The document provides information on workshop safety rules and tractor safety rules. It also discusses the general design of tractors and automobiles, including their classification and main components. Additionally, it compares diesel and petrol engines, outlining the differences in their fuel systems, compression strokes, and power regulation. Finally, the key systems of tractors are described, such as the fuel, cooling, lubrication, and electrical systems.

1. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
WORKSHOPTECHNOLOGYTRAINING
AGRICULTURALMACHINERYSECTION
(AE110)

2. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
1:GENERALWORKSHOPRULES
a)Personalsafety
 Alwaysbepatient,neverrushintheworkshop.
 Alwayslistencarefullytotheinstructorandfollowinstructions.
 Alwaysuseaguardwhenworkingonamachine.
 Alwayswearanapron(overcoat)asitwillprotectyourclothesandholdslose
clothingsuchastiesinplace.
 Bagsshouldnotbebroughtintoaworkshopaspeoplecantripoverthem.
 Donotrunintheworkshop,youcould‘bump’intoanotherstudentandcause
anaccident.
 Donotuseamachineifyouhavenotbeenshownhowtooperateitsafelyby
theinstructor.
 Hearingprotectionshouldbewornwhenusingmachinery.
 Keephandsawayfrommoving/rotatingmachinery.
 Knowwheretheemergencystopbuttonsarepositionedintheworkshop.If
youseeanaccidentattheothersideoftheworkshopyoucanusethe
emergencystopbuttontoturnoffallelectricalpowertomachines.
 Longhairmustbetiedback.
 Reportanydamagetomachines/equipmentasthiscouldcauseanaccident.
 Safetyfootwear(shoes)mustbewornwhenworkingintheworkshop.
 Safetyglassesmustbeworn.
 Usehandtoolscarefully,keepingbothhandsbehindthecuttingedge.
 Whenattemptingpracticalworkallstoolsshouldbeputaway.
 Whenlearninghowtouseamachine,listenverycarefullytoallthe
instructionsgivenbytheinstructor.Askquestions,especiallyifyoudonot
fullyunderstand.

3. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
b)Tractorsafety
 Knowyourtractor,itsimplementsandhowtheywork.Keepyourtractoringood
condition.
 Mosttractorfatalitiesarecausedbyoverturns.Ifyoudon’tmatchtractorwith
load
 Befamiliarwithyourterrainanddrivesafely.Usecautiononslopes,slowdown
forallturnsandstayoffthehighwaywheneverpossible.
 Neverstartanengineinaclosedshedorgarage.Carbonmonoxideiscolorless,
odorlessanddeadly.
 AlwayskeepyourPTOproperlyshielded.Itrotateswiththestrengthof500men.
 Keepyourhitcheslowandalwaysonthedrawbar.Otherwiseyourtractormight
flipoverbackwards.
 Neverjumpoffamovingtractororleaveitwithitsenginerunning.Arunaway
tractorcanbeextremelydangerous.
 Neverrefuelwhiletheengineisrunningorhot.Anddonotaddwatertoradiator
whiletheengineishot;hotwatercaneruptandscald.
 Keepallchildrenoffofandawayfrom yourtractoranditsimplementsatall
times.Atractor’sworkisnotchild’splay.
 Neverbeinahurryaboutanythingtodowithyourtractor.Takeyourtimeanddo
itright.

4. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
2:GENERALDESIGNOFTRACTORANDAUTOMOBILES
2.1Classificationofautomobileandtractors
Automobile(cartruck)isaselfpropelledvehicleintendedfortransportinggoods,
peopleandforcarryingoutspecialtasks.
Astopurpose,motorvehiclesaredividedintotransportvehicles,special-
purposevehicles,andcompetitionvehicles.
i. Transportvehiclesareclassedinseveraltypes;
 Cars-Motorvehiclesintendedforcarryingsmallgroupofpeople(upeight
innumber);
 Buses-passengersservicevehicles(morethaneightinnumber);
 Truck-Motorvehiclesintendedforcarryingvariouscargos
Accordingtocargos(loadingcarryingcapacity)truckaredividedintothefollowing
classes:
 Pick-uptruck(upto0.5ton)
 Lighttruck(1to2t)
 Mediumtruck(2to5t)
 Heavytruck(5to15t)
 Overweighttruckmore15t
ii. Special-purposevehicles
Asthenameimpliesthisgroupincludestruckcranes,tanktruck,seed-filler
trucketc.
iii. Competitionvehicles
Thesearecarsspeciallydesignedforracing

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Astothetypeofchassis,motorvehiclesmayeitherframedorframeless.
 Framevehicleshaveasupportstructure,calledframe,towhichall
componentareattached.
 Frameless(unit-construction)vehicleshavenoframe,andalltheir
componentpartsareattacheddirectlytothevehiclebody.
 Astoprimemover,automobilemaybedividedintopetrol-powered,diesel
poweredorbatterypowered(electricmotors).
Tractor
Thetractorisawheeledortrackedself-propelledvehicleusedasapowermeans
formovingagricultural,road-building,andothermachinesequippedwithspecial
tools,andalsotowingtrailers.Itcanpowerstationarymachinethrough(PTO,or
beltpulley)
Theusesofthetractorinagriculturearemany,andsodifferenttypesoftractor
areneededtododifferenttypesoffarmwork.
 Astopurpose
Modernfarmtractorsareclassedinthreegroups:
 Generalpurpose(land-utilitytractors)usedformajorfarm operations
commontothecultivationofmostcrops,suchasgeneralcultivation,
harrowing,sowingandharvesting.Arecharacterizedbylow ground
clearance,increasedenginepower,goodtractionandthushighpull
fromwidetires.
 Universal-row-croptractorsareintendedforrow-cropworkaswellas
formany otherfield tasks.Are characterized with high ground
clearance,replaceabledrivingwheelsofdifferenttreadwidths–wide
forgeneralfarmworkandnarrowforrow-cropwork.
 Specialpurpose tractors are modifications ofstandard land or
row–croputilitytractormodelsfordefinitejobssuchasincotton

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(singlefrontsteerablewheel)andvineyardsfieldsorforvariousjobs
undercertainconditionse.g.onmarshysoils(widetracks),hillsides
(16
o
).
 Astothedesignoftherunninggeartractoraredividedintocrawler(track
-laying)andwheeledtypes
Crawlertractorsaredistinguishedbyalargegroundcontactareaand
thereforehavetrackadhesionwhilewheeledtractorsareversatileand
canbeusedforbothfieldandtransportwork,buttheirtractionislower
thanthatofcrawlertractors.
Astothetypeofundercarriage,tractorsmaybeframed,semi-framedor
frameless.Thebodyofframedtractorsisessentiallyarivetedorwelded
frame,thatofsemi-framedtractorsismadeupoftwoshortlongitudinal
beams(sidemembers)boltedor weldedtotherearaxlehousing,whilein
framelesstractors,thebodyisformedbyboltingtogetherthecasingsof
individualtractormechanisms.
2.2MainComponentspartsoftractorandautomobile
Boththetractorandtheautomobileareself-propelledmachinesconsistingof
separateinteractingmechanismsandunitsthatcanbecombinedintocertain
groups.
 Maincomponentspartsofthetractor
1-Engine,2-steeringmechanism,3-Auxiliaryequipment,4-driveline,5-working
(live)attachmentsand6-runninggear
 MaincomponentspartsoftheAutomobile
1-Drive’s cab,2-cargo body 3-clutch,4-transmission (gearbox)5-
propeller(cardan)shaftand6-finaldrive(drivingaxle)

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3:BASICSOF
DIESELAND
PETROL
ENGINES
----------
The four-stroke
dieselengineissimilartothefourstrokepetrol(gasoline)engine.Theyboth
followanoperatingcyclethatconsistofintake,compression,power,andexhaust
strokes.Theyalsosharesimilarsystemsforintakeandexhaustvalves.Seefigs.
1.and2.

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Figure1:Asectionofdieselengineblockandcylinderheadforinternaldetails
Figure2:Asectionofpetrolengineblockandcylinderheadforinternaldetails

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A:Theprimarydifferencesbetweenadieselengineandapetrolengineareas
follows:
•Thefuelandairmixtureisignitedbytheheatgeneratedbythecompressionstroke
inadieselengineversustheuseofasparkignitionsystemonapetrolengine.
•Thefuelandairmixtureinadieselengineiscompressedtoaboutonetwentiethof
itsoriginalvolume,whileinapetrolenginethefuelandairmixtureisonly
compressedtoaboutoneeighthofitsoriginalvolume.Thedieselenginemust
compressthemixturemoretightlytogenerateenoughheattoignitethefueland
airmixture.
•Thepetrolenginemixesthefuelandairbeforeitreachesthecombustionchamber.
Adieselenginetakesinonlyairthroughtheintakeport.Fuelisputintothe
combustionchamberdirectlythroughaninjectionsystem.Theairandfuelthen
mixinthecombustionchamber.
•Theenginespeedandthepoweroutputofadieselenginearecontrolledbythe
quantityoffueladmittedtothecombustionchamber.Theamountofairis
constant.Onthepetrolengine,thespeedandpoweroutputisregulatedby
limitingtheairandfuelmixtureenteringtheengine.
Adieselengineismuchmoreefficientthanapetrolengine,suchasthediesel
enginedoesnotrequireanignitionsystem duetotheheatgeneratedbythe
highercompression,thedieselenginehasabetterfueleconomyduetothe
completeburningofthefuel,andthedieselenginedevelopsgreatertorquedue
tothepowerdevelopedfromthehigh-compressionratio.
i. Dieselandpetrolenginescompressionstroke:

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ii. Powerregulationindieselandpetrolengines:

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iii. Dieselandpetrolenginesintakestrokes:
iv. DieselandPetrolEngineStrokes
IntakeStroke:

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Thepistonisattopdeadcenteratthebeginningoftheintakestrokeandasthe
pistonmovesdownward,theintakevalveopens.Thedownwardmovementof
thepistondrawsairintothecylinderandasthepistonreachesbottom dead
centertheintakevalvecloses.
CompressionStroke:
Thepistonisatbottom deadcenteratthebeginningofthecompressionstroke
andasthepistonmovesupwardtheaircompresses.Asthepistonreachestop
deadcenterthecompressionstrokeends.
PowerStroke:
Thepistonbeginsthepowerstrokeattopdeadcenter.Theairiscompressedto
asmuchas500psiandatacompressedtemperatureofapproximately1000°F.
Atthispoint,fuelisinjectedintothecombustionchamberandisignitedbythe
heatofthecompression.Thisbeginsthepowerstroke.Theexpandingforceof
the burning gases pushes the piston downward providing powerto the
crankshaft.Thedieselfuelwillcontinuetobum throughtheentirepowerstroke
(amorecompleteburningofthefuel).Thepetrolenginehasapowerstrokewith
rapidcombustioninthebeginningbutlittletonocombustionattheend.
ExhaustStroke:
Asthepistonreachesbottom deadcenteronthepowerstroke,thepowerstroke
endsandtheexhauststrokebegins.Theexhaustvalveopensandasthepiston
risestowardstopdeadcenter,theburntgasesarepushedoutthroughthe
exhaustport.Asthepistonreachestopdeadcenter,theexhaustvalvecloses
andtheintakevalveopens.Theengineisnowreadytobeginanotheroperating
cycle.
B:Tractorenginesystems

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1.Fuelsystem
AcompletefuelsystemforaSIengineconsistsof:
• Fueltank
• Fuelpump
• Fuelfilter
• Aircleaner
• Carburetor/fuelinjectionsystem
• Inductionmanifold
• Supplyandreturnpipes
2.Coolingsystem
Thebasicpartsofawatercoolingsystemare:
 Waterpump
 Radiator
 Fan
 Thermostat
 RubberHoses

14. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
3.Lubricationsystem
Systemparts
 Oil
 Oilpan
 Oilpump
 Oilfilter

15. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
 Oilgalleries

16. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
4.Electricalsystem
Startingandchargingsystems
Startingsystemparts
 Battery
 Keyswitch
 Solenoid
 Startingmotor
 Piniongear
 Flywheelringgear
Chargingsystemparts
 Alternator
 Voltageregulator
 Battery
 Rectifer

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4:DAILY,WEEKLY,MONTHLYANDROUTINEMAINTENANCE
Thetractorplaysasignificantroleinmechanizedagriculture.Tokeepitworkingfora
longtimeataminimum cost,itrequiresanadequateandtimelymaintenance.Readthe
maintenancemanualgivenbythetractormanufacturerandfollow theprocedures
mentioned.
Daily/Everyday(After8-10hoursofwork)
1.Checkthelevelofoilintheengine.Itshouldbedone15minutesaftertheenginehas
cooleddown.Iffounddeficient,thelevelshouldbereplenishedwithengineoilofthe
rightgrade.
2.Checkthewateroftheradiatorandrefillit.
Regulator/r
Engine
Battery
Alternator
Starter

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3.Cleantheaircleanerandchecktheoillevel.Ifitisless,fillittotherequiredlevel.Fill
cleanoilincasetheexistingoilhasbecomedirty.
Weekly(After50-60hoursofwork)
1.Repeatthedailymaintenancemeasure.
2.Checktheairpressureinthetyres.Ifthepressureislow,getthenecessaryair.
3.Checktheelasticityofthefan-beltunderthepressureofthethumb.Itshouldstretch
toadegreeof12&18mili-meters.
4.Cleantheairpressureandfillitwithanoiloftherightgrade.
5.Thewaterstoredintheoilfiltershouldbedrainedoutbythedrainplug.
6.Checkthewater-levelofthebattery.Ifwaterisfoundbelowthelimit,fillitwith
distilledwater.
7.Checktheleveloftheoilinthegearbox.
8.Applygreasetotheclutchshaftandbearings,brakecontrol,bearingofthefan,hubof
thefrontwheel,tierodandtheradiouscross,etc.
Afterafortnight(120to125hoursofwork)
1.Repeattheweeklyscheduleofmaintenance.
2.ApplyoiltotheDynamoandthestarter.
3.Cleanthecarboninthesmoke-tube.
4.Changetheengineoil.Todoso,keepthetractorinstartingpositionforawhileand
thenswitchitoffsoastoheatuptheentireoil,thendrainouttheoilthroughthedrain
plugandfillfreshandcleanoiloftherightgrade.
5.Incasetheoilfilterismadeofpaper,element,cloth,felt,etc.changethem.Cleanthe
metallicoilfilter.
6.Checkthefreeplayofclutchandbrake;itshouldbe15mmlong.Adjustitaccording

19. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
totheneed.
Monthly(After250hoursofwork)
1.Repeateverystepoffortnightlymaintenance.
2.Ifitisadvisedtocleantheprimarydieselfilter,(inthemanualsuppliedwiththe
tractor)cleanitorchangeit.
3.Washthefiltersofthetapoftheoil-tank.
4.Checkthewaterinthebattery.Ifitsrelativedensityisbelowthemark,changethe
battery.
Aftertwomonths(500hoursofwork)
1.Followthemonthlyscheduleofmaintenance.
2.Changetheotherelementofdieselfilter.
3.Gettheinjectoranddieselpumpcheckedeitherbyanauthorizeddealeroran
experiencedmechanic.
4.Contactyourauthorizeddealeroranexperiencedmechanicfortheinspectionof
valve.
5.Getthedynamoandtheselfstarterinspected.
6.Opentheoiltankandcleanit.
Afterfourmonths(100-1200hoursofwork)
1.Followthebi-monthlymaintenanceschedule.
2.Drainouttheoilofthegearboxandfillitwithacleanoiloftherightgrade.
3.Drainouttheoiloftheback-axleandfillcleanoil.
4.ChangetheoiloftheBelt-pulley.
5.CleanthefilteroftheHydraulicpump.
6.Changethesteeringoil.

20. Agriculturalmachinerysection(daelp)
7.Changethegreaseofthefrontwheel.
5:TRACTORDRIVINGANDHITCHING
 Drivingexercise
 Hitching
o Singlepointmount
o Twopointmount
o Threepointmount
6:MODEOFASSESSMENT:
Writtentest 60%
Oraltest 40%
Totalmarks 100%