This study analyzed human hair samples from four castes in Pakistan to identify distinguishing microscopic features with potential applications in forensic investigations. Hair samples from Awan, Butt, Gujjar, and Rajput castes were examined under a microscope for cuticle thickness, inner cuticle margin distinctness, and presence of ovoid bodies. While no significant gender differences were found within castes, some differences were observed among castes. The inner cuticle margin was most often distinct in Awan samples. Cuticle thickness varied but no single caste stood out. Significant differences were found in ovoid body presence among castes. The purpose was to develop a database of these hair characteristics to help narrow the scope of forensic analysis in criminal
The study was carried out to recognize the domesticated species belonging to the family Bovidae by their specific
macro-microscopic features of dorsal guard hair characteristics. Nowadays the domesticated animals played a vital role in the
dairy industry and in providing easy prey-base for the various top predators which found to occur throughout the Gujarat area
including protected and non-protected areas. In this, we collected control hair samples from the various cattle owners distributed
in whole Saurashtra region of the Gujarat State in the year 2018. The total randomly picked up one hundred twenty guard hairs
from a dorsal region of the four different cattle species were analyzed under microscopes to avail authenticated and the
photographic evidence for the further carnivore scat analysis through this key. In this study, we used the recognizable qualitative
and quantitative features of cuticle as well as medulla of the hair. Medullary Index (MI) found higher in domesticated Sheep
0.93±0.01, followed by Water Buffalo 0.9±0.02, followed by domesticated Goat 0.77±0.01, which further followed by
domesticated cow 0.5±0.10 μm with lower MI. In this study we used the identifiable qualitative and quantitative features of
Cuticle as well as Medulla.
The study was carried out to recognize the domesticated species belonging to the family Bovidae by their specific
macro-microscopic features of dorsal guard hair characteristics. Nowadays the domesticated animals played a vital role in the
dairy industry and in providing easy prey-base for the various top predators which found to occur throughout the Gujarat area
including protected and non-protected areas. In this, we collected control hair samples from the various cattle owners distributed
in whole Saurashtra region of the Gujarat State in the year 2018. The total randomly picked up one hundred twenty guard hairs
from a dorsal region of the four different cattle species were analyzed under microscopes to avail authenticated and the
photographic evidence for the further carnivore scat analysis through this key. In this study, we used the recognizable qualitative
and quantitative features of cuticle as well as medulla of the hair. Medullary Index (MI) found higher in domesticated Sheep
0.93±0.01, followed by Water Buffalo 0.9±0.02, followed by domesticated Goat 0.77±0.01, which further followed by
domesticated cow 0.5±0.10 μm with lower MI. In this study we used the identifiable qualitative and quantitative features of
Cuticle as well as Medulla.
AbstractMammalian hair is structured into various components. T.docxaryan532920
Abstract
Mammalian hair is structured into various components. This paper aims to establish the structural characteristics of mammalian hair. The most basic structure is the medulla, the cortex, and the cuticle. The paper also explores the other substructures of hair among the three main structures. The research paper also includes pictures describing the various structures of hair that have been highlighted herein. The differences in structure between different types of hair has also been captured and real examples of species with those structural variations in morphology provided. The findings of this paper were arrived from the poster project based on the color and thickness of head hair of a Turkish mail and through performing academic research in credible sources of information such as journals. Informative internet websites were also included in the research. Research results from our own group experiment related to biological imaging and other experiments related to mammalian hair observations have also been used in establishing the facts of the paper. Different types of mammalian hair from different species was observed under a microscope and the observations recorded. The paper establishes the structural microscopic differences in the structure human hair from different species of animals such as difference in the medulla and the cuticle. These differences are useful in telling species apart by using microscopic characteristics of hair.
Keywords
Hair shaft, Hair structure, Cortex, Cuticle, Curl pattern, Imbricate scales, coronal scales.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the work of all authors in the various journal articles used for this research. I also acknowledge the Turkish male whose hair was used either directly or indirectly to contribute towards this paper.
t
INTRODUCTION
Hair is the slender outgrowth from the skin of most mammals through the skin follicle. A growing hair originates from the papilla and is made up of dead, cornified cells. Basically, hair is made up of a protein called keratin and a black pigment known as melanin which gives color to the skin. It is not uncommon to find trace elements of metals in hair and melanin. Such elements of metals are usually deposited in the hair at the time of growth or they can be absorbed into the hair from external pollutants. Once hair is grown, it goes into telophase or resting stage after which the hair is shed. Mammalian hair from different parts of the body has different structures. This makes it necessary to compare mammalian hair structure from the same place of the body. For example, in an experiment to examine the structure of a mammalian hair, the following procedure can be used;
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
grains of mammalian hair.
Methods
· Place the sample of human hair under a microscope.
· Using a Zeiss Discovery V12 microscope
· Starting with an objective lens of 63x*13.8x observe the specimen then move to 63x*79x
· Record the obse.
Este estudio sostiene que existen al menos doce genes implicados en el color del pelo y que éstos presentan un total de 45 variaciones diferentes (polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido, SNP por sus siglas en inglés). Otros trabajos han confirmado que algunos genes controlan los diferentes matices, algunos le dan el color, otros el brillo, otros la tonalidad, otros lo hacen más oscuro o más claro, etc.
Reseña publicada en la revista de divulgación científica Optics & Photonics Focus en el año 2010, titulada "Forensic Optics: transforming a hair into a travel log".
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
AbstractMammalian hair is structured into various components. T.docxaryan532920
Abstract
Mammalian hair is structured into various components. This paper aims to establish the structural characteristics of mammalian hair. The most basic structure is the medulla, the cortex, and the cuticle. The paper also explores the other substructures of hair among the three main structures. The research paper also includes pictures describing the various structures of hair that have been highlighted herein. The differences in structure between different types of hair has also been captured and real examples of species with those structural variations in morphology provided. The findings of this paper were arrived from the poster project based on the color and thickness of head hair of a Turkish mail and through performing academic research in credible sources of information such as journals. Informative internet websites were also included in the research. Research results from our own group experiment related to biological imaging and other experiments related to mammalian hair observations have also been used in establishing the facts of the paper. Different types of mammalian hair from different species was observed under a microscope and the observations recorded. The paper establishes the structural microscopic differences in the structure human hair from different species of animals such as difference in the medulla and the cuticle. These differences are useful in telling species apart by using microscopic characteristics of hair.
Keywords
Hair shaft, Hair structure, Cortex, Cuticle, Curl pattern, Imbricate scales, coronal scales.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the work of all authors in the various journal articles used for this research. I also acknowledge the Turkish male whose hair was used either directly or indirectly to contribute towards this paper.
t
INTRODUCTION
Hair is the slender outgrowth from the skin of most mammals through the skin follicle. A growing hair originates from the papilla and is made up of dead, cornified cells. Basically, hair is made up of a protein called keratin and a black pigment known as melanin which gives color to the skin. It is not uncommon to find trace elements of metals in hair and melanin. Such elements of metals are usually deposited in the hair at the time of growth or they can be absorbed into the hair from external pollutants. Once hair is grown, it goes into telophase or resting stage after which the hair is shed. Mammalian hair from different parts of the body has different structures. This makes it necessary to compare mammalian hair structure from the same place of the body. For example, in an experiment to examine the structure of a mammalian hair, the following procedure can be used;
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
grains of mammalian hair.
Methods
· Place the sample of human hair under a microscope.
· Using a Zeiss Discovery V12 microscope
· Starting with an objective lens of 63x*13.8x observe the specimen then move to 63x*79x
· Record the obse.
Este estudio sostiene que existen al menos doce genes implicados en el color del pelo y que éstos presentan un total de 45 variaciones diferentes (polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido, SNP por sus siglas en inglés). Otros trabajos han confirmado que algunos genes controlan los diferentes matices, algunos le dan el color, otros el brillo, otros la tonalidad, otros lo hacen más oscuro o más claro, etc.
Reseña publicada en la revista de divulgación científica Optics & Photonics Focus en el año 2010, titulada "Forensic Optics: transforming a hair into a travel log".
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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2. Citation: Khan A, Maryam J, Yaqub T, Nadeem A (2014) Human Hair Analysis among Four Different Castes Having Potential Application in Forensic
Investigation. J Forensic Res 5: 215. doi:10.4172/2157-7145.1000215
Page 2 of 4
Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000215
J Forensic Res
ISSN: 2157-7145 JFR, an open access journal
Some strands of hair were placed on slide in parallel fashion. Then few
drops of per mount were dropped on cover slip and it was placed over
the slide to fix the hairs. Hairs were under compound microscope at
10X, 40X, 100X and 400X. Details of the hair structure have been shown
in Figure 1. Cuticle thickness, inner cuticle margin and ovoid bodies
were observed as reported by Zafarina and Panneerchelvam [13,15,18].
Results and Discussion
After observing all hairs samples for three parameters, following
results were obtained:
Inner cuticle margin
The inner cuticle margin was divided into three categories: distinct,
indistinct and varied. Microscopic comparison of hairs of four castes
has been shown in Figure 2. The results showed that in males of Awan
caste twenty five samples observed as distinct, three were indistinct
and only two showed varied results and females showed twenty three
distinct types, two indistinct and five varied types of inner cuticle
margin. In case of males of Butt and Gujjar caste twenty one samples
were distinct, four were indistinct and five samples found to be varied.
Whereas females of Butt illustrated twenty five distinct samples, three
indistinct and two varied ones. Females of Gujjar showed that there
were twenty four distinct samples, three samples were indistinct and
again three were varied type. Whereas in males of Rajput, twenty
three samples were observed as distinct, four as indistinct and only
three as varied and in case of females, there are twenty five distinct
samples found, two indistinct and three varied category (Figure 3). So
the most distinct inner cuticle margin was seen in Awans. Overall P
value (using chi-square) was 0.870 showing insignificance of this trait
but contingency coefficient in was indicating an association between
results (Table 1).
Cuticle thickness
Samples which showed distinct inner cuticle margin were then
further examined for cuticle thickness. For this parameter in males,
twenty five total samples were examined in Awans. Sixteen samples
showed cuticle thickness and nine samples had thin cuticle. In butt,
twenty one samples were distinct from which fourteen had thick cuticle
and only seven had thin. In caste of Gujjar, again twenty samples
showed distinct and thirteen of them appeared as thick and eight had
thin cuticle. In case of Rajput caste, twenty three samples were distinct.
Cuticle thickness results showed that there were fourteen samples with
thick cuticle and nine had thin cuticle. These results showed that there
was maximum cuticle thickness in males of Awan (Figure 4). P-value
for this character was 0.980, which is greater than 0.05. Contingency
coefficient value was 0.045 showing lesser association in results (Table 2).
All female hair samples having distinct values were also further
checked for cuticle thickness. The results of Awan caste showed that
out of twenty three total samples seventeen have thick cuticle and only
six have thin cuticle. Similarly in caste Butt twenty one out of twenty
five samples show thickness and only four appeared as thin. So this
caste has maximum number of thick samples. The results of Gujjar
caste displayed eighteen thick and six thin samples out of twenty
four and Rajput caste has nineteen thick samples of cuticle and six
are showing thinness from the total of twenty five samples (Figure 4).
P value was calculated as 0.829. The contingency coefficient is 0.095
which is showing no association between castes (Table 2). Tables 3 and
4 indicates the symmetric measures of cuticle thickness in males and
females of different castes.
Ovoid bodies
Thirty samples were analyzed for presence or absence of ovoid
bodies in males between all four castes. It was concluded that in
Awan caste, ovoid bodies were present in twenty five hair samples and
absent in only five samples. In case of Butt there was highest number
of samples having ovoid bodies i.e. twenty nine. And only one sample
observed without this structure. In samples belonging to Gujjar castes,
only four samples showed no ovoid bodies besides twenty six samples.
In Rajput caste twenty eight samples had these structures whereas only
two samples lacking ovoid bodies. So Butt caste has highest number of
Figure 1: Structure of human hair under compound microscope (10X).
Figure 2: Microscopic comparison (100X) of hair of four different castes
showing no significant differences in cuticle thickness, inner cuticle margins
and ovoid bodies: (a) Butt. (b) Raj put (c) Gujjar and (d) Awan.
Contingency coefficient 0.143
P value (using chi-square) 0.870
Table 1: Results of inner cuticle margins.
Contingency coefficient
(Male)
0.045
P-value
(using chi-square)
0.980
Contingency coefficient
(Female)
0.095
P-value
(using chi-square)
0.829
Table 2: Results of cuticle thickness.
3. Citation: Khan A, Maryam J, Yaqub T, Nadeem A (2014) Human Hair Analysis among Four Different Castes Having Potential Application in Forensic
Investigation. J Forensic Res 5: 215. doi:10.4172/2157-7145.1000215
Page 3 of 4
Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000215
J Forensic Res
ISSN: 2157-7145 JFR, an open access journal
samples possessing ovoid bodies and Gujjar caste is observed with least
number of samples with ovoid bodies (Figure 5). The P-value calculated
using chi-square was 0.295. Contingency coefficient value was 0.173
(Table 5).
The observation of ovoid bodies’ presence in female samples was
also conducted on thirty samples. The results showed that in Awan
caste, these structures were present in twenty seven samples and
absent in only three samples. Whereas in Butt and Gujjar castes, ovoid
bodies were present in all thirty samples and absence were found in
none. In case of Rajput caste, ovoid bodies showed presence in twenty
five samples and absence in only five samples (Figure 5). The P-value
calculated using chi-square was 0.022. Contingency coefficient value
was 0.273 (Table 5).
Discussion
The aim of the research study was to create a data base of some
regional castes of Pakistan to help and narrow down the search of
criminals during forensic investigations. In this study, hair samples
were collected from four castes (Awan, Butt, Gujjar and Rajput) and
inner cuticle margin, cuticle thickness and ovoid bodies were analyzed
for observing similarities or difference among individuals. Out of these
three parameters, ovoid bodies were the only characteristic that varied
among hairs of different individuals in both genders. In one caste, due to
high ratio of endogamy, individuals retain their phenotypic properties
Figure 3: Comparison of inner cuticle margin in male and female of different castes.
Figure 4: Cuticle thickness in male and female of different castes.
Figure 5: Ovoid bodies results in all male castes.
Caste Mean Number of samples Std. deviation
Awan male 1.9600 25 0.79608
Butt male 2.2619 21 0.59935
Gujjar male 2.1190 21 0.71859
Rajput male 2.2609 23 0.78146
Total 2.1444 90 0.73149
Table 3: Symmetric measures of cuticle thickness in males.
4. Citation: Khan A, Maryam J, Yaqub T, Nadeem A (2014) Human Hair Analysis among Four Different Castes Having Potential Application in Forensic
Investigation. J Forensic Res 5: 215. doi:10.4172/2157-7145.1000215
Page 4 of 4
Volume 5 • Issue 2 • 1000215
J Forensic Res
ISSN: 2157-7145 JFR, an open access journal
2. Hardey D (1973) Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations. Am J
Phys Anthropol 39: 7-17.
3. Homan JA, Genoways HH (1978) An analysis of hair structure and its
phylogenetic implications among heteromyid rodents. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 50.
4. Karen A, Lanning, Michaud AL, Bisbing RE, Springer FA, et al. (2009) Scientific
Working Group on Materials Analysis Position on Hair Evidence. J Forensic Sci
54: 1198-1202.
5. Kirk PL (1940) Human hair studies: 1. General considerations of hair
individualization and its forensic importance. J Crim Law & Criminology 31:
486-496.
6. Lamb P, Tucker LG (1994) A study of the probative value of Afro-Caribbean hair
comparisons. Sci Justice 34: 177-179.
7. Moeller MR, Fey P, Sachs H (1993) Hair analysis as evidence in forensic cases.
Forensic Sci Int 63: 43-53.
8. Ogle RR (1998) Individualization of human hair: The role of the hair atlas. The
Microscope 46: 17-22.
9. Oien CT (2009) Forensic hair comparison: background information for
interpretation. FSC 11.
10. Robertson J (1982) An appraisal of the use of microscopic data in the
examination of human head hair. Journal of the Forensic Science Society 22:
390-395.
11. Robertson J (1999) Forensic and microscopic examination of human hair. In:
Forensic Examination of Hair. Taylor & Francis, London, England, 79-154.
12. Robertson J, Aitken CG (1986) The value of microscopic features in the
examination of human head hairs: Analysis of comments contained in
questionnaire returns. Journal of Forensic Sciences 31: 563-573.
13. Sen J (2010) Human hair in personal identification and documenting drug and
substance abuse. Anthropol 12: 47-58.
14. Strauss MAT (1983) Forensic characterization of human hair. The Microscope
31: 15-29.
15. Takahashi T, Hayashi R, Okamoto M, Inoue S (2006) Morphology and properties
of Asian and Caucasian hair. J. Cosmet Sci 57: 327-338.
16. Verma K, Joshi B (2012) Different Animal Species Hairs as Biological Tool
for the Forensic Assessment of Individual Identification Characteristics from
Animals of Zoological Park, Pragti Maidan, New Delhi, India. J Forensic Res
3: 7.
17. Williams CS (1938) Aids to the identification of mole and shrew hairs with
general comments on hair structure and hair determination. J Wildlife Manag
2: 239-250.
18. Zafirina Z, Panneerchelvam S (2009) Microscopical and molecular analysis of
hair. Malays J Med Sci 16: 35-40.
19. Zviak C, Dawber RPR (1986) Hair structure, function, and physicochemical
properties. In: Zviak C, (ed.) The Science of Hair Care. Marcel Dekker, New
York, USA, 1-48.
for hairs, skin and others. Previously, Robertson and Aitken (1986)
reported such individual differences [12]. Ogle, in 1998 also studied
the phenotypic differences in individual hairs and found significant
variation that was well applied in forensic analysis [8]. In 1983, Strauss
described the hair features that were important in investigations [14]. A
more detailed description of these features was seen in the research of
Zviak and Dawber (1986) that are still considered valid and significant
in comparative hair analysis [19].
Present study was designed to investigate gender based and
individual based comparison of different castes present in Pakistan.
Most of comparisons were found non-significant. Only significant
difference was observed in presence of ovoid bodies.
This study is a first step towards the physical analysis of hair for
individualization. No one has yet conducted such type of study in
Pakistan before. From this study a data base have developed of different
castes of Pakistan. This is the first step of studying caste system within
a country and needs further attention to study other hair parameters as
well so that valid parameters giving significant results can be sorted out
and recommended to be included in forensic investigation.
References
1. Bisbing, Richard E (2001) Finding Trace Evidence in Mute Witnesses: Trace
Evidence Analysis. Houck Max. (1stedn), Academic Press, San Diego,
California, USA.
Caste Mean Number of samples Std. deviation
Awan female 2.5870 23 0.62889
Butt female 2.4500 25 0.67315
Gujjar female 2.4063 24 0.49350
Rajput female 2.4400 25 0.68191
Total 2.4691 97 0.61899
Table 4: Symmetric measures of cuticle thickness in females.
Contingency coefficient
(Male)
0.173
P-value
(using chi-square)
0.295
Contingency coefficient
(Female)
0.273
P-value
(using chi-square)
0.022
Table 5: Results of ovoid bodies.
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Citation: Khan A, Maryam J, Yaqub T, Nadeem A (2014) Human Hair Analysis among Four
Different Castes Having Potential Application in Forensic Investigation. J Forensic Res 5:
215. doi:10.4172/2157-7145.1000215