human reproduction disorders details. On how biotechnology helps to lessen some disorders with the help of this technology. technology means a lot in this present time such things as biotechnology to help scientists, doctors, or researchers strengthen our knowledge, pieces of equipment, and facilities to fight against some illnesses most especially problems about human reproduction. we can have a better world where the agency or Department of Health cannot be problematic or struggling about how to overcome these challenges and where they can use their abilities and skills as professionals in that specific field.

2. "Biotechnology"
means the application of science and
engineering in the direct or indirect use of living
organisms, or parts or products of living
organisms, in their natural or modified forms.
This term is very broad and includes the use of
traditional or conventional breeding, as well as
more modern techniques such as genetic
engineering.
"Modern biotechnology"
is used to distinguish newer applications of
biotechnology, such as genetic engineering and
cell fusion from more conventional methods
such as breeding, or fermentation.

3. "Bio“ means life, while “technology” is the
application, it refers to technology in preserving
life and treating disorders
“Biotechnology” is another discipline of biology
that deals with modern technology use in
treating disorders.
Biotechnology has the potential to create novel
diagnostics, vaccines, drugs, and other medical
countermeasures needed to detect, prevent, and
treat infectious diseases

4. Examples of Treatment That Modern
Biotechnology Helps The Human
Illnesses
1. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(ICSI)
2. Bapineuzumab
3. Recombinant Insulin

5. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
• Before a man’s sperm can fertilize a woman’s egg, the head of
the sperm must attach to the outside of the egg. Once
attached, the sperm pushes through the outer layer to the
inside of the egg (cytoplasm), where fertilization takes place.
• Sometimes the sperm cannot penetrate the outer layer, for a
variety of reasons. The egg’s outer layer may be thick or hard
to penetrate or the sperm may be unable to swim.
• In these cases, a procedure called intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI) can be done along with in vitro fertilization
(IVF) to help fertilize the egg. During ICSI, a single sperm is
injected directly into the cytoplasm the egg.

6. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
How does ICSI work?
• There are two ways that an egg may be fertilized by IVF:
traditional
ICSI
In traditional IVF,
50,000 or more swimming sperm are placed next to the
egg in a laboratory dish. Fertilization occurs when one of the
sperm enters into the cytoplasm of the egg.
In the ICSI process,
a tiny needle, called a micropipette, is used to inject a
single sperm into the center of the egg. With either traditional IVF
or ICSI, once fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg (now called an
embryo) grows in a laboratory for 1 to 5 days before it is
transferred to the woman’s uterus (womb).

7. Stem cells and Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is an emerging field representing potential
alternatives to contemporary solutions. It is a science that combines stem
cells, scaffolds with suitable growth factors, cytokines and chemokines to
improve, replace or regenerate tissues and organs.
Through these techniques, organ failure can be addressed by
the implantation of engineered, semi-synthetic tissues or whole organs
that mimic the native function.
Stem cells (embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells) serve as
the primary instrument of tissue engineering, a technology that has
garnered a great deal of attention in civil and military research for
providing possible treatment of many diseases and injuries. Mesenchymal
stem cells (MSCs) are defined as adult native cells that have the ability to
differentiate into tissues including, but not limited to, bone, cartilage and
adipose cells in vitro. Studies have shown that their related anti-
inflammatory, trophic, paracrine and immuno-modulatory functions tend
to elicit even greater therapeutic effects in association with these cells. This
in turn aid stem cells in restoring localized or systemic conditions for
normal healing and tissue regeneration. In contrast to popular
pharmaceutical agents that deliver a single specific dose at treatment sites,
MSCs secrete and regulate bioactive factors and signals at variable
concentrations in response to local micro-environmental cues.

8. Stem cells and Tissue Engineering
The inclusion of tissue engineering technology and stem cells
in the treatment of battlefield injuries can bridge long-standing challenges
in tissue repair and restoration. These possibilities provide promising
therapeutic options to address the unmet needs of medical defense. For
instance, the complicated nature of present military capabilities, primarily
the potential for nuclear warfare, necessitates the development of
countermeasures that can address these challenges.
Since 1945, nearly every radiation injury has been caused by
accidents in nuclear power plants and medical radiotherapy. Nevertheless,
the proliferation of nuclear technology, the quest for procurement and
enrichment of radioactive materials by additional countries, and the surge
in terror groups, has intensified concerns regarding the possible use of
nuclear weapon to inflict extensive civilian and military casualties. Apart
from the instant thermal destruction, the colossal damage of a nuclear
strike would lead to acute radiation syndrome (ARS).
This manifests as physical and chemical alterations to DNA,
which affects the rapidly dividing cells of the hematopoietic system and
gastrointestinal tract.

9. Recombinant Insulin
Insulin was one of the first products of biotechnology.
It was developed in response to the need for a consistent and
sufficient worldwide supply. The insulin drug substance (active
pharmaceutical ingredient) is processed to formulations
addressed as regular human insulin (short acting), human
neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin (intermediate acting)
and premixed insulins (combinations of regular human insulin
and NPH insulin, for clinical convenience).
The pre-mixed insulins supply regular insulin at
mealtime and NPH insulin for extended basal support. There has
been a wide range of combination insulins containing 10 % up
to 50 % of regular insulin. A ratio of 30 % regular and 70 % NPH
insulin is frequently used, e.g. Humulin 30/70, Novolin30R,
Insuman Comb 30.

10. Recombinant Insulin
The process of obtaining human insulin by biosynthesis
was subsequently adapted for production of insulin analogues with
modified amino acid sequence and different time–action profiles.
Insulin analogues are manufactured in a similar process
by biosynthesis of precursor insulin proteins and subsequent post-
translational modification and purification. Different insulin
analogues are obtained by alteration of the encoded gene
sequence.28–30 Fast-acting (rapid acting) analogues provide rapid
absorption from the subcutaneous (sc) injection site within 10 to 15
minutes (lispro, as part, glulisine insulin).
Longacting analogues provide basal insulin support for
more than 24 hours (insulin glargine, insulin detemir). NPH insulin
is a suspension of human insulin in protamine (Humulin N, Novolin
N, Insuman Basal) with the duration of action of 16 to 20 hours and
a distinct peak of action (intermediate acting), whereas insulin
glargine has a duration of action of more than 24 hours and a flat
time–action profile activity.