This document discusses factors that influence the time spent on household work and managing household energy and time effectively. It notes that family size and composition, employment status, standard of living, home features, and location all impact time spent on housework. Routines, balancing workload, and dovetailing tasks can help control time use. Managing energy involves understanding individual energy levels, reducing fatigue, scheduling rest periods, and selecting less demanding household tasks. Knowledge and skills of family members can also help facilitate home management.

1. The set of individuals who
make up the workforce of
an organization, business
sector, or economy..
HUMAN RESOURCES

2. The effective use of time and
energy is of particular concern in
the management of the home.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
It is of particular concern to home
makers with heavy work loads, older
people, or those with physical
handicaps.

3. USING TIME EFFECTIVELY
 Long-term trends in paid employment have
reduced the number of hours worked per week,
and the number of workweeks in the year.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TIME
SPENT ON HOUSEHOLD WORK
1. THE FAMILY SITUATION
Most important of all are the size of
the family and age of the children.

4. Families with young children and
many people have the most work.
Small families can live in more
compact, easy-to-care-for houses,
apartments, or mobile homes,
whereas big families generally
want more space.
Young children require
considerable care and attention.

5. 2. WHETHER THE HOMEMAKER IS
EMPLOYED
 Working women put in a long day, thanks to the
combination of outside employment and
homemaking activities.
 A multi- national study indicates that the
working mother, in both socialist countries and
capitalist societies, has less free time that her
husband.
 In families where the homemaker was
employed, the number of hours spent in
household work decreased as the hours of
employment increased.

6. 3. THE STANDARD OF LIVING
 A higher standard of living has also increased
the need to use time for household work.
 Homes are larger and contain more things.
 More rooms need to be laundered, mended, and
sorted.
 Shopping has become more complex.
 With the increasing number of products on the
market, and variations of foods and other
goods, it takes more time to shop, particularly
to shop wisely.

7. 4. HOUSEKEEPING STANDARDS
 Influence the amount of time used for
household activities.
 Families that expect assistance from the
children generally have to accept a somewhat
less meticulous job.
 Whether new products or commercial products
are used instead of home-produced ones.

8. 5. FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT
The house and its furnishings make
a difference in how much work and
time are needed for upkeep.
The availability and organization of
supplies and equipment influence
the time spent on housekeeping.

9. 6. LOCATION
 Farm home makers still spend more time on
household work, particularly food preparation
activities than urban home makers.
7. THE PRESENCE OF A PERSON
WITH HANDICAP
 Housekeeping takes more time if the
homemaker has a physical handicap or needs to
care for someone with handicap.

10. 8. PETS
 This add to the work load, and the time needed
to household activities.
 Their foods need to be prepared and the
utensils washed.
9. ATTITUDE TOWARD THE TASK
 There has been a growing recognition of the
influence of psychological factors on physical
activities. Various studies seem to suggest that
there is a relationship between one’s attitude
and the amount of time spent on an activity.

11. TIME SPENT ON HOUSEHOLD
ACTIVITIES BY FAMILY MEMBERS
 Home making is still a largely a woman’s job.
 40 % of the married women are holding paid
jobs and 60% are full-time homemakers.
 In many families the homemaker is someone
other than the mother, perhaps it is a
grandmother or other female relative.
 A widowed man, one with custody of his
children, or the father in a family where the
woman is the principal wage earner might be
the homemaker.

12. CONTROLLING THE USE OF TIME
1.PLANNING THE USE OF TIME
 Plans for the use of time involve anticipating
certain future events and planning the way in
which they will fit into the time schedule.
2. ROUTINES
 Reduce the need to plan constantly the time
and work sequence for each activity,
particularly those which are repeated at
intervals.

13. 3. BALANCING THE WORK LOAD
 Reduces pressure and frees time at peak
periods.
4. REDUCING THE WARM-UP AND
CLEAN-UP INVOLVED IN ACTIVITIES
 These task are most efficiently done if one can
schedule them at a time when most or all of the
job can be done at once, thus eliminating the
need for repeated get ready and clean-up
activities.

14. 5. DOVETAILING JOBS
 Jobs that can be effectively be combined
like emptying the dishwasher and setting
the table at once.

15. INFLUENCES ON TIME PLANS
1. ATTITUDE TOWARD THE TASK
 Attitude is an important influence on the
success or failure of plans, and how long they
take.
2. THE HANDLING OF INTERRUPTIONS
 The way that interruptions are handled has an
important influence on whether plans are
carried out.

16. EVALUATING THE USE OF TIME
The useful technique for evaluating
the use of time spent in
homemaking is through the use of
homemaking work units( amount of
work done in one hour under
average conditions by one worker).

17. THE DOLLAR VALUE OF HOUSEHOLD
WORK TIME
Recently attention has been
focused on the dollar value of
homemakers work in the
household. Household services
take time. If the homemaker did
not perform them, they would take
time from someone else.

18. THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY
1.THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
AVAILABLE TO AN INDIVIDUAL
 People vary in the amount of energy that they
have. Age, physical heritage and state of health
influences ones energy.
 People attitude and emotions also influence
energy.

19. 2. REDUCING FATIGUE
 There are two major types of fatigue
a. Physical
b. Psychological
 It was possible to arrange working conditions
and schedule rest periods in a way that would
reduce both types of fatigue and increase the
effectiveness of the worker.
3. THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR HOUSEHOLD
TASKS
 One method to measure energy is to measure
the oxygen intake or carbon dioxide output
when an individual Is performing various
activities.

20. THE CONTRIBUTION OF KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS
Family members possess certain
knowledge and skills that can facilitate
home management.
Knowledge and skills can be used
instead of other resources.