How to make a WordPress theme

How to Make a WordPress Theme
Hardeep Asrani

Things we need to start…
➤ WordPress on your system.
➤ A good IDE.
➤ Starter ﬁles from Github:
➤ A basic/good knowledge of HTML, CSS and PHP.

What’s a theme in WordPress?

Required Files
➤ style.css
➤ index.php

Functions of main files
➤ style.css
➤ index.php
➤ functions.php
➤ header.php
➤ footer.php
➤ single.php
➤ page.php
➤ comments.php

Enough gyaan, let’s start coding.

Starter Content
➤ HTML Design: https://www.styleshout.com/free-templates/keep-it-simple/
➤ Workshop Content: https://github.com/HardeepAsrani/wp-massively
➤ Workshop Content has two folders, start and ﬁnished.
➤ We will use /start/ folder to make a theme.
➤ If you want to see the completed theme, you can see the /ﬁnished/ theme.

1. Theme Info - style.css
/*
Theme Name: WP Massively
Theme URI: https://github.com/HardeepAsrani/wp-massively/
Author: Hardeep Asrani
Author URI: http://www.hardeepasrani.com
Description: A learning project for WordCamp Singapore.
Version: 1.0
License: GNU General Public License v2 or later
License URI: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html
Text Domain: wp-massively
Tags: blog, custom-logo, one-column, two-columns, custom-background…
*/
/* Rest of your CSS goes here. */

2. Initial index.php
<?php get_header(); ?>
<?php // Rest of your content goes here. ?>
<?php get_footer(); ?>

3. Initial header.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html <?php language_attributes(); ?>>
<head>
<meta charset='<?php bloginfo( 'charset' ); ?>'>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<?php if ( is_singular() && pings_open( get_queried_object() ) ) : ?>
<link rel="pingback" href="<?php bloginfo( 'pingback_url' ); ?>">
<?php endif; ?>
<?php wp_head(); ?>
</head>
<body <?php body_class(); ?>>

4. Initial footer.php
<?php wp_footer(); ?>
</body>
</html>

5. Theme Setup - functions.php
<?php
function wp_massively_setup() {
global $content_width;
if ( ! isset( $content_width ) ) {
$content_width = 614;
}
add_theme_support( 'title-tag' );
add_theme_support(
'custom-logo', array(
'flex-width' => true,
'height' => 70,
)
);
load_theme_textdomain( 'wp-massively', get_template_directory() . '/languages' );
add_theme_support( 'automatic-feed-links' );
add_theme_support( 'post-thumbnails' );
}
add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'wp_massively_setup' );

6. Enqueue Scripts/Styles - functions.php
function wp_massively_scripts() {
wp_enqueue_style( 'wp_massively_merriweather', '//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:
300,300i,400,400i,700,700i,900,900i');
wp_enqueue_style( 'wp_massively_open_sans', '//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,
400,400i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i');
wp_enqueue_style( 'font-awesome', get_template_directory_uri() . '/assets/css/font-awesome/css/font-
awesome.min.css' );
wp_enqueue_style( 'wp_massively_style', get_stylesheet_uri() );
if ( is_singular() ) {
wp_enqueue_script( 'comment-reply' );
}
wp_enqueue_script( 'wp_massively_main', get_template_directory_uri() . '/assets/js/modernizr.js' );
wp_enqueue_script( 'wp_massively_modernizr', get_template_directory_uri() . '/assets/js/main.js',
array( 'jquery' ), '', true );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'wp_massively_scripts' );

7. Adding Logo to Header - header.php
<body <?php body_class(); ?>>
<header id="top">
<div class="row">
<div class="header-content twelve columns">
<h1 id="logo-text">
<a href="<?php echo esc_url( home_url( '/' ) ); ?>" title="<?php bloginfo( 'name' ); ?>">
<?php
if ( get_theme_mod( 'custom_logo' ) ) {
$logo = wp_get_attachment_image_src( get_theme_mod( 'custom_logo' ), 'full' );
echo '<img src="' . esc_url( $logo[0] ) . '">';
} else {
bloginfo( 'name' );
}
?>
</a>
</h1>
<p id="intro"><?php bloginfo( 'description' ); ?></p>
</div>
</div>

8.1 Adding a Menu - functions.php
register_nav_menus(
array(
'primary' => esc_html__( 'Primary Menu', 'wp- massively' ),
'social' => esc_html__( 'Social Menu', 'wp- massively' ),
)
);
}
add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'wp_ massively_setup' );

8.2 Adding a Menu - header.php
<p id="intro"><?php bloginfo( 'description' ); ?></p>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-wrap">
<a class="mobile-btn" href="#nav-wrap" title="<?php echo esc_attr( 'Show Menu', 'wp-
massively' ); ?>">
<?php _e( 'Show Menu', 'wp-massively' ); ?>
</a>
<a class="mobile-btn" href="#" title="<?php echo esc_attr( 'Hide Menu', 'wp-massively' ); ?>">
<?php _e( 'Hide Menu', 'wp-massively' ); ?>
</a>
<div class="row">
<?php
wp_nav_menu( array(
'theme_location' => 'primary',
'menu' => esc_html__( 'Primary Menu', 'wp- massively' ),
'container' => 'ul',
'menu_class' => 'nav',
'menu_id' => 'nav',
) );
?>
</div>
</nav>
</header>

9.1 Adding Header Image/Background - functions.php
add_theme_support(
'custom-background', array(
'default-color' => '#FFFFFF',
)
);
add_theme_support(
'custom-header', array(
'default-image' => get_template_directory_uri() . '/assets/images/header.png',
'height' => 288,
'flex-height' => true,
'header-text' => false,
)
);
}
add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'wp_ massively_setup' );

9.2 Add Background Image to header-content class - header.php
<div class="header-content twelve columns" style="background-image: url( '<?php header_image(); ?>' );">

10.1 Adding a Social Menu - footer.php
<footer>
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<?php
wp_nav_menu( array(
'theme_location' => 'social',
'menu' => esc_html__( 'Social Menu', 'wp- massively' ),
'container' => 'ul',
'menu_class' => 'social-links',
'link_before' => '<span class="screen-reader-text">',
'link_after' => '</span>',
) );
?>
</div>
<p class="copyright"><?php _e( '© Copyright 2017 WP Massively. Design by <a title="Styleshout"
href="http://www.styleshout.com/">Styleshout</a>.', 'wp-massively' ); ?></p>
</div>
<div id="go-top"><a class="smoothscroll" title="Back to Top', 'wp-massively" href="#top"><i class="fa
fa-chevron-up"></i></a></div>
</footer>
<?php wp_footer(); ?>
</body>
</html>

10.2 Adding a Social Menu - style.css
.screen-reader-text {
    clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
    position: absolute !important;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
    overflow: hidden;
}
footer .social-links a::before {
content: "f1e0";
font-family: 'FontAwesome';
font-size: 16px;
font-size: 1em;
display: block;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
line-height: 20px;
}
footer .social-links a[href*="twitter.com"]::before {
content: 'f099';
}

11.1 Add Post Loop - index.php
<div id="content-wrap">
<div class="row">
<div id="main" class="eight columns">
<?php
if ( have_posts() ) :
while ( have_posts() ) : the_post();
get_template_part( 'content' );
endwhile;
the_posts_navigation();
else :
get_template_part( 'content', 'none' );
endif;
?>
</div>
</div>
</div>

11.2 Add Post Loop Content - content.php
<article id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" <?php post_class( 'entry' ); ?>>
<header class="entry-header">
<h2 class="entry-title">
<a href="<?php the_permalink();?>" title="<?php the_title();?>"><?php the_title();?></a>
</h2>
<div class="entry-meta">
<ul>
<li><?php echo esc_html( get_the_date() ); ?></li>
<span class="meta-sep">•</span>
<?php $category = get_the_category(); ?>
<li><a href="<?php echo esc_url( get_category_link( $category[0]->term_id ) ); ?>" title="<?php echo
esc_attr( $category[0]->cat_name ); ?>" rel="category tag"><?php echo esc_html( $category[0]->cat_name ); ?></a></li>
<li><?php echo esc_html( get_the_author() ); ?></li>
</ul>
</div>
</header>
<div class="entry-content-media">
<div class="post-thumb">
<?php the_post_thumbnail(); ?>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entry-content">
<?php the_content(); ?>
</div>
</article>

11.3 Add 404 Template - content-none.php
<article class="entry">
<?php _e( 'Well, that's a shame.', 'wp-massively' ); ?>
</h2>
</header>
<p><?php _e( 'We weren't able to find what you were looking for.
Perhaps searching might help?', 'wp-massively' ); ?></p>
</div>
<?php get_search_form(); ?>
</article>

12.1 Registering a Widget Area - functions.php
function wp_massively_widgets_init() {
register_sidebar(
array(
'name' => esc_html__( 'Sidebar', 'wp-massively' ),
'id' => 'sidebar-main',
'description' => esc_html__( 'Sidebar widget area.', 'wp-massively' ),
'before_widget' => '<div id="%1$s" class="widget %2$s">',
'after_widget' => '</div>',
'before_title' => '<h3 class="widget-title">',
'after_title' => '</h3>',
)
);
}
add_action( 'widgets_init', 'wp_ massively_widgets_init' );

12.2 Displaying a Sidebar - sidebar.php
<?php
if ( ! is_active_sidebar( 'sidebar-main' ) ) {
return;
}
?>
<div id="sidebar" class="four columns">
<?php dynamic_sidebar( 'sidebar-main' ); ?>
</div>

12.3 Call Sidebar - index.php
<div class="row">
<?php
if ( have_posts() ) :
get_template_part( 'content' );
endwhile;
the_posts_navigation();
else :
get_template_part( 'content', 'none' );
endif;
?>
</div>
<?php get_sidebar(); ?>
</div>
</div>

13.1 Make Single Post - single.php
<div class="row">
<?php
get_template_part( 'content', 'single' );
the_post_navigation(
array(
'prev_text' => _x( '<strong>Previous Article</strong><span class="post-title">%title</span>',
'previous post', 'wp-massively' ),
'next_text' => _x( '<strong>Next Article</strong><span class="post-title">%title</span>', 'next
post', 'wp-massively' ),
)
);
if ( comments_open() || get_comments_number() ) :
echo '<div id="comments">';
comments_template();
echo '</div>';
endif;
endwhile;
?>
</div>
<?php get_sidebar(); ?>
</div>
</div>

13.2 Make Post Content - content-single.php
<?php the_title();?>
</h2>
<div class="entry-meta">
<ul>
<li><?php echo esc_html( get_the_date() ); ?></li>
<?php $category = get_the_category(); ?>
<li><a href="<?php echo esc_url( get_category_link( $category[0]->term_id ) ); ?>" title="<?php echo
esc_attr( $category[0]->cat_name ); ?>" rel="category tag"><?php echo esc_html( $category[0]->cat_name ); ?></a></li>
<li><?php echo esc_html( get_the_author() ); ?></li>
</ul>
</div>
</header>
</div>
</div>
<?php wp_link_pages(); ?>
</div>
<?php the_tags( __( '<div class="tags">Tagged in: ', 'wp-massively' ), ', ', ' </div>'); ?>
</article>

13.3.1 Comment Template - comments.php
<?php
if ( post_password_required() ) {
return;
}
?>
<div id="comments" class="comments-area">
<?php
if ( have_comments() ) : ?>
<h2 class="comments-title">
<?php
$comments_number = get_comments_number();
if ( '1' === $comments_number ) {
printf( _x( 'One Reply to “%s”', 'comments title', 'wp-massively' ), get_the_title() );
} else {
printf(
_nx(
'%1$s Reply to “%2$s”',
'%1$s Replies to “%2$s”',
$comments_number,
'comments title',
'wp-massively'
),
number_format_i18n( $comments_number ),
get_the_title()
);
}
?>
</h2>

13.3.2 Comment Template - comments.php
<ol class="commentlist">
<?php
wp_list_comments( array(
'avatar_size' => 32,
'style' => 'li',
'short_ping' => true,
'reply_text' => __( 'Reply', 'wp-massively' ),
) );
?>
</ol>
<?php the_comments_pagination( array(
'prev_text' => '<span class="screen-reader-text">' . __( 'Previous', 'wp-massively' ) . '</span>',
'next_text' => '<span class="screen-reader-text">' . __( 'Next', 'wp-massively' ) . '</span>',
) );
endif;
if ( ! comments_open() && get_comments_number() && post_type_supports( get_post_type(), 'comments' ) ) : ?>
<p class="no-comments"><?php _e( 'Comments are closed.', 'wp-massively' ); ?></p>
<?php
endif;
comment_form();
?>
</div>

14.1 Make Page - page.php
<div class="row">
<div id="main" class="twelve columns">
<?php
get_template_part( 'content', 'page' );
if ( comments_open() || get_comments_number() ) :
echo '<div id="comments">';
comments_template();
echo '</div>';
endif;
endwhile;
?>
</div>
</div>
</div>

14.2 Make Page Content - content-page.php
<?php the_title();?>
</h1>
</header>
</div>
</div>
<?php wp_link_pages(); ?>
</div>
</article>

Where to go from here?
➤ WordPress Theme Development Handbook: https://developer.wordpress.org/
themes/getting-started/
➤ WordPress Theme Review Team Guidelines: https://make.wordpress.org/themes/
handbook/review/required/
➤ If you have any questions then standing right in front of you.
➤ Tackling at home and got stuck somewhere? Have any question? Just open an issue
at: https://github.com/HardeepAsrani/wp-massively/issues

I’m Hardeep Asrani
@HardeepAsrani
hardeepasrani.com
Pirate at ThemeIsle.com

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