This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation delves into the complex issue of homelessness in urban environments, examining its historical origins, socio-economic factors, and policy implications. The presentation provides a deep dive into the topic, aiming to raise awareness and foster a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of homelessness and its impact on individuals and communities.
The presentation begins by exploring the historical roots of homelessness, tracing it back to the 16th century when the emergence of the modern private property institution and enclosure acts displaced individuals from communal lands. Referred to as "vagabonds" or "vagrants," many found themselves without property or means of sustenance. The subsequent industrial revolution further exacerbated the problem as displaced individuals became property-less beggars.
During this era, the state responded to homelessness with punitive measures known as the "Vagabond Acts." Offenses were met with harsh penalties, including whipping, branding, servitude, imprisonment, and even execution. These acts were largely driven by the perception that homelessness was "bad for business" in emerging urban spaces of consumption.
The presentation then shifts to the 20th century, examining the distinctions between the deserving and undeserving poor during the Great Depression. Homelessness was closely tied to the fluctuations of the economy, rising and falling with economic downturns. The discussion highlights how government policies, such as FDR's New Deal, aimed to reduce homelessness through welfare institutions and a focus on full employment.
However, the presentation explores the shift in attitudes and policies that occurred during the Reagan era, with the rise of neoliberalism. Emphasizing individual responsibility and limited government intervention, Reagan's policies sought to dismantle welfare institutions and roll back social safety nets. This had the unintended consequence of exacerbating homelessness, particularly with the defunding of mental health institutions, which pushed many mentally ill individuals onto the streets.
The presentation also examines the rise of "anti-homeless" laws since the 1990s, which sought to manage homelessness through punitive measures rather than addressing its root causes. These laws include sit-and-lie ordinances, anti-panhandling laws, park closures, and prohibitions on erecting tents in public spaces. However, research has shown that these measures do not effectively curb homelessness but rather spatially manage homeless populations to conceal visible homelessness in affluent areas.
Addressing the prevailing narrative that homelessness is solely a result of individual deficiencies and pathologies, the presentation emphasizes the political economy of homelessness. It highlights how factors such as labor market conditions and housing dynamics play a significant role in perpetuating homelessness.
This document discusses the history of government interventions in housing in the United States from the 1930s through the 1970s. It covers four major housing crises: the Great Depression, the post-World War II housing shortage, the urban crisis of the late 1960s, and the failure of programs in the 1970s. During each crisis, the government enacted new policies and programs to address issues of substandard housing conditions, affordability, and discrimination. Over time, the role of the federal government expanded to provide more public housing, regulate private housing, and introduce housing choice vouchers. The long-term success of these programs relied on coordination across levels of government and involvement of private organizations.
This presentation suggests that housing and homelessness are not just concerns for the city centre. It looks at how housing insecurity is deep and persisting; how poor housing effects people, communities, the economy and government; the diminishing federal investments in housing; and our lack of a comprehensive national plan.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The document discusses the importance of civic virtue and active citizenship in American democracy. It argues that civic virtue, which requires citizens to sacrifice some independence for the common good, is necessary for democratic and republican government structures to function effectively. The document also emphasizes balancing patriotism with liberal values to encourage civic participation. It suggests remedies like good citizenship, civic religion, national service, and improved civics education can help address issues like moral decay and political polarization that challenge American democracy.
Philosophy and Social Media 5: Swarm RevolutionsTimothy Rayner
This document discusses the debate between Malcolm Gladwell and Clay Shirky about the impact of social media on social change. While Gladwell argued that social media only enables weak ties that cannot drive real change, Shirky countered that committed groups can use social media effectively to coordinate protests and activism. The document also examines how social media helped coordinate protests like Occupy Wall Street and enabled new forms of social capital and collaborative consumption. Finally, it contrasts Hobbes' view of societies formed through a fear-based social contract, with Spinoza's perspective of multitudes collaborating through social capital and mutual benefit.
Cultural Geographies of the Modern WorldPrivate and Publi.docxdorishigh
Cultural Geographies of the Modern World
Private and Public Places
The Public-Private
Binary
• “Binary distinctions are an analytic
procedure, but their usefulness does
not guarantee that existence divides
like that. We should look with
suspicion on anyone who declared
that there are two kinds of people, or
two kinds of reality or processes.” -
Mary Douglas (anthropologist) “Judgments on
James Frazier”
• Public/private binary has been
asserted long before modernity. It is a
“grand dichotomy” of Western
thought
• Not only across eras but within eras,
public/private have been thought of in
very different ways
The Public-Private
Binary
• Public: From Latin publicus (the
people or pertaining to the people or
community)
• Private: From Latin privatus (set apart,
belonging to oneself), from Old Latin
privus (one’s own)
The Public-Private
Binary
• Most modern definitions refer to one
of two kinds of imagery:
A) What is hidden or withdrawn
versus what is open, revealed, or
accessible
B) What is individual, or pertains to
an individual, versus what is
collective, or affects the interests
of a collectivity of individuals. This
individual/collective distinction
can, by extension, take the form
of a distinction between part and
whole (of some social collectivity)
Weintraub, p. 15
The Public-Private
Binary
• What different kinds of modern human action are implied in these
dichotomies?
1. Nation-state administration vs. market economy (liberal-economistic
model)
2. Political community vs. market and state (republican-virtue model)
3. Sociability vs. individual and familial privacy (dramaturgic model)
4. Market and state vs. family (feminist model)
Each model has its own political and social
philosophies and its own image of public and
private space
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Neo-classical economic
thought divides the social world
into “public sector” and
“private sector”
• The private sector is the
economic relations of free
individuals and the public
sector is composed of the
organizations that regulate
individuals
• Key questions revolve around
the balance between free
individuals and coercive-
collective organizations
John Locke
John Stuart Mill
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Public space = areas controlled
by the administrative state
- Government buildings
- Public schools
- Public roads
- Public sidewalks
- Public parks
- Government owned land
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Private space = areas owned
and controlled by non-
governmental entities
(individuals and corporations)
- Residential homes
- Individual human bodies
- Shopping malls
- Automobiles
- Workplaces
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Key controversies:
- Symbolic: what kind of
symbolic gestures can be
made in collectively owned
(public) space?
- Religious symbolism
(Salazar v. Buono, McCreary
County v. ACLU)
Cross commemorating WWI veterans on
public.
Homelessness and Social Displacement in RussiaFEANTSA
Presentation given by Dr Svetlana Stephenson, London Metropolitan University, UK at a FEANTSA Research Conference on "Homelessness and Poverty", Paris, France, 2009
The document discusses civic virtue and American values such as republicanism, democracy, and constitutionalism that were influenced by political philosophers. It argues that civic virtue and patriotism are needed to engage citizens in public life and balance private and public interests. The document also addresses issues like extremism, distrust in government, and moral decay, and proposes remedies like good citizenship, civic religion, and national service to address infrastructure problems and strengthen American civic values and patriotism.
This document outlines the tasks and criteria for a unit on poverty and social inequality. It includes two tasks: 1) complete a table on social stratification and 2) write a 1250-word essay critically examining explanations of social inequality and poverty and analyzing related research evidence. Several websites are provided for research. The learning outcomes are to outline the historical context of poverty and theoretical perspectives on approaches to tackling poverty. The deadline for the unit assessment is January 13, 2014.
This document discusses the history of government interventions in housing in the United States from the 1930s through the 1970s. It covers four major housing crises: the Great Depression, the post-World War II housing shortage, the urban crisis of the late 1960s, and the failure of programs in the 1970s. During each crisis, the government enacted new policies and programs to address issues of substandard housing conditions, affordability, and discrimination. Over time, the role of the federal government expanded to provide more public housing, regulate private housing, and introduce housing choice vouchers. The long-term success of these programs relied on coordination across levels of government and involvement of private organizations.
This presentation suggests that housing and homelessness are not just concerns for the city centre. It looks at how housing insecurity is deep and persisting; how poor housing effects people, communities, the economy and government; the diminishing federal investments in housing; and our lack of a comprehensive national plan.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The document discusses the importance of civic virtue and active citizenship in American democracy. It argues that civic virtue, which requires citizens to sacrifice some independence for the common good, is necessary for democratic and republican government structures to function effectively. The document also emphasizes balancing patriotism with liberal values to encourage civic participation. It suggests remedies like good citizenship, civic religion, national service, and improved civics education can help address issues like moral decay and political polarization that challenge American democracy.
Philosophy and Social Media 5: Swarm RevolutionsTimothy Rayner
This document discusses the debate between Malcolm Gladwell and Clay Shirky about the impact of social media on social change. While Gladwell argued that social media only enables weak ties that cannot drive real change, Shirky countered that committed groups can use social media effectively to coordinate protests and activism. The document also examines how social media helped coordinate protests like Occupy Wall Street and enabled new forms of social capital and collaborative consumption. Finally, it contrasts Hobbes' view of societies formed through a fear-based social contract, with Spinoza's perspective of multitudes collaborating through social capital and mutual benefit.
Cultural Geographies of the Modern WorldPrivate and Publi.docxdorishigh
Cultural Geographies of the Modern World
Private and Public Places
The Public-Private
Binary
• “Binary distinctions are an analytic
procedure, but their usefulness does
not guarantee that existence divides
like that. We should look with
suspicion on anyone who declared
that there are two kinds of people, or
two kinds of reality or processes.” -
Mary Douglas (anthropologist) “Judgments on
James Frazier”
• Public/private binary has been
asserted long before modernity. It is a
“grand dichotomy” of Western
thought
• Not only across eras but within eras,
public/private have been thought of in
very different ways
The Public-Private
Binary
• Public: From Latin publicus (the
people or pertaining to the people or
community)
• Private: From Latin privatus (set apart,
belonging to oneself), from Old Latin
privus (one’s own)
The Public-Private
Binary
• Most modern definitions refer to one
of two kinds of imagery:
A) What is hidden or withdrawn
versus what is open, revealed, or
accessible
B) What is individual, or pertains to
an individual, versus what is
collective, or affects the interests
of a collectivity of individuals. This
individual/collective distinction
can, by extension, take the form
of a distinction between part and
whole (of some social collectivity)
Weintraub, p. 15
The Public-Private
Binary
• What different kinds of modern human action are implied in these
dichotomies?
1. Nation-state administration vs. market economy (liberal-economistic
model)
2. Political community vs. market and state (republican-virtue model)
3. Sociability vs. individual and familial privacy (dramaturgic model)
4. Market and state vs. family (feminist model)
Each model has its own political and social
philosophies and its own image of public and
private space
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Neo-classical economic
thought divides the social world
into “public sector” and
“private sector”
• The private sector is the
economic relations of free
individuals and the public
sector is composed of the
organizations that regulate
individuals
• Key questions revolve around
the balance between free
individuals and coercive-
collective organizations
John Locke
John Stuart Mill
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Public space = areas controlled
by the administrative state
- Government buildings
- Public schools
- Public roads
- Public sidewalks
- Public parks
- Government owned land
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Private space = areas owned
and controlled by non-
governmental entities
(individuals and corporations)
- Residential homes
- Individual human bodies
- Shopping malls
- Automobiles
- Workplaces
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Key controversies:
- Symbolic: what kind of
symbolic gestures can be
made in collectively owned
(public) space?
- Religious symbolism
(Salazar v. Buono, McCreary
County v. ACLU)
Cross commemorating WWI veterans on
public.
Homelessness and Social Displacement in RussiaFEANTSA
Presentation given by Dr Svetlana Stephenson, London Metropolitan University, UK at a FEANTSA Research Conference on "Homelessness and Poverty", Paris, France, 2009
The document discusses civic virtue and American values such as republicanism, democracy, and constitutionalism that were influenced by political philosophers. It argues that civic virtue and patriotism are needed to engage citizens in public life and balance private and public interests. The document also addresses issues like extremism, distrust in government, and moral decay, and proposes remedies like good citizenship, civic religion, and national service to address infrastructure problems and strengthen American civic values and patriotism.
This document outlines the tasks and criteria for a unit on poverty and social inequality. It includes two tasks: 1) complete a table on social stratification and 2) write a 1250-word essay critically examining explanations of social inequality and poverty and analyzing related research evidence. Several websites are provided for research. The learning outcomes are to outline the historical context of poverty and theoretical perspectives on approaches to tackling poverty. The deadline for the unit assessment is January 13, 2014.
This document discusses positive and negative rights, as well as concepts like liberalism, conservatism, capitalism, communism, and Marxism. It defines positive rights as requiring action from others, like providing healthcare or education, while negative rights require inaction, like freedom from violence or restrictions on speech. Conservatives generally prefer traditions while liberals are more open to change. Both capitalism and communism have benefits and criticisms discussed in the document.
This document discusses Nancy Duncan's argument that the distinction between private and public spaces is problematic and has been used to legitimate oppression based on gender and regulate sexuality. Duncan argues for destabilizing the boundaries between private and public spheres in order to open debate, challenge norms, and protect marginalized groups. She believes this could be achieved through organized social movements bringing private issues into the public sphere and deterritorializing regulated spaces.
The Conservative View versus the Liberal ViewNow we’re ready f.docxmehek4
The Conservative View versus the Liberal View
Now we’re ready for the Super Bowl of poverty theory debate—the conservatives versus the liberals. Representing the conservative view will be Charles Murray, whose book Losing Ground depicts overly generous public assistance programs as perpetuating a dependent underclass. William Julius Wilson is perhaps the most prominent of Murray’s liberal critics, so he’ll represent their view.9
The conservatives and liberals agree on ends but disagree on means.
The conservatives and the liberals agree completely on ends—getting the long-term poor off welfare and into self-supporting employment—but they disagree completely on the appropriate means. Basically, the liberals favor the carrot approach, while the conservatives advocate the stick.
During the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal program attempted to lift one-third of all Americans out of poverty. Poverty wasn’t rediscovered until the 1960s,10 and the response was President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program. Did this program and its extension through the 1970s actually help alleviate poverty? Here’s Murray’s response:
Did the Great Society program help alleviate poverty?
In 1968, as Lyndon Johnson left office, 13 percent of Americans were poor, using the official definition. Over the next 12 years, our expenditures on social welfare quadrupled. And, in 1980, the percentage of poor Americans was—13 percent.11
Murray draws this conclusion: By showering so much money on the poor, the government robbed them of their incentive to work. Using the archetypal couple, Harold and Phyllis, showed how in 1960 Harold would have gone out and gotten a minimum-wage job to support Phyllis and their newborn baby. But 10 years later the couple would be better off receiving public assistance and food stamps, living together without getting married, and having Harold work periodically. Why work steadily at an unpleasant, dead-end job, asks Murray, when you can fall back on welfare, food stamps, unemployment insurance, and other government benefit programs?
All of this sounds perfectly logical, but Murray’s logic was shot full of holes by his critics. We’ll start with welfare spending. Although payments did increase from 1968 to 1980, when we adjust them for inflation these payments actually decreased between 1972 and 1980. William Julius Wilson really lowers the boom:
The evidence does not sustain Murray’s contentions. First, countries with far more generous social welfare programs than the United States—Germany, Denmark, France, Sweden, and Great Britain—all have sharply lower rates of teenage births and teenage crime.
Second, if welfare benefits figured in the decision to have a baby, more babies would be born in states with relatively high levels of welfare payments. But careful state-by-state comparisons show no evidence that [public assistance] influences childbearing decisions; sex and childbearing among teenagers do ...
History of community action module 1.final1 1NancyCotton3
This document provides a history of Community Action Agencies in the United States from their establishment under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 through various presidential administrations. It summarizes that President Lyndon B. Johnson established Community Action Agencies and the Office of Economic Opportunity to declare war on poverty as part of his Great Society agenda. Subsequent administrations, such as Nixon and Reagan, sought to defund or dismantle Community Action Agencies, while others like Ford diminished their role and funding.
The document summarizes a theory that revolutions are most likely to occur when a period of social and economic progress is followed by a short period of sharp reversal. This creates expectations of continued progress among the populace that are frustrated when conditions deteriorate. Three examples are discussed in more detail: Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island in 1842, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. All are said to fit a pattern where a period of gains is followed by threats to those gains, fueling a revolutionary mood. The goal is to understand the conditions that lead to revolution or prevent its occurrence.
Cohen's Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972)Zaxapias
Stanley Cohen's research on the 1964 Mods and Rockers disturbances in Clacton departed from subcultural theory by focusing on the reaction to the events. Cohen argued that the minimal violence was distorted by the mass media, which painted an exaggerated picture and set off a "deviancy amplification spiral." As concern increased, the police and media further sensationalized the events, labeling the youth as "folk devils" and fueling moral panic. Cohen analyzed how moral panics are used to scapegoat groups and reassert social control during times of social change.
Homelessness-- Emerging Trends and ThemesAmanda Olson
This document provides a biography of Amanda Olson, a psychology student at San Jose State University with interests in homelessness and social justice. It then presents an abstract for her research paper on homelessness, which examines trends and themes in previous homelessness research over time. The paper aims to illustrate how perspectives on the causes of homelessness have shifted between individual and structural factors depending on the social context. It also argues that current research excludes the perspectives of homeless individuals themselves.
Art Modernism Essay with 4 artists | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Feature Essay in Contemporary Art - What is Art and how it affects you .... ⇉Short Essay- Art Paintings Essay Example | GraduateWay. Sample Of Art Criticism Essay — Navigation. what is art essay examples. Art college essay examples. The Best College Essays about Art — TKG .... Arts Essay Writing Help Service | Arts Essay Help Online UK. 020 Essay Example Art ~ Thatsnotus. Art Essay | Visual Arts - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Essay On Artist. Art Essay Band 6 | Year 12 HSC - Visual Arts | Thinkswap. Aesthetic Value of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Unique Essay About A Painting ~ Thatsnotus. 016 What Is Art Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Essay for Art | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Art Thesis / Art Essay - A-Level Art & Design - Marked by Teachers.com .... The smARTteacher Resource: Writing an Essay About a Work of Art .... How To Write A Visual Art Extended Essay - Adair Hand. sample of art criticism essay. Art essay | Teaching Resources. Art Essay | Visual Arts - Year 12 ACT | Thinkswap. What is Art Essay | Essay on What is Art for Students and Children in .... Art of the Personal Essay.pdf. 39+ A Level Art Personal Study Essay Examples Tips - Mory. FINE ART ESSAY by maryam - Issuu. What Is Art Essay Examples - Analysis Of ' The Other Hand. Sample Of Art Criticism Essay : What is Visual Analysis?. What is art essay free in 2021 | Essay, Thesis statement, Essay writing .... Art essay. 005 Essay Example Art Essays Examples Critique Ana Institute Sample .... (PDF) What is art therapy? Essay, 2016. 20th Century Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 ... Essays About Art
The document discusses the concept and history of welfare states. It defines a welfare state as a system where the government takes primary responsibility for citizens' social and economic welfare. The foundations of modern welfare states began in the 1940s after WWII. The document then analyzes different models of welfare states and the declining support for welfare in countries like the US and UK due to rising costs and conservative reforms. It also discusses challenges facing welfare states due to aging populations and the Nepali context of widespread poverty.
This document summarizes the historical development of homelessness in the United States from the post-war period to present day. It discusses how homelessness has been conceptualized, from pathology to population. Key points covered include the emergence of "skid row" districts in the post-war period, urban renewal programs in the 1960s that destroyed affordable housing, the rise of neoliberal economic restructuring and cuts to public assistance in the 1970s that contributed to mass homelessness, and the development of concepts like "chronic homelessness" and tools like the Vulnerability Index to categorize and manage homeless populations.
70th ICREA Colloquium - "What would Karl say? Two ICREA professors engage wit...Mayi Suárez
ICREA Research Professor David Block argues that a Marxist framing of issues related to language in society can lead to understandings of how the use of language and other semiotic modes is embedded in ongoing political, economic, social and cultural processes, showing how class struggle and class warfare are both materially and discursively constructed.
70th ICREA Colloquium "What would Karl say? Two ICREA professors engage with ...ICREA
Although Marxist scholarship in the social sciences and humanities has never entirely disappeared, certainly since the current economic crisis began in 2007/2008 there has been a renewed interest in it. In this colloquium, a sociolinguist (David Block) and a philosopher (Santiago Zabala) discuss what Marxist thought provides in their respective academic activity.
David Block will argue that a Marxist framing of issues related to language in society can lead to understandings of how the use of language and other semiotic modes is embedded in ongoing political, economic, social and cultural processes, showing how class struggle and class warfare are both materially and discursively constructed.
Santiago Zabala will discuss the return to communism as a route to political emancipation, proposing a "hermeneutic communism" which embraces the ecological cause of degrowth and the decentralization of the state bureaucratic system in order to permit independent counsels to increase community involvement.
This presentation examines social housing and housing needs in Toronto and Canada.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twiter @wellesleyWI
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This document discusses positive and negative rights, as well as concepts like liberalism, conservatism, capitalism, communism, and Marxism. It defines positive rights as requiring action from others, like providing healthcare or education, while negative rights require inaction, like freedom from violence or restrictions on speech. Conservatives generally prefer traditions while liberals are more open to change. Both capitalism and communism have benefits and criticisms discussed in the document.
This document discusses Nancy Duncan's argument that the distinction between private and public spaces is problematic and has been used to legitimate oppression based on gender and regulate sexuality. Duncan argues for destabilizing the boundaries between private and public spheres in order to open debate, challenge norms, and protect marginalized groups. She believes this could be achieved through organized social movements bringing private issues into the public sphere and deterritorializing regulated spaces.
The Conservative View versus the Liberal ViewNow we’re ready f.docxmehek4
The Conservative View versus the Liberal View
Now we’re ready for the Super Bowl of poverty theory debate—the conservatives versus the liberals. Representing the conservative view will be Charles Murray, whose book Losing Ground depicts overly generous public assistance programs as perpetuating a dependent underclass. William Julius Wilson is perhaps the most prominent of Murray’s liberal critics, so he’ll represent their view.9
The conservatives and liberals agree on ends but disagree on means.
The conservatives and the liberals agree completely on ends—getting the long-term poor off welfare and into self-supporting employment—but they disagree completely on the appropriate means. Basically, the liberals favor the carrot approach, while the conservatives advocate the stick.
During the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal program attempted to lift one-third of all Americans out of poverty. Poverty wasn’t rediscovered until the 1960s,10 and the response was President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program. Did this program and its extension through the 1970s actually help alleviate poverty? Here’s Murray’s response:
Did the Great Society program help alleviate poverty?
In 1968, as Lyndon Johnson left office, 13 percent of Americans were poor, using the official definition. Over the next 12 years, our expenditures on social welfare quadrupled. And, in 1980, the percentage of poor Americans was—13 percent.11
Murray draws this conclusion: By showering so much money on the poor, the government robbed them of their incentive to work. Using the archetypal couple, Harold and Phyllis, showed how in 1960 Harold would have gone out and gotten a minimum-wage job to support Phyllis and their newborn baby. But 10 years later the couple would be better off receiving public assistance and food stamps, living together without getting married, and having Harold work periodically. Why work steadily at an unpleasant, dead-end job, asks Murray, when you can fall back on welfare, food stamps, unemployment insurance, and other government benefit programs?
All of this sounds perfectly logical, but Murray’s logic was shot full of holes by his critics. We’ll start with welfare spending. Although payments did increase from 1968 to 1980, when we adjust them for inflation these payments actually decreased between 1972 and 1980. William Julius Wilson really lowers the boom:
The evidence does not sustain Murray’s contentions. First, countries with far more generous social welfare programs than the United States—Germany, Denmark, France, Sweden, and Great Britain—all have sharply lower rates of teenage births and teenage crime.
Second, if welfare benefits figured in the decision to have a baby, more babies would be born in states with relatively high levels of welfare payments. But careful state-by-state comparisons show no evidence that [public assistance] influences childbearing decisions; sex and childbearing among teenagers do ...
History of community action module 1.final1 1NancyCotton3
This document provides a history of Community Action Agencies in the United States from their establishment under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 through various presidential administrations. It summarizes that President Lyndon B. Johnson established Community Action Agencies and the Office of Economic Opportunity to declare war on poverty as part of his Great Society agenda. Subsequent administrations, such as Nixon and Reagan, sought to defund or dismantle Community Action Agencies, while others like Ford diminished their role and funding.
The document summarizes a theory that revolutions are most likely to occur when a period of social and economic progress is followed by a short period of sharp reversal. This creates expectations of continued progress among the populace that are frustrated when conditions deteriorate. Three examples are discussed in more detail: Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island in 1842, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. All are said to fit a pattern where a period of gains is followed by threats to those gains, fueling a revolutionary mood. The goal is to understand the conditions that lead to revolution or prevent its occurrence.
Cohen's Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972)Zaxapias
Stanley Cohen's research on the 1964 Mods and Rockers disturbances in Clacton departed from subcultural theory by focusing on the reaction to the events. Cohen argued that the minimal violence was distorted by the mass media, which painted an exaggerated picture and set off a "deviancy amplification spiral." As concern increased, the police and media further sensationalized the events, labeling the youth as "folk devils" and fueling moral panic. Cohen analyzed how moral panics are used to scapegoat groups and reassert social control during times of social change.
Homelessness-- Emerging Trends and ThemesAmanda Olson
This document provides a biography of Amanda Olson, a psychology student at San Jose State University with interests in homelessness and social justice. It then presents an abstract for her research paper on homelessness, which examines trends and themes in previous homelessness research over time. The paper aims to illustrate how perspectives on the causes of homelessness have shifted between individual and structural factors depending on the social context. It also argues that current research excludes the perspectives of homeless individuals themselves.
Art Modernism Essay with 4 artists | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Feature Essay in Contemporary Art - What is Art and how it affects you .... ⇉Short Essay- Art Paintings Essay Example | GraduateWay. Sample Of Art Criticism Essay — Navigation. what is art essay examples. Art college essay examples. The Best College Essays about Art — TKG .... Arts Essay Writing Help Service | Arts Essay Help Online UK. 020 Essay Example Art ~ Thatsnotus. Art Essay | Visual Arts - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Essay On Artist. Art Essay Band 6 | Year 12 HSC - Visual Arts | Thinkswap. Aesthetic Value of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Unique Essay About A Painting ~ Thatsnotus. 016 What Is Art Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Essay for Art | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Art Thesis / Art Essay - A-Level Art & Design - Marked by Teachers.com .... The smARTteacher Resource: Writing an Essay About a Work of Art .... How To Write A Visual Art Extended Essay - Adair Hand. sample of art criticism essay. Art essay | Teaching Resources. Art Essay | Visual Arts - Year 12 ACT | Thinkswap. What is Art Essay | Essay on What is Art for Students and Children in .... Art of the Personal Essay.pdf. 39+ A Level Art Personal Study Essay Examples Tips - Mory. FINE ART ESSAY by maryam - Issuu. What Is Art Essay Examples - Analysis Of ' The Other Hand. Sample Of Art Criticism Essay : What is Visual Analysis?. What is art essay free in 2021 | Essay, Thesis statement, Essay writing .... Art essay. 005 Essay Example Art Essays Examples Critique Ana Institute Sample .... (PDF) What is art therapy? Essay, 2016. 20th Century Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 ... Essays About Art
The document discusses the concept and history of welfare states. It defines a welfare state as a system where the government takes primary responsibility for citizens' social and economic welfare. The foundations of modern welfare states began in the 1940s after WWII. The document then analyzes different models of welfare states and the declining support for welfare in countries like the US and UK due to rising costs and conservative reforms. It also discusses challenges facing welfare states due to aging populations and the Nepali context of widespread poverty.
This document summarizes the historical development of homelessness in the United States from the post-war period to present day. It discusses how homelessness has been conceptualized, from pathology to population. Key points covered include the emergence of "skid row" districts in the post-war period, urban renewal programs in the 1960s that destroyed affordable housing, the rise of neoliberal economic restructuring and cuts to public assistance in the 1970s that contributed to mass homelessness, and the development of concepts like "chronic homelessness" and tools like the Vulnerability Index to categorize and manage homeless populations.
70th ICREA Colloquium - "What would Karl say? Two ICREA professors engage wit...Mayi Suárez
ICREA Research Professor David Block argues that a Marxist framing of issues related to language in society can lead to understandings of how the use of language and other semiotic modes is embedded in ongoing political, economic, social and cultural processes, showing how class struggle and class warfare are both materially and discursively constructed.
70th ICREA Colloquium "What would Karl say? Two ICREA professors engage with ...ICREA
Although Marxist scholarship in the social sciences and humanities has never entirely disappeared, certainly since the current economic crisis began in 2007/2008 there has been a renewed interest in it. In this colloquium, a sociolinguist (David Block) and a philosopher (Santiago Zabala) discuss what Marxist thought provides in their respective academic activity.
David Block will argue that a Marxist framing of issues related to language in society can lead to understandings of how the use of language and other semiotic modes is embedded in ongoing political, economic, social and cultural processes, showing how class struggle and class warfare are both materially and discursively constructed.
Santiago Zabala will discuss the return to communism as a route to political emancipation, proposing a "hermeneutic communism" which embraces the ecological cause of degrowth and the decentralization of the state bureaucratic system in order to permit independent counsels to increase community involvement.
This presentation examines social housing and housing needs in Toronto and Canada.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twiter @wellesleyWI
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. Origins of Homelessness
16th Century
• Dates to emergence of the modern private property institution
• Initially referred to as “vagabonds” or “vagrants”
• Initially placed on boats as a means of shipping them to other
places (Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, 1961)
3. Origins of Homelessness
16th Century
• Dates to emergence of the modern private property institution
• Initially referred to as “vagabonds” or “vagrants”
• Initially placed on boats as a means of shipping them to other
places (Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, 1961)
Enclosure Acts
• Wave of successive acts during the 16th and 17th Centuries that
closed off more and more communal land; impacts of the
Reformation and industrialization of agriculture further pushed
the masses off the land, with many becoming property-less
beggars with the rise of the industrial revolution
4. The “Vagabond Acts”
Henry VIII – Successive Wave of “Vagabond Acts”
• First offense – whipping or branded with branding iron and put
into servitude of the person who reported you to the authorities
5. The “Vagabond Acts”
Henry VIII – Successive Wave of “Vagabond Acts”
• First offense – whipping or branded with branding iron and put
into servitude of the person who reported you to the authorities
• Second offense – Imprisonment
6. The “Vagabond Acts”
Henry VIII – Successive Wave of “Vagabond Acts”
• First offense – whipping or branded with branding iron and put
into servitude of the person who reported you to the authorities
• Second offense – Imprisonment
• Third offense – Execution
(Marx, Capital, Vol. 1, 1867)
7. The “Vagabond Acts”
Henry VIII – Successive Wave of “Vagabond Acts”
• First offense – whipping or branded with branding iron and put
into servitude of the person who reported you to the authorities
• Second offense – Imprisonment
• Third offense – Execution
(Marx, Capital, Vol. 1, 1867)
Effect of private property institution meant that property-less
vagrants were thrust into public spaces, necessitating a public
response by the state; and with the emergence of urban spaces of
consumption, loitering homeless beggars became “bad for business”
when concentrated in such public, urban spaces
8. The Deserving and Undeserving Poor
The Great Depression (1929 – 1950)
• Distinction between the deserving and
undeserving poor
• Homelessness has historically risen and fallen
in close association with the ebb and flow of
the economy (Mitchell, 2011)
Homeless encampment during the Great Depression
9. The Deserving and Undeserving Poor
The Great Depression (1929 – 1950)
• Distinction between the deserving and
undeserving poor
• Homelessness has historically risen and fallen
in close association with the ebb and flow of
the economy (Mitchell, 2011)
The Golden Years (1950-1973)
• Homelessness reduced to historic low point
• Accomplished via FDRs new Deal emphasis on
welfare institutions, objective of full
employment, and state intervention in
economic policy
Homeless encampment during the Great Depression
10. Reagan’s “Welfare Queen”
• Rise of Neoliberalism
• Emphasis on individual responsibility and culpability
• Government support of the poor through welfare only enables
poor people to continue to make bad decisions
• Assault on welfare institutions and “roll back” of social safety
nets, exacerbating the already increasing numbers of homeless
across urban America
11. Reagan’s Assault on Mental Health Institutions
• Rise of Neoliberalism
• Emphasis on individual responsibility and culpability
• Government support of the poor through welfare only enables
poor people to continue to make bad decisions
• Assault on welfare institutions and “roll back” of social safety
nets, exacerbating the already increasing numbers of homeless
across urban America
• Defunding of previously state-sponsored mental health
institutions, pushing mentally ill patients onto the street
• Many became homeless, linking homelessness with mental
illness
12. Neoliberal “Anti-Homeless” Laws
The punitive programs that have sought to curb homelessness since the 1990s have
now been thoroughly documented in urban studies:
• Sit-and-lie ordinances
• Anti-panhandling laws
• Public park closures after sunset
• Prohibition of erecting tents in public spaces
• Enhanced police programs that prioritize heightened surveillance and forcible clearance of
homeless camps
(see Dear and Wolch, 1987; Wolch and Dear, 1993; Daly, 1996; Mitchell, 2003, 2011; Klodawsky &
Blomley, 2009; Beckett and Herbert, 2010; Hackworth, 2010; Sparks, 2010, 2012; Von Mahs, 2011)
• The ultimate effects has been not the curbing of homelessness, but the spatial management of
homeless bodies such that visible homelessness is curtailed in prime spaces of affluent
redevelopment (Mitchell, 2003, 2011)
13. The Political Economy of Homelessness
• The neoliberal-informed notion that homelessness is the result of individual deficiencies and
pathologies (e.g., substance abuse, mental health) continues to pervade both political rhetoric
and public imaginary (Sparks, 2012, 2017), effectively legitimating the status-quo in policy
prescriptions: to provide accessible resources to the homeless via shelter facilities that enable
them to “pull themselves up by the bootstraps.”
14. The Political Economy of Homelessness
• The neoliberal-informed notion that homelessness is the result of individual deficiencies and
pathologies (e.g., substance abuse, mental health) continues to pervade both political rhetoric
and public imaginary (Sparks, 2012, 2017), effectively legitimating the status-quo in policy
prescriptions: to provide accessible resources to the homeless via shelter facilities that enable
them to “pull themselves up by the bootstraps.”
Empirical realities:
• Not all homeless individuals are substance abusers and/or mentally ill, but we don’t see these
people as they are not “marking” themselves visibly as being homeless
15. The Political Economy of Homelessness
• The neoliberal-informed notion that homelessness is the result of individual deficiencies and
pathologies (e.g., substance abuse, mental health) continues to pervade both political rhetoric
and public imaginary (Sparks, 2012, 2017), effectively legitimating the status-quo in policy
prescriptions: to provide accessible resources to the homeless via shelter facilities that enable
them to “pull themselves up by the bootstraps.”
Empirical realities:
• Not all homeless individuals are substance abusers and/or mentally ill, but we don’t see these
people as they are not “marking” themselves visibly as being homeless
• Not all homeless substance abusers become homeless because of their substance abuse; the
brutal experience of being homeless drives just as many to substance abuse
16. The Political Economy of Homelessness
• The neoliberal-informed notion that homelessness is the result of individual deficiencies and
pathologies (e.g., substance abuse, mental health) continues to pervade both political rhetoric
and public imaginary (Sparks, 2012, 2017), effectively legitimating the status-quo in policy
prescriptions: to provide accessible resources to the homeless via shelter facilities that enable
them to “pull themselves up by the bootstraps.”
Empirical realities:
• Not all homeless individuals are substance abusers and/or mentally ill, but we don’t see these
people as they are not “marking” themselves visibly as being homeless
• Not all homeless substance abusers become homeless because of their substance abuse; the
brutal experience of being homeless drives just as many to substance abuse
• Only a fraction of total population of substance abusers are or become homeless; how then can
this be the explanation, or the real root cause of the problem?
17. The Political Economy of Homelessness
• The actual causes of houselessness are
rooted in “labor market conditions and
housing market dynamics” (Langegger and
Koester, 2017: 1044).
• Unemployment, as Marx long ago revealed,
is a necessarily permanent condition in
capitalist societies, and if there is little
political will to ensure that those most
vulnerable are housed (i.e., those without
family and/or friends capable of housing
them), then some degree of houselessness
is inevitable despite questions of individual
character (Mitchell, 2011).
18. Property and Homelessness
Nick Blomley (2010):
• Blomley applauds Waldron’s powerful and compelling criticism of property law in relation to
public space but argues that Waldron stops short of indicting private property as a key,
institutional force in producing and shaping the socio-spatial contours of contemporary
houselessness.
• Waldron observes the ways in which the combined individual actions of private owners serve to
confine the homeless to public space … but Waldron’s anger is targeted at the law that regulates
public space, rather than with any legal relations that might force people into such public spaces
in the first place.
• How might we regulate, or intervene in private property?
19. Private Property Interventions
What can be done (Blomley, 2010):
• Stricter forms of rent control
• More non-market housing
• Anti-speculation taxes
• Conversion bans (i.e., from rental
apartments to condos)
• Anti-displacement zones
• Transfers to community property
• Treatment property wealth gains
as a “social dividend”
• Any private sector decision that
displaces tenants (without
substantive compensation) be
designated a criminal act. Pearl District, Portland, OR
20. Private Property Interventions
What can be done (Blomley, 2010):
• Removal of otherwise rentable
units from circulation (past a
certain period of time) should be
turned over to house houseless
individuals
• Increased corporate-taxes to
bolster unemployment benefits
• Resuscitation of federal funding to
city governments
Pearl District, Portland, OR
21. Homelessness Abroad?
• Homelessness tends to be far lower in almost every other advanced, industrialized country,
especially Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, and Singapore
• But even in these countries, homelessness has risen sharply over the past decade
Copenhagen, Denmark Singapore
22. Public Housing Abroad?
• The Vienna Model to Public Housing: the state prioritizes subsidizing the development of a variety of
different forms of public housing. Perhaps most importantly, once one lands a job and increases their
income and standing, they do not need to move out, resulting in most complexes being mixed-income.
Vienna, Austria
23. From Homelessness to Houselessness
Skid Row, Los Angeles – largest tent city in the Untied States