healthy weight

Arousal and Response
Lighting the fire, Stoking
the flame

The Essential Hormones
• Two basic types – Steroid &
Neuropeptide
• Steroid Hormones – secreted by the
gonads and adrenal glands
• Examples: testosterone, estrogen, etc.
• Not simply male or female – both sexes
produce each, but in varying amounts

Neuropeptide Hormones
• Produced in the brain, they
influence sexuality and behavior
• Perhaps the most significant:
• Oxytocin – the “love hormone”,
it influences our erotic and
emotional bonds

Testosterone – “the
motivator”
• Men have 20 to 40 times more
• Effects desire (libido) more
than function
• But deficiencies do decrease
sensitivity and desire
• Castration – the surgical
removal of the testes causes
dramatic reductions in sexual
interest and desire

Less Testosterone
• Antiandrogens – drugs which
reduce testosterone levels
• Occasionally given to sex offenders
• Usually decreases sexual interest
and activity
• But sometimes offenders assault
for other reasons , such as anger,
power and control

• Hypogonadism – testosterone
deficiency due to diseases of the
endocrine system
• If it begins before puberty,
development is slowed
• If it starts after puberty, a marked
decrease in desire follows

Estrogens and Desire
• Their influence is undeniable
but exact role is unclear
• Research findings differ as
to whether they increase
desire

Females &
Testosterone
• Testosterone clearly increases
female sexual desire, sensitivity
and activity
• True even for women after
menopause or removal of the
ovaries

• Women with “normal” levels of
sexual activity and hormones who
receive additional testosterone
show significant increases in
sexual arousal, sensation and
even lust
• Theresa Crenshaw “…. when a
woman’s testosterone dwindles,
so does her sex life.”

More On Testosterone
• Women have much less testosterone, but
are much more sensitive to its effects
• For women, too much testosterone
causes problems, such as “unwelcome”
changes to secondary sexual
characteristics
• Women see levels fall more rapidly after
menopause than male’s more gradual
decline

• If measured, it is “free”
(unattached) testosterone that
matters, not “total”
• Testosterone Replacement
Therapy
commonly available for men
now, slowly becoming an option
for women

The Brain – Our Most
Sexual Organ?
• Our cerebral cortex stores
memories and images producing
powerful fantasies
• Our culture has conditioned us to
have certain preferences for what
we consider physically attractive
• World-wide prototypes?

• Sexual turn-ons is
one of the secrets of
having a
better sex life. No
matter how
wonderful your sex
life was during
honeymoon, the
years that follow
won’t be filled with
sexual harmony and
love unless you take
the initiative to
cultivate romantic
and sexual habits.

Let’s look at some
great sex tips of secret
sex turn-on that will
help you keep sex,
romance, passion and
intimacy alive.

Touch
• Our nerve endings are unevenly
distributed, locations which are
most sexually responsive are called
our
•
Primary Erogenous Zones, which
include our genitals, lips, buttocks,
inner thighs, neck, mouth, perineum
• But we find tremendous variability

• Foreplay is one of
the best secret sex
turn-on and most
important to learn.
Love play is all
about how to make
love to a woman.
Well-designed
foreplay is the best
way to transit from
conversation to
having sex.
Love Play:

• Typically, foreplay
involves kissing,
heavy petting and
sensual massages.
The rule of the game
is to really focus on
her pleasure and
start building up its
intensity and before
you know it, you are
already creating a
better sex life for
yourself.
Love Play Continue

• Many couples claim
they spend time
together; but they
typically spend that
time running errands
or meeting with
other friends. Of
course, there’s
nothing wrong with
that. But to keep sex
and romance alive,
you need to spend
quality time
together.
Develop a dating habit:

• Smooching has
been one of the
greatest sex turn-
on because its
speed up the
response cycle of
your spouse. When
smooching, try and
kiss around the
edges of your lips,
then run the tip of
your tongue over
your spouse.
The power of smooching:

• Kissing is one aspect that
can wake up the lover in
you. Yes, kissing in a new
way can revitalize a dying
sex bed in other to have
better sex life. It should
be full, long and close.
Passionate kisses
without expectation of
immediate sexual activity
help your spouse’s boiling
point near the surface so
that when you are ready
for the hot and heavy
season, they too will be
ready.
Kissing:

• Change what you wear
when going to bed:
what the eyes feed on
is what the mind
translates. If your
husband’s eyes
constantly feed on that
‘old craggy house
wear,’ his mind will
translate to his old
grandma in the village.
Change your outlook
because men are
attracted to sexy
looks. Even at 60, you
can still look sexy.
Look Good:

• Romance is more than gift and
paying bills; romance is an
attitude. The secret to being
romantic to bathe a woman’s
mind with thoughtfulness, fun,
tenderness and security,
without smothering her or
acting needy. This also
involves setting up the right
kind of environment that will
enhance her pleasure for a
better sex life.
• Some of the secrets turn-on
above will help you keep sex,
romance, passion and intimacy
alive and give you a
better sex life.
Romance:

• Secondary Erogenous Zones
other areas touched within the
context of sexual intimacy
• Could be anywhere on the body
• Established through classical
conditioning?

Vision
• Very important in our society
• Emphasis on physical
attractiveness, grooming, clothes
and cosmetics
• Are males more aroused by visual
stimuli?

Smell
• Are genitals smells arousing
or awful?
• Depends largely on where you
live and your acceptance or
rejection of fragrance claims.

Pheromones
• Odors secreted by the body
which relate to reproduction
• Common for mammals
• The vomeronasal system
relates to their use
• Present in humans,
• But is it functional?

What Works
• Smells that
arouse
• Women – licorice,
banana nut
bread, cucumbers
• Men – lavender,
pumpkin pie,
doughnuts

What Doesn’t
• Women –
barbecued
meat, men’s
cologne’s
• Men –
Nothing

More Excitement
• Women:
engorgement
lubrication
enlargement
• Men:
erection
enlargement/elevation

Stage II - Plateau
• The acceleration of processes
begun in the excitement phase
• Females
the orgasmic platform – the
significantly engorged outer 1/3 of
the vagina
• Lasts from a few seconds to a few
minutes

Phase III - Orgasm
• Involuntary muscle spasms
• Blood pressure, respirations,
heart rate peaks
• Males – emission then
expulsion

• Are the males’ and
females’ experiences
different ?
• Descriptions are
indistinguishable.

Return to the “G” Spot
• Once found, manual stimulation
produces variable sensations
• Intense pleasure and orgasm
usually follows
• Some women even experience
ejaculation
• But the source of the fluid is
uncertain

Finally, Resolution
• Process through which sexual
systems return to a nonexcited state
• While in most respects the sexes
experience this process similarly,
men go through a refractory period
during which they cannot
experience another orgasm

Aging and the Response
Cycle
• Function continues but intensity
declines
• Older women – longer for lubrication
Occasional decreases in desire,
sensitivity, and capacity
• Older men – longer for erection/orgasm
greater control
longer refractory period

Where the Sexes Differ
• Despite surprising similarities,
some distinctions remain
• Variability
Women have three patterns
within the sexual response cycle
Men just one

The Male Refractory
Period
• Why?
• Evolution based ? Give
another guy a chance ?
• Dependent on midbrain-
hypothalamus pathway ?

Multiple Orgasms
• Women can have several, in
succession
• But just 14 to 16% ?
• Masters and Johnson say most
can have 5-6 !
• Men can too ?!?

King, Human Sexuality
Today, 5/e © 2005 by
316
Masturbation
across history and
culture (1)
• Some cultures have condemned self-
pleasuring (especially to the point of
ejaculation in men) as being harmful
to the man and/or against god’s will.
• Victorians forced children to wear
chastity belts and metal gloves to
bed and circumcision and
clitoridectomy became popularized
as anti-masturbation prevention.

317
Masturbation
across history and
culture (2)
• J.H. Kellogg invented cornflakes to be
used as an anti-masturbation breakfast
food; Dr. Graham invented the graham
cracker for the same reason – don’t worry;
it doesn’t work.
• Orthodox Jews still consider it a major sin.
• Some cultures (e.g. followers of Egypt’s
ancient god Atum) have honored
masturbation, or at least accepted it as a
normal behavior.

318
Recent attitudes
• Former U.S. Surgeon General Jocelyn
Elders was fired in 1994 for suggesting
that teens consider masturbation instead
of premarital sexual intercourse and its
health risks.
• Sexologists remain puzzled at the fear
and anxiety roused by such a innocuous
behavior.
• Nearly half of Americans who masturbate
continue to feel guilty or wrong about it.

319
Who masturbates and
why?
• Men are more likely to begin masturbating
before they begin having sexual
intercourse; for women, the reverse is
true.
• Among today’s college students, twice as
many men as women report masturbating.
• 2/3 agree that masturbation is a natural
part of life and it continues into marriage.
• Multiple reasons – variety, exploring one’s
own sexuality, simple pleasure, learning
orgasm control, tension relief…can you
think of more?

320
Masturbation methods
• Most men rhythmically stroke up and down
the body and glans of the penis with one
hand; some simultaneously stimulate their
testicles.
• Women vary more in their methods,
stimulating the clitoris, labia minora, and/or
entire vulva. Only 20% or fewer insert a
finger or anything else into the vagina.
• Women enjoy a variety of body positions, use
one finger, two, whole hand or a vibrator.

321
Ethnic differences in
behavior
• Only 40% of African-American men
masturbated in the past year, while
2/3 of white and Latino men, and
slightly fewer Asian-American men
did.
• White Americans are most likely to
engage in oral-genital sex; African-
Americans the least likely.
• Latino-Americans are the group most
likely to engage in anal intercourse.

322
Sexual fantasies
• Women’s fantasies tend to be more
romantic and emotional while men’s
tend to be more explicit and visual.
• Most common is a fantasy of a
present, former or imaginary partner.
• Four main categories
• Exploratory – never-tried behaviors
• Intimacy – sex with a known partner
• Impersonal – sex with strangers
• Dominance-submission themes

323
Fantasy sex: Its only a
movie
• Although a common fantasy is to
imagine having sex with someone other
than your partner (replacement fantasy),
it does not indicate a desire to do so in
real life.
• Sexual fantasies are often an indicator
of having a healthy sexuality.
• Fantasies provide a safe and private
outlet for thoughts that, if actually
engaged in, might be considered
improper and/or illegal.

324
Positions for sexual
intercourse
• Coitus = sexual intercourse
• Missionary position – woman lying face
up with man on top, facing her; so
named for the Christian missionaries
who taught Polynesians that any other
position was sinful.
• The woman-on-top position is most
popular in cultures in which women
enjoy high social status. Women are
more likely to achieve orgasm during
coitus in this position.

325
Man-on-top (missionary
position)

326
Woman-on-top

327
Pros and cons to
consider
• For each position, consider
• Is face-to-face contact important to me?
• Am I able to orgasm in this position?
• Do I reach orgasm too quickly in this position?
• Is this position physically comfortable?
• Are my hands free to touch my partner or
myself?
• Do I feel safe and cared for in this position?
• How does this position feel to my partner?
• Has this position become routine for us?

328
Man-from-behind

329
Intercourse while sitting

330
Coital variations
• Not pictured is a side-by-side variation, also
common. Variations are as numerous as a
couple’s imagination, flexibility and strength.
• A recent survey of college students found
that 45% of men preferred woman-on-top; 1/3
of college women also preferred that position
• 25% men preferred man-on-top; another 25%
preferred man-from-behind
• 48% women preferred man-on-top; another 15%
preferred man-from-behind

331
Oral-genital sex
• Kissing is often our first sexual behavior;
kissing during during other sexual
behaviors is very common. Oral sex is
possible next step.
• Fellatio – oral stimulation of the penis
• “Giving Head” usually refers to fellatio but
could be used to describe cunnilingus as well.
• Cunnilingus – oral stimulation of the vulva
• Oral sex may be part of “foreplay” or may
be the preferred sexual behavior.

332
Cunnilingus
Many women report that oral stimulation of the area around the clitoris
is more pleasurable than coitus.

333
Fellatio
Many men find
fellatio to be more
intense (especially
orgasm during
fellatio) than
coitus.

334
But isn’t oral sex pretty
weird?
• 70-90% of sexually active teens and
young adults engage in oral-genital sex.
• People tend to become more accepting of
a sexual behavior when they learn that it
is not abnormal – remember how you first
felt when you learned about “French”
kissing?
• Some people worry about cleanliness –
people who are healthy and bathe
regularly pose no risk. Your mouth carries
more germs than your genitals do.

335
What about “69?”
• “69” in which both partners pleasure
each other orally at the same time is not
as common as rumors would lead one to
believe; many individuals prefer to focus
on either giving or receiving the
pleasures of oral sex.
• Giving oral sex can represent moments
of extreme intimacy, to be savored.
• Receiving oral sex can be an opportunity
to let your partner give you a gift.

336
Why anal sex?
• The anus has numerous nerve endings
and is very sensitive to touch; the anal
sphincter muscle undergoes rhythmic
contractions during orgasm in both men
and women.
• Anal sex can include
• Anal intercourse (penis in anus)
• Use of fingers or dildos (insertion or
caressing)
• Rimming (oral-anal)

337
Who has anal sex?
• Among heterosexuals, 20-26% report
having tried anal intercourse (10% have
engaged in it within the past year), but
numbers may be higher. This behavior is
stigmatized among many heterosexuals
because many people think of it as a
“gay” behavior.
• About 75% of gay males have engaged
in anal intercourse within the past year;
not all gay men enjoy anal sexual
behaviors.

338
Is anal sex safe?
• Many people like the “tighter” sensation, but
this means tissues must be forced to stretch.
• Be sensitive to your partner’s response.
• Lubrication is important for comfort and safety.
• Anal intercourse is a high risk behavior for
HIV because it is likely that thin rectal
membranes will tear a little, allowing
infected semen into the bloodstream. Only
infected fluids can infect you.
• Condoms tear more often during anal intercourse
than during vaginal intercourse.

339
Which behaviors are
preferred
among heterosexuals
aged 18 - 44?
• Vaginal sex – 1st
most preferred by all
groups.
• Receiving oral sex – 2nd for whites, Asian
Americans and Latina women; 3rd
for
African Americans and Latino men.
• Watching partner undress – 2nd
for African
Americans and Latino men; 3rd for whites,
Latina women and Asian Americans.
• Giving oral sex – ranked 4th
by all groups.
• Anal sex was ranked low by all groups.

340
The sexually healthy
person
• Despite the ratings on the previous slide,
there is wide variance between individuals;
honor yourself as an individual.
• The sexually healthy person
• Feels comfortable with his or her sexuality;
feeling fulfillment from his/her relationships and
behaviors.
• Feels free to choose whether or not he or she
wishes to try any of a variety of behaviors; being
able to say “no” when appropriate is very
healthy.

Human Sexuality problem and the remedies based on studies

More Related Content

Similar to Human Sexuality problem and the remedies based on studies

More from mrpctechnologies

Recently uploaded

Human Sexuality problem and the remedies based on studies

Editor's Notes