This document summarizes research on synthesizing and testing a new cis-like symmetrical squaraine dye as a potential sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells. The synthesized squaraine molecule has absorption bands in the high-energy visible light region and reversible redox behavior that could improve photovoltaic performance. Testing of the dye's electrochemical and optical properties showed a red-shifted absorption and energy levels that may positively impact solar cell efficiency compared to other squaraine dyes. Future work will involve incorporating the dye into solar cells to evaluate its photovoltaic response.
As the diary industries delivery the milk to consumer bottles in pouches the thickness of the milk is varied with each company. The microwave transmission line approach with horn antenna is introduced as an effective method for the assessment of milk for the first time with different frequency. The electrical permittivity is an intrinsic parameter of a material that can be used as an index of delivered water content. For the permittivity calculation, we use horn antenna transmitter and receiver in microwave frequency .The microwave travelled via the milk according to its thickness. A design of horn antenna and its minimum distance transmission length is followed to evaluate the thickness of milk. The dissipated power is calculated with the help of VSWR meter in decibel. The results are plotted with different microwave frequency with unique wave length with unique concentration of water with milk. Mat lab is used to plot the graph. The effects exhibit that the milk thickness makes the wave travel of microwave produces the decibel value changes at the output. The measurements demonstrate that the permittivity of milk increases with increased added water. A relationship between the added water content and the permittivity of milk -water mixture is established, which should be a powerful tool for detecting milk thickness.
As the diary industries delivery the milk to consumer bottles in pouches the thickness of the milk is varied with each company. The microwave transmission line approach with horn antenna is introduced as an effective method for the assessment of milk for the first time with different frequency. The electrical permittivity is an intrinsic parameter of a material that can be used as an index of delivered water content. For the permittivity calculation, we use horn antenna transmitter and receiver in microwave frequency .The microwave travelled via the milk according to its thickness. A design of horn antenna and its minimum distance transmission length is followed to evaluate the thickness of milk. The dissipated power is calculated with the help of VSWR meter in decibel. The results are plotted with different microwave frequency with unique wave length with unique concentration of water with milk. Mat lab is used to plot the graph. The effects exhibit that the milk thickness makes the wave travel of microwave produces the decibel value changes at the output. The measurements demonstrate that the permittivity of milk increases with increased added water. A relationship between the added water content and the permittivity of milk -water mixture is established, which should be a powerful tool for detecting milk thickness.
Overview of unique capabilities of the ADF modeling suite to model properties of organic electronics (charge transport, phosphorescence, light absorbance). Highlighted with examples from the recent literature.
Study of conductivity, optical constants and solid state parameters of thiour...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present paper single crystals of Thiourea Zinc Sulphate (TZS) have been subjected to conductivity studies, determination of optical constants and fundamental parameters. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were used to calculate the AC conductivity of the grown crystals over a frequency range 50 Hz to 5 MHz at temperatures 313 K, 323 K and 333 K respectively. The activation energies for the conduction process were determined from the Arrhenius plots for different frequencies. The optical constants such as refractive index, reflectance and susceptibility of the TZS single crystals were evaluated from the Ultra violet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum data. The Plasma energy, Penn gap energy, Fermi energy and polarizability of the grown crystals were estimated theoretically using the single crystal X- ray diffraction (XRD) data. Keywords: Conductivity, Activation energy, Refractive index, Penn energy, Polarizability.
Synthesis and Energy Harvesting in Dye-Sensitized TiO2 PhotovoltaicsChandan B. Jal
After going through the literature review, it is understood that TiO2 is a high potential photoactive material. The doping of different metallic elements like Mg, Mn, Zr etc. decreases the band gap of TiO2 and place the material in a suitable range for photovoltaic application. Further studies reveal that TiO2 is a dye sensitive photocatalyst. In presence of different types of dye, photo absorption properties of TiO2 increases. In subsequent turn the optical properties of dye modified TiO2 shows enhanced properties in comparison to novice TiO2. Hence this attracts our attention to go for the study of the optical properties of dye modified TiO2. Another reason is that the dye that is chosen for the experiment is cost effective with better results as learned after the characterization. So, the present study has been undertaken for this project work.
Study of Measurement of luminescence life time of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/...IJERA Editor
Luminescence life time measurements of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/UVR and Al2o3 hosts were performed
using a Laser diode emitting at 800nm as the excitation source. Optical losses in both materials have been
studied and compared absorption bands of Nd3+ have been observed at 580nm ,745nm, 800nm and 870nm .
Based on which Judd- ofelt analysis has been applied to study the transition properties of Nd3+ ions in the two
hosts. Photoluminescence spectra of Nd3+ have been experimentally studied and emission around 880nm,
1060nm and 1330nm is observed, which indicates that Nd3+ ions are active in these two hosts.
Study of Measurement of luminescence life time of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/...IJERA Editor
Luminescence life time measurements of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/UVR and Al2o3 hosts were performed
using a Laser diode emitting at 800nm as the excitation source. Optical losses in both materials have been
studied and compared absorption bands of Nd3+
have been observed at 580nm ,745nm, 800nm and 870nm .
Based on which Judd- ofelt analysis has been applied to study the transition properties of Nd3+ ions in the two
hosts. Photoluminescence spectra of Nd3+ have been experimentally studied and emission around 880nm,
1060nm and 1330nm is observed, which indicates that Nd3+ ions are active in these two hosts.
Effect of alpha irradiation on silicon schottky diode detectoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper gives a brief overview of Semiconductor Schottky diode detector in response to α-particle irradiation. As α-particle are difficult to detect so we need a high resolution device for its detection. In this paper we have simulated a model of Si Schottky diode detector in Sentaurus TCAD Software. TCAD (Technology Computer Aided Design) simulation is a boon for the semiconductor devices. Using this tool we can simulate and design semiconductor devices and can generate simulation model to get the best optimum simulation results for semiconductor diode. Sentaurus TCAD supports wide range of semiconductor technologies from conventional to compound semiconductor detector. α-particles induced transient current pulse measurement were carried out on Si Schottky diode at (1) different temperature, (2) different energies of the incident α-particle and (3) different reverse bias of Schottky diode. Effect of temperature, incident α-particle and reverse bias on the generated α- induced transient current pulse were analyzed. Keywords: Semiconductor Schottky diode, Single event transient (SET), α particle, reverse bias, Sentaurus TCAD
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
Overview of unique capabilities of the ADF modeling suite to model properties of organic electronics (charge transport, phosphorescence, light absorbance). Highlighted with examples from the recent literature.
Study of conductivity, optical constants and solid state parameters of thiour...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present paper single crystals of Thiourea Zinc Sulphate (TZS) have been subjected to conductivity studies, determination of optical constants and fundamental parameters. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were used to calculate the AC conductivity of the grown crystals over a frequency range 50 Hz to 5 MHz at temperatures 313 K, 323 K and 333 K respectively. The activation energies for the conduction process were determined from the Arrhenius plots for different frequencies. The optical constants such as refractive index, reflectance and susceptibility of the TZS single crystals were evaluated from the Ultra violet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum data. The Plasma energy, Penn gap energy, Fermi energy and polarizability of the grown crystals were estimated theoretically using the single crystal X- ray diffraction (XRD) data. Keywords: Conductivity, Activation energy, Refractive index, Penn energy, Polarizability.
Synthesis and Energy Harvesting in Dye-Sensitized TiO2 PhotovoltaicsChandan B. Jal
After going through the literature review, it is understood that TiO2 is a high potential photoactive material. The doping of different metallic elements like Mg, Mn, Zr etc. decreases the band gap of TiO2 and place the material in a suitable range for photovoltaic application. Further studies reveal that TiO2 is a dye sensitive photocatalyst. In presence of different types of dye, photo absorption properties of TiO2 increases. In subsequent turn the optical properties of dye modified TiO2 shows enhanced properties in comparison to novice TiO2. Hence this attracts our attention to go for the study of the optical properties of dye modified TiO2. Another reason is that the dye that is chosen for the experiment is cost effective with better results as learned after the characterization. So, the present study has been undertaken for this project work.
Study of Measurement of luminescence life time of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/...IJERA Editor
Luminescence life time measurements of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/UVR and Al2o3 hosts were performed
using a Laser diode emitting at 800nm as the excitation source. Optical losses in both materials have been
studied and compared absorption bands of Nd3+ have been observed at 580nm ,745nm, 800nm and 870nm .
Based on which Judd- ofelt analysis has been applied to study the transition properties of Nd3+ ions in the two
hosts. Photoluminescence spectra of Nd3+ have been experimentally studied and emission around 880nm,
1060nm and 1330nm is observed, which indicates that Nd3+ ions are active in these two hosts.
Study of Measurement of luminescence life time of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/...IJERA Editor
Luminescence life time measurements of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/UVR and Al2o3 hosts were performed
using a Laser diode emitting at 800nm as the excitation source. Optical losses in both materials have been
studied and compared absorption bands of Nd3+
have been observed at 580nm ,745nm, 800nm and 870nm .
Based on which Judd- ofelt analysis has been applied to study the transition properties of Nd3+ ions in the two
hosts. Photoluminescence spectra of Nd3+ have been experimentally studied and emission around 880nm,
1060nm and 1330nm is observed, which indicates that Nd3+ ions are active in these two hosts.
Effect of alpha irradiation on silicon schottky diode detectoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper gives a brief overview of Semiconductor Schottky diode detector in response to α-particle irradiation. As α-particle are difficult to detect so we need a high resolution device for its detection. In this paper we have simulated a model of Si Schottky diode detector in Sentaurus TCAD Software. TCAD (Technology Computer Aided Design) simulation is a boon for the semiconductor devices. Using this tool we can simulate and design semiconductor devices and can generate simulation model to get the best optimum simulation results for semiconductor diode. Sentaurus TCAD supports wide range of semiconductor technologies from conventional to compound semiconductor detector. α-particles induced transient current pulse measurement were carried out on Si Schottky diode at (1) different temperature, (2) different energies of the incident α-particle and (3) different reverse bias of Schottky diode. Effect of temperature, incident α-particle and reverse bias on the generated α- induced transient current pulse were analyzed. Keywords: Semiconductor Schottky diode, Single event transient (SET), α particle, reverse bias, Sentaurus TCAD
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
Similar to Cis Vs. Trans: Squaraine Molecules as Potential Sensitizers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (20)
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cis Vs. Trans: Squaraine Molecules as Potential Sensitizers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
1. Cis Vs. Trans: Squaraine Molecules as Potential Sensitizers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
NSF Science and Technology Center on Materials and Devices for Information Technology Research No. DMR 0120967
NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program Hooked on Photonics No. CHE 0851730
www.hookedonphotonics.org
Daniel Morales Salazar, Iryna Davydenko, and Seth Marder
Conclusions/Future work
References
1. Chun-Guey Wu et al. Org. Lett. 2013, 10, 5455.
2. Chuanjiang Qin et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 1, 1.
3. Maeda et al. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 1303.
4. Dualeh et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 173512.
5. Shi et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6619.
6. Delcamp et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 1819.
7. Ronca et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 183.
8. Hagfeldt et al. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6595.
9. Qin et al. Chem. Asian J. 2013, 00, 0.
10. Pandey et al. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2010, 214, 269.
11. Volker et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 14147.
Acknowledgments
Dr. Iryna Davydenko
Dr. Seth Marder
Dr. Denise Bale
Janos Simon (HPLC, and UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer training)
Georgia Tech, NSF (CHE-1156598), CMDITR (NSF DMR-
0120967)
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between structural
conformation and photovoltaic response of
symmetrical squaraine dyes, we have incorporated an
electron-withdrawing dicyanovinyl group on the
squaric acid core. The functionalized squaraine
molecule is locked in a cis-like geometry, and presents
absorption bands in the high-energy area of the visible-
light region, which could result in panchromatic
sensitization. Herein, we report the synthesis,
electrochemical, electronic and optical properties of a
squaraine sensitizer.
Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A.
danielsalazar@gatech.edu
Squaraine Dyes
Large absorption
coefficients in red to
NIR region. Can be
used as NIR
cosensitizers unless
panchromatic response
is achieved.
Cis vs. Trans
Can a cis-like
symmetrical squaraine
outperform the
efficiency of
asymmetrical
squaraines?
Synthetic Route of Sensitizer
Photophysical and Computational Studies
Dye λmax
(nm)
CHCl3
ε
(M-1 cm-1)
E0-0
(eV)
YR6 671 275,000 1.76
DMS-II-22 698 210,000 1.70
DMS-II-33 733 230,000 1.62
Electrochemical Properties
Dye E0-0
(eV)
Eox
(V)
Eox - E0-0
(V)
YR6 1.76 0.80 -0.96
DMS-II-22 1.70 0.87 -0.83
DMS-II-33 1.62 0.85 -0.77
Measured in 0.1M nBu4NPF6 in DCM solution with
decamethylferrocene as an internal standard. Tabulated values
are reported versus NHE. First oxidation potential
corresponds to HOMO level of dye.
DFT calculations of DMS-II-44 with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G** basis set using Spartan.
The absorption and electrochemical
properties of the synthesized
intermediates and DMS-II-44 show a
red-shift of absorption maxima into
the NIR region, intense absorption
bands in the high-energy region, as
well as reversible redox behavior,
which may all positively influence the
photovoltaic response of a sensitizer in
a dye-sensitized solar cell .
MSQ, η=2.2%, λmax 642nm (CHCl3)
SQM1a, η=3.6%, λmax 705 nm (CHCl3)
YR6, η=6.74%, λmax 671nm (CHCl3)
HOMO LUMO
Eox
Introduction
Dye-Sensitized solar cells
Low-cost, flexible, colorful, efficient (15%).
Basic Functioning
Photon excites an
electron. Excited
electron is injected
in the TiO2 CB.
Oxidized sensitizer
is regenerated by
an electrolyte.
Electrolyte is
reduced at the
cathode, closing the
circuit.
