A hospital exists mainly to provide therapeutic services to the patients.
Drugs are an integral part of patient care. In every hospital, medicines are crucial to the hospital services.
Appropriate use of medicines in the hospital is a multidisciplinary responsibility that includes doctors, nurses, pharmacists, administrators, support personnel and patients.
The availability of medicines in the hospitals depends not only on good supplies, but also on efficient use through good distribution system, rational prescribing, and dispensing practices.
"When a drug is required, the appropriate drug must be chosen. It must be available at the right time, at the right price. It must be dispensed correctly, must be delivered in a right dose, at the right intervals and for the right length of time".
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
Hospital pharmacy-Organisation and management
a) Organizational structure-Staff, Infrastructure & work load statistics
b) Management of materials and finance
c) Roles & responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
The Provision Of Written And/Or Verbal Information About Drugs And Drug Therapy In Response To A Request From Other Healthcare Providing Organizations, Committees, Patients, And Public Community
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
Hospital pharmacy-Organisation and management
a) Organizational structure-Staff, Infrastructure & work load statistics
b) Management of materials and finance
c) Roles & responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
The Provision Of Written And/Or Verbal Information About Drugs And Drug Therapy In Response To A Request From Other Healthcare Providing Organizations, Committees, Patients, And Public Community
The P&T committee is generally the medical staff committee responsible for managing the formulary system. The P&T committee provides an evaluative, educational, and advisory service to the medical staff and organizational administration in all matters pertaining to the use of available medications. The P&T committee should be responsible for overseeing policies and procedures related to all aspects of medication use within an institution.
This committee assists in the formulation of broad professional policies regarding the evaluation, selection, procurement, distribution, use, safety procedures and other matters relating to drugs use in the hospital.
Unit III: 10 Hours
a) Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
Organization, functions, Policies of the pharmacy and therapeutic committee in including drugs into formulary
Inpatient and outpatient prescription, automatic stop order, and emergency drug list preparation.
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. A hospital exists mainly to provide therapeutic services to the patients.
Drugs are an integral part of patient care. In every hospital, medicines are crucial
to the hospital services.
Appropriate use of medicines in the hospital is a multidisciplinary responsibility
that includes doctors, nurses, pharmacists, administrators, support personnel and
patients.
The availability of medicines in the hospitals depends not only on good supplies,
but also on efficient use through good distribution system, rational prescribing,
and dispensing practices.
"When a drug is required, the appropriate drug must be chosen. It must be
available at the right time, at the right price. It must be dispensed correctly,
be delivered in a right dose, at the right intervals and for the right length of
3. In order to ensure that hospitals use drugs judiciously through right
procurement, storage, distribution, inventory control, quality assurance practices
and finally promoting safe use of drugs : a set of Hospital Drug Policies are
required.
The Hospital Drug Policies a thus, a set of different policies.
They are :
A) Drugs and Therapeutic Committee (DTC)sometimes also known as Pharmacy and
Therapeutic Committee (P&T Committee)
B) Infection Control Committee and Antibiotic Policy Committee
C) Drug Utilization Review Committee (DUR)
D) Research and Ethics Committee
E) Rational Drug Use Committee
F) Drug Exchange and Drug Donations Committee
4. Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee
Many countries will spend 30 to 40 percent of their health care budgets on drugs
and much of that money is wasted on irrational drug use and inefficiencies in
procurement of drugs.
Other serious problems that health care organizations face are the over use of
antibiotics, increasing antimicrobial resistance, increasing adverse drug reactions,
and considerably higher costs associated with drug use.
DTCs can provide the leadership and structure to select appropriate drugs for the
formulary, promote rational drug use, and help reduce drug costs to acceptable
level.
The pharmacy and therapeutics committee is a policy framing and recommending
body to the medical staff and the administration of hospital on matters related to
therapeutic use of drugs.
5. OBJECTIVE
The pharmacy and therapeutics have three major roles to play.
These are:
• ADVISORY (Formulary Development, Medication Review, Drug Utilization Evaluation)
• EDUCATIONAL
• DRUG SAFETY AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS MONITIORING.
6. FUNCTIONS
Advising medical, administrative, and pharmacy departments on drug related
issues.
Developing drug policies and procedures.
Evaluating and selecting drugs for the formulary and providing for its periodic
revision.
Assessing drug use to identify potential problems.
Promoting and conducting effective interventions to improve drug use. (including
educational, managerial, and regulatory methods)
Managing adverse drug reactions.
Managing medication error.
7. COMPOSITION
Composition of pharmacy and therapeutics committee (PTC) might vary from hospital
to hospital.
The PTC may be composed of:
• At least three physicians from the medical staff
• A pharmacist
• A representative of the nursing staff
• An hospital administrator with his/her designated an ex-officio member of the
committee one of the physicians may be appointed as the chairman of PTC.
• Medical staff
• Hospital pharmacist
• Chairman
• Administrator
• Director
8. OPERATION OF PHARMACY AND
THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE
This committee should meet regularly at least six times in an year and
also when necessary.
The agenda and the supplementary materials should be prepared by
the secretary and furnished to the committee members well in
advance so that the members can study them properly before
meeting.
9. ROLE OF PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE
(PTC) IN DRUG SAFETY
Drug safety is the moral, legal and professional obligation of pharmacist.
It includes responsibility from dispensing of drugs to drug administration.
The hospital must employ a qualified, registered pharmacist with at least B.
Pharm degree as 'chief pharmacist’ and the rest are may be at least diploma
holders in pharmacist.
Should not permit non-pharmacist personnel to dispense drugs and allied
materials.
Must employ a sufficient members of qualified considering the work load of a
pharmacist and allow for adequate coverage (7days/week).
Must provide adequate safe, work space, and storage facilities.
10. Should have equipment necessary to safely and adequately carry out the
modern practice of pharmacy.
Must have an automatic stop order regulation for dangerous drugs. eg:
narcotics, anticoagulants etc.
Should have a drug formulary which periodically revised and kept up to
date.
The poisonous materials are separated from non-poisonous materials in the
pharmacy.
The external use preparations should be separated from internal used
medications.
Must have adequate quality control measures and follow good
manufacturing practices.
Should provide a teaching program to teach students, nurses the basic
course of pharmaceutical mathematics and pharmacology.
11. Should be periodically inspected in order to remove deteriorated and
outdated drugs as well as to check all labels for legibility.
Should have an adequate reference library which contains texts on
pharmacology, toxicology, posology, and journals containing information
on newer developments in the pharmaceutical world.
12. ROLE OF PTC IN EMERGENCY DRUG LISTS
The Time Factor is necessary for the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee
of a hospital to get prepared boxes containing emergency drugs which
should be always available readily for use at the bed side.
List of such drugs and other supplies should compiled by Committee, and it
should find their place in "Emergency Kits“
After the emergency boxes have been placed in the wards, it is very essential
and compulsory that a system is developed whereby they are checked daily
either by the hospital pharmacists or by nursing supervisor responsible for
the ward.
13. ROLE OF PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE IN
DRUG PRODUCT DEFECT REPORTING PROGRAMME
The drugs purchased by hospital may be defective in quality.
It is for the committee to get information about the defective drug products
and to inform it first to the manufacturer for appropriate action.
If satisfactory answer is not obtained from the manufacturer, it should be
reported to the Food and Drug Control Administration.
14. ROLE OF PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS COMMITTEE IN
DRUG UTILISATION REVIEW
Drug utilization includes prescribing, dispensing, administering and ingesting of
prescription of drugs.
Hospital pharmacist should take medication history that should include following
information:
Medication being taken at the time of admission, during admission, home
remedies.
Drug allergies and idiosyncrasy towards food products etc.
Patent medication profile to be maintained for each patient.
15. This will serve the following purposes:
• To help improved drug prescribing practices by promoting the safe and rational use
of drugs.
• To detect and help prevent drug-interactions.
• To detect and prevent adverse drug reactions in sensitive patients.
• To detect and prevents IV additive incompatibilities.
• To detect drug-induced diseases.
• To help detect and potential drug-toxicities.
16. ETHICAL CONCERNS OF THE DTC
The committee needs to operate in a manner that ensures transparency and
avoids conflicts of interest with manufacturers and distributors of drugs or
medical supplies.
In order for the committee to maintain objectivity and credibility, it is necessary
that a strict ethics policy be provided and rigorously enforced.
There can be no relationships with the pharmaceutical companies other than a
purely professional one that encourages the flow of unbiased information
about their drug products.
17. Hospital Formulary
Definition
A Formulary : The official Publication containing list of medicines authorized and
approved by medical staff for use in the hospital of state or country or region of
country for the therapy of patients.
A Hospital Formulary : It is the continuously revised list of pharmaceutical
Medicines and dosage forms with its important information's which reflects the
current views of medical staff and Pharmacy and therapeutic committee which are
considered to be most useful in the patient care.
18. Introduction
No hospital pharmacy can possibly stock every medication which are
prescribed by their affiliated doctors to patients.
Hence medical and pharmacy staffs of hospitals prepare hospital formulary,
which is a list of the medications that the hospital pharmacy keeps, with
information of medication .
Doctors use the formulary to find out which medications the hospital has
available to treat a given symptom or disease.
It is also useful to avoid drug interaction.
Hospital formulary generally contain generic drugs as compared to costly
other brands.
19. Hospital formulary is required as too many pharmacy companies manufacture
so many medicines.
The newer drugs have various untoward effects.
Peoples need effective drugs at lowest possible cost.
For rational use of drugs formulary is needed.
For Education of medical staff, pharmacy persons ,nurses.
Hospital formulary is prepared by Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
consisting of Physicians and Pharmacists.
20. Contents of hospital formulary
1) Title Page
2) Name and title of PTC members
3) Table of contents
4) List of drugs approved by PTC
5) Introductory information
6) Information on hospital policies and procedures for uses of drugs
a) Objective of formulary
b) Hospital rules and regulations for distribution of drugs
c) Hospital pharmacy services rule and procedures
d) Directions for how to use formulary
21. 7) Information on drugs
8) Special information of drugs
a) Drug related hospital policies
b) Drug Product listing
c) Particular information
23. Hospital Policies and Procedures
How to use the drug.
Details of the PTC.
Pharmacy operating procedures (SOP).
Information on how to use formulary.
Rules decided by hospital for prescription, dispensing and administration of
drug.
Rules for use emergency and controlled drugs.
Patients Counseling information.
24. Drug Product Listing
Formulary List of Drugs
o Alphabetically with the generic name
o Alphabetically with the Pharmacotherapeutic
Class
Index of Dosage forms of drug
o Brand name or Generic name of drug
o Therapeutic index
Information of drug
o Dosage form
o Dose of drug: Paediatric and Geriatric
o Strength of drug
o ADR, Side Effects
o Mode of action
o Active Pharmaceutical ingredient
o Packaging
o Cost of Drug
25. Special Information
Abbreviations approved by hospital
Calculation of Dose of drugs
Poison control information
Strength of drug as per accepted metric system
List of Sugar free drugs
List of drug Interaction
List of Dialyzable Poisons (ethylene glycol and methanol)
Diagnostic aids Storage
Table of Common values
Labelling Information
Formulas for diagnostic stains
26. Differentiation of hospital formulary and Drug list
Hospital Formulary
a) List of drug as per Generic names also has
strength, form, toxicology, use, Posology and
quantity to be dispensed
b) Prepared locally by own medical staff
c) Details given is for local needs and desire.
Drug List
a) Generic names of drugs with its
strength and form
b) Prepared by Pharmacists, clinical and
Pharmacological staff
c) Information is written as per their
Pharmacological Property.
27. Preparation of Formulary
Pharmacist play leading role in Preparation of Formulary.
Pharmacist collects details of drug from Pharmacopoeias
Also he Checks the drugs as per PTC guidelines
He Prepares formulary under policies of PTC
Further he is responsible for revision
28. Typical formulary will be prepared as :
Title page
Details of PTC
Table of contents
Policy of hospital
Basic Information of Drug
• All Pharmacological Details
Prescribing and Dispensing Guidelines
• Avoid ADR and Interactions
• Proper Strength
Size of Formulary
• Size should be small to be carried easily by medical staff.
• Hospital decides the size.
29. Format
• Loose leaf or Bound & Printed or Mimeographed
• Formats of different hospitals are checked before preparing
• Formulary sent to Govt. of India, PCI, General health services
Index: General and Pharmacological
The formulary should be visually pleasing, readable and professional in look
30. Revision of Formulary
PTC will decide the revision of formulary
Meeting is held by PTC for the revision
Annual revision is done and is must because of alterations in drug products,
removal of some drugs from market, new drugs and changes in hospital policies
Drug details are added at the end of formulary by attaching the sheets at the back
or last of formulary
The addition or deletion of drug is only done after reporting to medical staff.
31. Addition of drug
The drug should be present in NFI (National Formulary of India) or Pharmacopoeia
The dosage form of drug should be manufactured by Licensed company with good
record
The dosage form with all contents written can only be added in formulary
The specified dosage form should get approval from local physician for its therapeutic
activity
The drug only with reported therapeutic efficacy be added to the formulary
Before adding new drug following parameters checked,
• Efficacy
• Potency
• Safety
• Quality
After checking above parameters a request for addition is done by submitting formulary
addition request along with supporting literature along with signed disclosure of interest
of PTC
32. Deletion of drug
Suggestion for deletion is given by medical staff to PTC
Suggestion should provide superiority or inferiority of drug depending on MOA or
with specific indication.
To control growth of formulary, some addiction are balanced by deletions of drugs.
PTC periodically review the deletion of drugs on the basis of duplication and less
use of drugs.
Further deletion of drug also done in case of availability of cheaper and equally
efficacious and potent drug as compared to costlier ones.