This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization, including: 1) Important dates and empires spanning from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty and events like the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India and construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. 2) Theories of development and global hegemony ranging from 19th century progress theories under British imperial hegemony to post-war modernization theories amidst the rise of US commercial hegemony. 3) The establishment of international institutions in the 20th century like the UN, IMF, and World Bank in response to World Wars and the Great Depression to promote global cooperation and economic stability.

1. MECM90015 History and Philosophy of Media 2012
7. Globalisation
Tang Dynasty c. 700 CE Song Dynasty 960–1279 CE Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CE
When everyone is dead the Great Game is finished.
Not before. (Rudyard Kipling, Kim)

2. The First Battle of Panipat 1526
Mughal India

3. Alexander the Great (356 – 323 BCE) and the extent of the
Macedonian Empire

4. Harrappa, earliest deposits from 5300 BCE Mohenjo Daro. c2300 BCE

6. Buddhist Havens at Dunhuang

7. Old World Trade Routes c. 100 BCE

8. Ferdnand Braudel
Civilisation maté-
rielle, économie
et capitalisme,
XVe-XVIIIe siècle
1949
La Méditerranée
et le Monde
Méditerranéen
a l’époque de
Philippe II
1967-79
la longue
durée
Trans-Siberian railway, constructed 1891 to 1913

10. Papyrus copy of Plato’s Symposium; Extent of the Roman Empire; Roman Road in the Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain.
rome
Innis, Harold. (1950) Empire and Communications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Innis, Harold. (1951) The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

11. Some key dates in the history of Islam
622 CE: the Hijra or flight to Medina; start of Islamic calendar
632 CE Death of the Prophet Muhammad
650-750 CE Caliphates and civil war
750-1250 CE The “Golden Age”
1250 - 1916 CE Ottoman Empire

12. Human Migration Extent of British Empire (asynchronous)
see also http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/maproom.htm

13. Gerard Ter Borch, The Signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
Signed to mark the end of the Thirty Years War, which had begun when the King of Bohemia, the Holy
Roman Emperor elect, attempted to force all his subjects to profess the Catholic faith. Battles for terri-
tory as well as religion devastated Europe, especially what was later to become Germany (see Brecht’s
Mother Courage). The Treaty established the boundaries of national organisations, and formalised the
relations between them. It is regarded as the foundation of the contemporary international order, that
is the relationships between nation-states.

14. Ruins of Dresden, Germany, after Allied bombing, 13-15 February 1945
Men make their own history,
but not under conditions
of their own choosing
Karl Marx, 18th Brumaire http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/

15. 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference:
principal Allied powers draft outlines of
the future UN. An explicit response to
the experience of two world wars
1944 Bretton Woods Conference (IMF,
World Bank) – economic organization of
the post-war world, with a particular
emphasis on currency stability. An
explicit response to the Great Depres-
sion of the 1930s.
1945 Yalta Conference (pictured): rec-
ognition of Soviet bloc as condition for
USSR entering war with Japan
1945 San Francisco Conference – expan-
sive and inclusive UN preparatory meet-
ing, learning from failure of the inter-war
League of Nations

16. Bretton
World Bank
Woods International Monetary Fund
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade
Instruments US Dollar as international repayment
currency
1947 -

17. Dutch Banking Hegemony 17th-18th Centuries
British Imperial Hegemony 18th-19th Centuries
US Commercial Hegemony 20th Century
Chinese Commercial Hegemony 21st Century

18. Global Network Traffic 2005
the global financial expansion of the last twenty years or so is neither a new stage
of world capitalism nor the harbinger of a “coming hegemony of global markets”.
Rather it is the clearest sign that we are in the midst of a hegemonic crisis. As
such the expansion can be expected to be a temporary phenomenon that will
end more or less catastrophically, depending on how the crisis is handled by the
leading hegemon
excerpeted from Arrighi, Giovanni and Beverly J Silver (with Iftikhar Ahmad, Kenneth Barr, Shuji Hisaeda, Po-keung Hui, Krishmendu Ray, Thomas Ehrlich Reifer, Miin-
wen Shih and Eric Slater) (1999), Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

19. WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
DETERMINED
* to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,
which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind,
and
* to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity
and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and
women and of nations large and small, and
* to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the
obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international
law can be maintained, and
* to promote social progress and better standards of life in larg-
er freedom,
AND FOR THESE ENDS
* to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one an-
other as good neighbours, and
* to unite our strength to maintain international peace and secu-
rity, and
* to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution
of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the com-
mon interest, and
* to employ international machinery for the promotion of the
Chilean representative signing the Charter iof the United Nations, 24 October 1945, in economic and social advancement of all peoples,
San Francisco, while repsresentatives of the other fifty signatories look on.
HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO
ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS
Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives
assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their
full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the
present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml international organization to be known as the United Nations.

20. http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf

21. and the other UN agencies including
International Telecommunications Union
Universal Postal Union
UN Development Program
UN Children and Education Fund (UNICEF)
UN High Commission for Refugees
World Meterology Organisation
UN-HABITAT
World Health Organisation
Food and Agricultural Organisation
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
International Atomic Energy Authority
International Maritime Organisation . . . .

22. Development theories and global hegemony
Development thinking Historical Context Hegemony Explanation
Progress, Evolution 19th Century British Empire Colonial anthropology,
Social Darwinism
Classical development 1890-1930s Latecomers, Colonial- Classical political
ism economy
Modernisation Post-war boom US hegemony Growth theory, struc-
tural functionalism
Dependency Decolonisation Third World national- Neomarxism
ism, NAM, G77
Neoliberalism 1980s > Globalisation, finance Neoclassical econom-
and corporate capital ics, monetarism
Human development 1980s > Rise of Asia-Pacific Capacity Building, de-
Rim, big emerging velopment state
markets
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen (2001), Development Theory: Deconstructions / Reconstructions, Sage, London.

23. Theories and definitions of develop- Current Themes Future Options
ment
Modernisation Revaluation of ‘tradition’. Neomodernisa- Modernities (plural). Postmodernism
Development is state-led growth tion, Trimumphalism, ‘end of history’
Keynotes: industrialisation, Western model,
foreign aid, linear progress
Dependencia Critique of NICs, new international division Critique of uneven globalisation
Development is underdevelopment (or of labour, social exclusion. New political
dependent development) by comprador economy: brings the state back in. Interna-
bourgeoisie; or state -led development (as- tional political economy: power and eco-
sociated dependent development) by na- nomics. Uneven global development
DI = Development Index; NICs = Newly Industrialising Countries
tional bourgeoisie
Neoclassical economics, neoliber- Market failure, safety net, human capital, in- Regulation of finance. Civic economy
alism frastructure, good governance, sustainability.
Development is market-led growth Debt reduction. New institutional econom-
Keynotes: overcome state failure through ics, institutional analysis
structural reform (deregulation, privatisa-
tion, liberalisation) and get prices right
Alternative development Adopted in mainstream. Decentralisation. Social economy, social development
Development shoud be society-led: equi- Professionalisation. Alternative globalisation.
table, participatory and sustainable
Human development Gender DI, Freedom DI, human security, Social and cultural capital. Social develop-
Capacitation or human resource develop- global reform ment. Global reform
ment is the means and end of development,
measured in Human Development Index
Anti-development Local delinking. Conecting with ecological Localism
Development is destructive, immiserating, movements. Resistance to globalisation
authoritarian, past
Keynotes: discourse analysis, critique of sci-
ence and modernity
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen (2001), Development Theory: Deconstructions / Reconstructions, Sage, London.

24. NSP: Network Ser-
vice provider
NAP Network Access
Point
ISP Internet Service
Provider

25. Governments Corporations Expert Bodies
Internet
Inter-Governmental Civil Society Organisations
Conferences Consumers NGOs
(Internet Governance Forum) (Non-Governmental Organisations)

26. ICANN
Internet Corporation for As-
signed Names and Numbers
+
IANA
}
Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority
IAB
Internet Architecture Board
ISOC
IESG Internet Society
Internet Engineering Steering Group
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
W3C
World Wide Web
Consortium
Internet Governance Diagram
adapted from: Galloway, Alexander R (2004), Protocol: How Control
Exists After Decentralization, MIT Press, Cambridge MA

27. Internet Governance Forum
formed at the world summit on the information society Tunis, November 2005
ITU International Telecommunications Union The Internet Governance Project
(Syracuse University /Georgia
WIPO World Intellectual Property Rights Organisation Tech) lists 15 organisations (or
groups of organisations) with
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Human Rights direct governance roles in run-
ning the internet, with a variety
UNESCOUnited Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organisation of jusrisdictions including human
rights, intellectual property, eco-
WTO The World Trade Organisation, especially WIPO and TRIPS nomic relations, enforcement of
order and operational policies.
UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law These organisations are listed
on the left. Other significant or-
UN-ODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ganisations involved include Civil
Society groups such as ICRA the
EU/CoE European Union and Council of Europe Internet Content Rating Associa-
tion, a voluntary group, and ASTA,
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development the Anti-Spam Technical Alliance;
and also some Business Advocacy
APEC/ASEAN organisations like the Santa Cruz
Operation and the Business Soft-
Hague Conference/G8 Hague Conference on Private International ware Alliance (both widely be-
lieved to be generously funded by
Law (now focused on B2B [business to business] contract law Microsoft). One major debate at
the IGF concerns the role of gov-
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ernments in internet governance,
traditionally excluded in the net-
ISC, CENTR, APTLD + ccTLDs Country-code Top Level Do- native models. The problem is how
to balance the interests of govern-
main registers and their regional associations ments, business, civil society and
technologists. through control of
RIRs Regional Internet Registries standards, balance of open source
and proprietary software, security
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force and intellectual property rights.

28. HIGH-TECH MANUFACTURE GLOBAL ACCELERATION
Castells, Manuel (1996), The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture volume One,
• R&D, innovation, and prototype fabrication • Appadurai’s ‘scapes’ (ethnoscapes; me-
concentrated in highly innovative industrial diascapes; technoscapes; finanscapes;
centers in core areas; ideoscapes) increase momentum
• Skilled fabrication in branch plants gener-
ally located in newly industrialising areas in • diffusion of power from command centres
the home country; to local operatives
The Rise of the Network Society , Blackwell, Oxford.
• Semi-skilled, large-scale assembly and test-
ing work located offshore, particularly in • simultaneous move from legislative to ex-
South East Asia; ecutive power
• Customising of devices and aftersales
maintenance and technical support orga- • dematerialisation of labour
nized in regional centers throughout the
globe • mobileMe
• online customisation; telesales; download-
ables; downskilling and localisation of skilled • real time
fabrication
• space as function, not location
THE SPACE OF FLOWS
http://www.smartmoney.com/map-of-the-market/

29. . . . the capabilities for global operation, coordination and control contained in the new infor-
mation technologies and in the power of transnational corporations need to be produced. By
focusing on the “production” of these capabilities, we recover the city because it is one of the
strategic spaces for the production of complex capabilities. These operations require intensely
networked, specialized service sectors such as accounting, legal, advertising, financial, and
communications to address the high levels of uncertainty and speculation that characterize
globalized economic sectors. Further, this type of analysis adds a neglected dimension to the
prevalent notion that the global economy is a result of the power of large corporations and
the capacity of new technologies to neutralize distance and place. Cities remain ideal places
for the production of specialized services, especially when they are complex and interwoven,
and meant to serve global markets.
Global Cities: Strategic Roles and Socio-Political Implications, RIETI Special Interview> Saskia SASSEN http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/rieti_report/056.
html

30. The triumph of the West, of the Western idea, is evident first
of all in the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives
to Western liberalism. In the past decade, there have been
unmistakable changes in the intellectual climate of the world's
two largest communist countries, and the beginnings of signifi-
cant reform movements in both. But this phenomenon extends
beyond high politics and it can be seen also in the ineluctable
spread of consumerist Western culture in such diverse contexts
as the peasants' markets and color television sets now omni-
present throughout China, the cooperative restaurants and cloth-
ing stores opened in the past year in Moscow, the Beethoven
piped into Japanese department stores, and the rock music
enjoyed alike in Prague, Rangoon, and Tehran.
What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War,
or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but
the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's
ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal
democracy as the final form of human government. This is not to
say that there will no longer be events to fill the pages of For-
eign Affair's yearly summaries of international relations, for the Francis Fukuyama
victory of liberalism has occurred primarily in the realm of ideas
or consciousness and is as yet incomplete in. the real or mate-
rial world. But there are powerful reasons for believing that it is The End of History (orig 1992)
the ideal that will govern the material world in the long run. To http://www.wesjones.com/eoh.htm
understand how this is so, we must first consider some theoreti-
cal issues concerning the nature of historical change.

31. World politics is entering a new phase, and intel-
lectuals have not hesitated to proliferate visions
of what it will be-the end of history, the return of
traditional rivalries between nation states, and
the decline of the nation state from the conflict-
ing pulls of tribalism and globalism, among oth-
ers. Each of these visions catches aspects of the
emerging reality. Yet they all miss a crucial, in-
deed a central, aspect of what global politics is
likely to be in the coming years.
It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of
conflict in this new world will not be primarily ide-
ological or primarily economic. The great divisions
among humankind and the dominating source of
conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain
the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the
principal conflicts of global politics will occur be- Samuel P. Huntington (1927 – 2008)
tween nations and groups of different civilizations.
The clash of civilizations will dominate global poli- “The Clash of Civilizations?” (orig 1994)
tics. The fault lines between civilizations will be
the battle lines of the future. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/48950/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations

32. Globalization is a misleading concept, since what is de-
scribed as globalization has been happening for 500 years.
Rather what is new is that we are entering an ‘age of tran-
sition’. We can usefully analyze the current world situation
using two time frames: 1945 to the present and circa
1450 to the present.
The period since 1945 has been one long Kondratieff cycle,
with an A-phase that ran through 1967–76 and a B-phase
ever since. The economic and political developments of the
last 50 years are easy to place within this framework. The
period from 1450 to the present is the long history of the
capitalist world economy, with its secular trends all reaching
critical points. This article analyzes the long-term rise in real
wage levels, in costs of material inputs of production and of
levels of taxation, the combination of which has been creat-
ing constraints on the possibilities of capital accumulation.
The long history of the anti-systemic movements and their
structural failures has led to a serious decline in the legiti-
macy of state structures which is threatening to subvert the
political pillars of the existing world system.
For all these reasons, the modern world system is in struc- Immanuel Wallerstein
tural crisis and has entered into a period of chaotic behavior
which will cause a systemic bifurcation and a transition to a
new structure whose nature is as yet undetermined and, in World Systems Theory
principle, impossible to predetermine, but one that is open http://www.iwallerstein.com/
to human intervention and creativity.
Wallerstein, ‘Globalization or the Age of Transition?’, International Sociology 2000.

33. For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see, Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,
Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be; With the standards of the peoples plunging thro’ the thunder-storm;
Saw the heavens fiill with commerce, argosies of magic sails, Till the war-drum throbb’d no longer, and the battle-flags were furl’d
Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales; In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.
Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rain’d a ghastly dew There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,
From the nations’ airy navies grappling in the central blue; And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.
Alfred Tennyson, Locksley Hall (1835), http://bartelby.org/42/636.html