This document provides an overview of periods in American literature from the Colonial Period to the present day. It summarizes key writers and works from each period, including the Colonial Period with Anne Bradstreet and Cotton Mather; the American Renaissance with Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the Modern Period with T.S. Eliot, William Faulkner, and Ernest Hemingway; and the Contemporary Period which saw cultural shifts driven by the civil rights and women's movements. The document traces the evolution of American literature over time.
POEMS by Emily Dickinson· 1830-1886; one of the two most impor.docxstilliegeorgiana
POEMS by Emily Dickinson
· 1830-1886; one of the two most important figures (the other being Walt Whitman) in establishing the specific identity of AMERICAN POETRY (especially MODERN American poetry)
· from a prominent Amherst, Massachusetts, family (father a lawyer)
· After school (Amherst Academy and a year at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), she lived as a RECLUSE, almost never leaving the Dickinson family home.
· She remained close with her family, particularly her brother, and maintained several “friendships” via correspondences, most notably with the Boston writer and critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who eventually—POSTHUMOUSLY!—published her poems with the help of another of Emily’s friends, Mabel Todd Loomis.
· Only 7 of her poems were published—anonymously!—during her lifetime. THERE ARE 1,775! Not all of them reached print until 1955!
· eccentric punctuation: especially DASHES indicating emphasis and interruption
· influenced by the English Romantics, especially Keats, and the early Victorian poets, especially Elizabeth Barrett Browning
· a mixture of death, uncompromising truth, and playful humor
· ROMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS:
· sentimental melancholy
· importance/exceptionality of the poet
· the failure of knowledge/reason
· fascination with the grotesque
· mystical imagery
· unorthodox religious interpretation/beliefs
· wish to transcend worldly cares/priorities
· ROMANTIC INVERSIONS: American “Dark” Romanticism (according to literary critic Leslie Fiedler)
· disturbingly falling short of salvation (uncertainty or damnation, etc.)
· mocking the false comforts that sweet, picturesque imagery might provide
QUESTION #11:
Citing examples from her poems, discuss Dickinson’s Dark Romanticism. (3 paragraphs)
Walt Whitman
· 1819-1892; born in West Hills, Long Island, New York
· revolutionized American poetry: the long line, “catalogs,” frank subject matter, “free verse”
· responded to the call in Emerson’s “The Poet” (1842) for an all-encompassing American bard
· persona characteristics: amoral (even seeming to fatalistically excuse the atrocities associated with Manifest Destiny and colonially expansionist drive); representatively omnipresent (Transcendentally pantheistic); “American” universality and commonality represented sexually (as metaphor)
QUESTION #12:
How does both the form of Whitman’s poem and the imagery it uses reflect Emerson’s Transcendentalist call for an “American” poet?
Rebecca Harding Davis
· 1831-1910; born in Washington, Pennsylvania
· had a long career as both a fiction writer and a journalist
· “Life in the Iron-Mills” (1861) made her a literary celebrity; an early American literary example of combining REALISM, NATURALISM, and MUCK-RAKING
REALISM:
· mainly a reaction against the aesthetics and ideals of Romanticism, roughly surfacing as a consistent literary movement in the mid-19th century
· focus: a fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature (verisimilitude)
· focus ...
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
POEMS by Emily Dickinson· 1830-1886; one of the two most impor.docxstilliegeorgiana
POEMS by Emily Dickinson
· 1830-1886; one of the two most important figures (the other being Walt Whitman) in establishing the specific identity of AMERICAN POETRY (especially MODERN American poetry)
· from a prominent Amherst, Massachusetts, family (father a lawyer)
· After school (Amherst Academy and a year at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), she lived as a RECLUSE, almost never leaving the Dickinson family home.
· She remained close with her family, particularly her brother, and maintained several “friendships” via correspondences, most notably with the Boston writer and critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who eventually—POSTHUMOUSLY!—published her poems with the help of another of Emily’s friends, Mabel Todd Loomis.
· Only 7 of her poems were published—anonymously!—during her lifetime. THERE ARE 1,775! Not all of them reached print until 1955!
· eccentric punctuation: especially DASHES indicating emphasis and interruption
· influenced by the English Romantics, especially Keats, and the early Victorian poets, especially Elizabeth Barrett Browning
· a mixture of death, uncompromising truth, and playful humor
· ROMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS:
· sentimental melancholy
· importance/exceptionality of the poet
· the failure of knowledge/reason
· fascination with the grotesque
· mystical imagery
· unorthodox religious interpretation/beliefs
· wish to transcend worldly cares/priorities
· ROMANTIC INVERSIONS: American “Dark” Romanticism (according to literary critic Leslie Fiedler)
· disturbingly falling short of salvation (uncertainty or damnation, etc.)
· mocking the false comforts that sweet, picturesque imagery might provide
QUESTION #11:
Citing examples from her poems, discuss Dickinson’s Dark Romanticism. (3 paragraphs)
Walt Whitman
· 1819-1892; born in West Hills, Long Island, New York
· revolutionized American poetry: the long line, “catalogs,” frank subject matter, “free verse”
· responded to the call in Emerson’s “The Poet” (1842) for an all-encompassing American bard
· persona characteristics: amoral (even seeming to fatalistically excuse the atrocities associated with Manifest Destiny and colonially expansionist drive); representatively omnipresent (Transcendentally pantheistic); “American” universality and commonality represented sexually (as metaphor)
QUESTION #12:
How does both the form of Whitman’s poem and the imagery it uses reflect Emerson’s Transcendentalist call for an “American” poet?
Rebecca Harding Davis
· 1831-1910; born in Washington, Pennsylvania
· had a long career as both a fiction writer and a journalist
· “Life in the Iron-Mills” (1861) made her a literary celebrity; an early American literary example of combining REALISM, NATURALISM, and MUCK-RAKING
REALISM:
· mainly a reaction against the aesthetics and ideals of Romanticism, roughly surfacing as a consistent literary movement in the mid-19th century
· focus: a fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature (verisimilitude)
· focus ...
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. What is Literature?
the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a
writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from
litera/littera "letter".
3. The first Europeans to reach North America were
Icelandic Vikings led by Leif Ericson about the year
1000 but failed to establish a settlement. Five
centuries later, the demand for Asian spices textiles
and dyes spurred European navigators. That is why
on 1492, Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus
sailed west from Europe and landed on one of the
Bahama Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Within 40urs,
Spanish adventures had carved a huge empire in
Central and South America.
American History and Language
4. THE COLONIAL ERA A NEW NATION
Significant Periods of American History
Colonial America (1492-1763)
European nations came to the
Americas to increase their wealth
and broaden their influence over
world affairs. The Spanish were
among the first Europeans to
explore the New World and the
first to settle in what is now the
United States.
The constitution made the
government to divide it within 3
branches namely, legislative
which consist of the congress,
executive, the president, and the
federal agencies and judicial
which consists of the federal
courts. Also, by including 10
amendments known as the Bill of
Rights to safeguard individual
liberties.
5. SLAVERY AND CIVIL WAR THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
Significant Periods of American History
Industrial expansion and population
growth radically changed the face
of the nation's cities. Noise, traffic
jams, slums, air pollution, and
sanitation and health problems
became commonplace. Mass
transit, in the form of trolleys, cable
cars, and subways, was built, and
skyscrapers began to dominate city
skylines
THE WAR WAS ABOUT SLAVERY, (BUT
PRIMARILY ABOUT ITS ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCE)S. THE NORTHERN ELITE
WANTED ECONOMIC EXPANSION THAT
WOULD CHANGE THE SOUTHERN (SLAVE-
HOLDING) WAY OF LIFE. THE SOUTHERN
STATES SAW ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND THE
REPUBLICAN PARTY MAKING ENORMOUS
CHANGES TO THEIR WAY OF LIFE USING
FREE SLAVE LABOR.
6. Periods in American Literature
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
(1607–1775)
THIS PERIOD ENCOMPASSES THE FOUNDING OF JAMESTOWN
UP TO A DECADE BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. THE
MAJORITY OF WRITINGS WERE HISTORICAL, PRACTICAL, OR
RELIGIOUS IN NATURE. SOME WRITERS NOT TO MISS FROM
THIS PERIOD INCLUDE PHILLIS WHEATLEY, COTTON MATHER,
WILLIAM BRADFORD, ANNE BRADSTREET, AND JOHN WINTHROP.
THE FIRST SLAVE NARRATIVE, "A NARRATIVE OF THE
UNCOMMON SUFFERINGS, AND SURPRIZING DELIVERANCE OF
BRITON HAMMON, A NEGRO MAN," WAS PUBLISHED DURING
THIS PERIOD, IN 1760 BOSTON.
7. Periods in American Literature
THE REVOLUTIONARY AGE
(1765–1790)
BEGINNING A DECADE BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
AND ENDING ABOUT 25 YEARS LATER, THIS PERIOD
INCLUDES THE WRITINGS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, THOMAS
PAINE, JAMES MADISON, AND ALEXANDER HAMILTON. THIS
IS ARGUABLY THE RICHEST PERIOD OF POLITICAL WRITING
SINCE CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY. IMPORTANT WORKS INCLUDE
THE “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,” "THE FEDERALIST
PAPERS," AND THE POETRY OF JOEL BARLOW AND PHILIP
FRENEAU.
8. Periods in American Literature
THE EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD
(1775–1828)
THIS ERA IN AMERICAN LITERATURE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
NOTABLE FIRST WORKS, SUCH AS THE FIRST AMERICAN
COMEDY WRITTEN FOR THE STAGE—"THE CONTRAST" BY
ROYALL TYLER, WRITTEN IN 1787—AND THE FIRST
AMERICAN NOVEL—"THE POWER OF SYMPATHY" BY
WILLIAM HILL, WRITTEN IN 1789.
9. Periods in American Literature
THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
(1828–1865)
ALSO KNOWN AS THE ROMANTIC PERIOD IN AMERICA AND THE AGE
OF TRANSCENDENTALISM, THIS PERIOD IS COMMONLY ACCEPTED
TO BE THE GREATEST OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. MAJOR WRITERS
INCLUDE WALT WHITMAN, RALPH WALDO EMERSON, HENRY DAVID
THOREAU, NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, EDGAR ALLAN POE, AND HERMAN
MELVILLE. EMERSON, THOREAU, AND MARGARET FULLER ARE
CREDITED WITH SHAPING THE LITERATURE AND IDEALS OF MANY
LATER WRITERS. OTHER MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDE THE
POETRY OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW AND THE SHORT
STORIES OF MELVILLE, POE, HAWTHORNE, AND HARRIET BEECHER
STOWE.
10. Periods in American Literature
THE REALISTIC PERIOD (1865–
1900)
AS A RESULT OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION AND
THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISM, AMERICAN IDEALS AND SELF-
AWARENESS CHANGED IN PROFOUND WAYS, AND AMERICAN
LITERATURE RESPONDED. CERTAIN ROMANTIC NOTIONS OF THE
AMERICAN RENAISSANCE WERE REPLACED BY REALISTIC
DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN LIFE, SUCH AS THOSE REPRESENTED
IN THE WORKS OF WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS, HENRY JAMES, AND
MARK TWAIN.
11. Periods in American Literature
THE NATURALIST PERIOD
(1900–1914)
THIS RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD IS DEFINED BY ITS INSISTENCE ON
RECREATING LIFE AS LIFE REALLY IS, EVEN MORE SO THAN THE
REALISTS HAD BEEN DOING IN THE DECADES BEFORE. AMERICAN
NATURALIST WRITERS SUCH AS FRANK NORRIS, THEODORE DREISER,
AND JACK LONDON CREATED SOME OF THE MOST POWERFULLY RAW
NOVELS IN AMERICAN LITERARY HISTORY. THEIR CHARACTERS ARE
VICTIMS WHO FALL PREY TO THEIR OWN BASE INSTINCTS AND TO
ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
12. Periods in American Literature
THE MODERN PERIOD (1914–
1939)
AFTER THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE, THE MODERN PERIOD IS THE
SECOND MOST INFLUENTIAL AND ARTISTICALLY RICH AGE OF
AMERICAN WRITING. ITS MAJOR WRITERS INCLUDE SUCH
POWERHOUSE POETS AS E.E. CUMMINGS, ROBERT FROST, EZRA
POUND, WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, MARIANNE MOORE,
LANGSTON HUGHES, CARL SANDBURG, T.S. ELIOT, WALLACE
STEVENS, AND EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY. NOVELISTS AND OTHER
PROSE WRITERS OF THE TIME INCLUDE WILLA CATHER, JOHN DOS
PASSOS, EDITH WHARTON, F. SCOTT FITZGERALD, JOHN
STEINBECK, ERNEST HEMINGWAY, WILLIAM FAULKNER, GERTRUDE
STEIN, SINCLAIR LEWIS, THOMAS WOLFE, AND SHERWOOD
ANDERSON.
13. Periods in American Literature
THE BEAT GENERATION (1944–
1962)
BEAT WRITERS, SUCH AS JACK KEROUAC AND ALLEN GINSBERG,
WERE DEVOTED TO ANTI-TRADITIONAL LITERATURE, IN POETRY AND
PROSE, AND ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT POLITICS. THIS TIME PERIOD
SAW A RISE IN CONFESSIONAL POETRY AND SEXUALITY IN
LITERATURE, WHICH RESULTED IN LEGAL CHALLENGES AND
DEBATES OVER CENSORSHIP IN AMERICA. WILLIAM S. BURROUGHS
AND HENRY MILLER ARE TWO WRITERS WHOSE WORKS FACED
CENSORSHIP CHALLENGES. THESE TWO GREATS, ALONG WITH
OTHER WRITERS OF THE TIME, ALSO INSPIRED THE
COUNTERCULTURE MOVEMENTS OF THE NEXT TWO DECADES.
14. Periods in American Literature
THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
(1939–PRESENT)
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
INCLUDE REALITY-BASED STORIES WITH STRONG CHARACTERS
AND A BELIEVABLE STORY. SETTINGS USUALLY KEEP TO THE
CURRENT OR MODERN ERA, SO FUTURISTIC AND SCIENCE FICTION
NOVELS ARE RARELY INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY.
BROUGHT SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL SHIFTS WITHIN THE UNITED
STATES DRIVEN BY THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND THE
WOMEN'S MOVEMENT.
15. “But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.”
Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare
“It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it
is a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known.”
A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens