The document provides a historical overview of the Hadiya people from the 12th to 18th centuries. It describes their origin from Yemen and migration to the Horn of Africa, where they established a powerful kingdom covering parts of southern Ethiopia. This kingdom declined in the 16th century due to wars and the expansion of the Oromo people. Many Hadiya groups migrated and were assimilated into surrounding populations, though some maintained their distinct identity. Their language now faces threats from hegemonic cultures but remains spoken by the Hadiya proper.
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.
Social differentiation refers to the ways in which social groups separate themselves from one another through appearance or behavior. Sport often reflects social stratification, as opportunities to participate in sport are not equally available to all groups. Many sociologists have argued that factors like race, gender, and class affect one's access and consumption of sport. For example, golf has traditionally been associated with white, suburban middle classes while boxing is seen as a sport for multiracial, urban working class males. Barriers like discrimination, socio-cultural factors, and economic limitations can negatively impact minority groups' participation and progression in sport.
This document discusses different types of agricultural cultivators used to prepare soil. It describes spring tyne cultivators, rigid tyne cultivators, cultivators of the rigid tyne shovel type, and cultivators of bar points. Spring tyne cultivators have springs to prevent damage and are used for seedbed development and puddling. Rigid tyne cultivators have adjustable tines and are versatile for aerating and preparing seedbeds. Rigid tyne shovel cultivators are used for breaking soil, preparing seedbeds, and weeding. Bar point cultivators have clamped tynes and are used for light soil preparation like seedbeds and subsoil cultivation.
This document discusses different types of farm fencing used to confine or keep animals in or out of premises. It describes woven wire fencing in large and close mesh types. Barbed wire fencing uses galvanized wire twisted together with sharp points. Plain wire and welded wire fencing are also discussed. Electric fencing uses pulsing electric currents to deter animals. Proper farm gates and durable fencing posts are also important parts of an effective fence.
Tree stem form refers to the rate at which a tree's diameter decreases with increasing height. It is important to estimate as it allows for calculating tree volume, wood product amounts, and understanding tree growth. Form is estimated using form factors, which are ratios of a tree's volume to the volume of a cylinder of the same dimensions. Volume measurements of standing and felled trees use different methods, with felled trees divided into standardized length logs and sections to calculate volume based on diameter measurements and formulas.
Tillage involves mechanically manipulating soil to prepare it for crop production. The main objectives of tillage are to obtain a deep seed bed, add fertility and humus, destroy weeds, aerate the soil, increase water absorption, destroy pests and reduce erosion. Primary tillage such as ploughing is the initial major soil working operation using implements like mouldboard ploughs and disc ploughs. Secondary tillage with implements like harrows then further conditions the soil for planting. Different tillage systems exist such as minimum tillage, strip tillage, and mulch tillage.
Lower and/or inappropriate usages of improved agricultural technologies are among the major of causes for decline of production and productivity of wheat as compared to the potential in Ethiopia. This study aims to measure the status and extent of improved wheat technology adoption and identify its determinants among wheat producing smallholder farmers’ in Sekela district of West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques used to select 204wheat producing farmers. The study primarily used collected primary data for 2017/18 production year using structured questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometrics techniques such as double hurdle model are applied. The result shows that family size, availability of oxen and attitude towards risk affected positively adoption status of wheat production. While, farming experience, and off-farm income affected the extent of improved wheat variety adoption. On the other hand, farm size and cultivated farm land affected negatively the extent of improved wheat varieties adoption. Based on the result, the study recommended that the above factors should be considered both at stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting wheat production and productivity of the study area.
Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.
Social differentiation refers to the ways in which social groups separate themselves from one another through appearance or behavior. Sport often reflects social stratification, as opportunities to participate in sport are not equally available to all groups. Many sociologists have argued that factors like race, gender, and class affect one's access and consumption of sport. For example, golf has traditionally been associated with white, suburban middle classes while boxing is seen as a sport for multiracial, urban working class males. Barriers like discrimination, socio-cultural factors, and economic limitations can negatively impact minority groups' participation and progression in sport.
This document discusses different types of agricultural cultivators used to prepare soil. It describes spring tyne cultivators, rigid tyne cultivators, cultivators of the rigid tyne shovel type, and cultivators of bar points. Spring tyne cultivators have springs to prevent damage and are used for seedbed development and puddling. Rigid tyne cultivators have adjustable tines and are versatile for aerating and preparing seedbeds. Rigid tyne shovel cultivators are used for breaking soil, preparing seedbeds, and weeding. Bar point cultivators have clamped tynes and are used for light soil preparation like seedbeds and subsoil cultivation.
This document discusses different types of farm fencing used to confine or keep animals in or out of premises. It describes woven wire fencing in large and close mesh types. Barbed wire fencing uses galvanized wire twisted together with sharp points. Plain wire and welded wire fencing are also discussed. Electric fencing uses pulsing electric currents to deter animals. Proper farm gates and durable fencing posts are also important parts of an effective fence.
Tree stem form refers to the rate at which a tree's diameter decreases with increasing height. It is important to estimate as it allows for calculating tree volume, wood product amounts, and understanding tree growth. Form is estimated using form factors, which are ratios of a tree's volume to the volume of a cylinder of the same dimensions. Volume measurements of standing and felled trees use different methods, with felled trees divided into standardized length logs and sections to calculate volume based on diameter measurements and formulas.
Tillage involves mechanically manipulating soil to prepare it for crop production. The main objectives of tillage are to obtain a deep seed bed, add fertility and humus, destroy weeds, aerate the soil, increase water absorption, destroy pests and reduce erosion. Primary tillage such as ploughing is the initial major soil working operation using implements like mouldboard ploughs and disc ploughs. Secondary tillage with implements like harrows then further conditions the soil for planting. Different tillage systems exist such as minimum tillage, strip tillage, and mulch tillage.
West Africa to 1870Introduction society, trends, themesEm.docxphilipnelson29183
West Africa to 1870
Introduction: society, trends, themes
Empires & States: Ghana, Mali, Songhai; Kanem-Bornu, Hausa States, etc
Civilization: political, economic, social, religion
Compare Trans-Saharan Slave Trade to Trans-Atlantic Trade
Racial, chattel, permanence, religious impact, etc
Campaign against Trans-Atlantic slavery:
Reasons: economic, new group of thinkers, abolitionists (e.g Olaudah Equiano- Nigerian & Ottobah Cugoano- Ghana-Ghana, etc), humanitarians (Wilberforce, Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, etc)
African attitudes to abolition: support & opposition, why
Establishment of Sierra Leone & Liberia
Granville sharp at forefront of Sierra Leone community, 1787- first party of 411 left GB for West Africa, Maroons
Liberia: American Colonization Society, explain,
European Exploration of Africa: contextualize
British exploration & activities: 1788- African Association formed, purpose; 1795-7, Mungo Park, a Scottish doctor, reached the Niger at Segu; 1805-6, Park & crew returned but did not reach destination, drowned in the rapids near Bussa
1822-5: Denham, Clapperton, & Oudney, three British officers explored the Central Sudan
1830: Richard & John Lander (two brothers) solved the Niger mystery, by sailing from Buss to the mouth of the delta
French penetration, explain & contextualize; Rene Caillie travelled from west coast to Timbuktu, and crossed the Sahara to Morocco in 1827-9
G. Mollien arrived at the sources of the Gambia in 1818
French built forts to control coastal areas of Senegal; 1854- Lord Faiherbe was appointed governor and protected French traders, turned Senegal into a base of further French penetration into the rest of Africa
Dr. William Baike, a Scottish surgeon, led a GB expedition up the lower Niger and the Benue in 1854. He used quinine to cure his men of malaria, and this paved the way for further penetration into the interior.
Implications of European exploration
African resistance to exploration, hostility, etc
Implications of exploration
Coming of European Missionaries
From 1780 and beyond groups of European missionaries moved into Africa: Protestants, Catholics, Baptists, etc. Part of reason given was to abolish slavery
Many groups from major European nations: Baptist Missionary Society, London Missionary Society, Glasgow Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society, etc
Missionaries concentrated on the coast: fear of malaria; hostility of African chiefs in the interior, constant problems between indigenous and missionaries. Missionaries preached against African values, e.g. body tattooing, worship of various gods, human sacrifice, etc
Jihads of the Western Sudan
Revolutions & Colonial Conquest of Middle Africa 1840-1900
IntroductionIncreasingly in the 19th Century middle Africa was linked to global economy.1st slavery gave way to demands for commodities such as palm oil, ivory, rubber, waxChokwe, Ovimbundu, Nyamwezi, & Swahili trading empiresShipping &.
This document provides an overview of the ethnic groups that make up the population of Morocco throughout history. It discusses several indigenous Berber groups like the Masmuda, Zenata, and Sanhaja tribes that settled across Morocco. It also mentions Arab groups that migrated to Morocco like the Doui-Menia and Banu Hilal. The document outlines the history of Morocco from the 8th century onwards and the various dynasties that ruled the country and influenced its ethnic composition. It provides details on current Berber tribes located in different regions of Morocco like the Ait Atta, Ait Waryaghar, Ait Seghrouchen, Ait Yafelman, Chiadma
HST 337ID questionsDinganeAbder KaderUsman dan FodioTr.docxwellesleyterresa
This document provides an outline for a history course on West Africa to 1870. It includes identification questions and essay prompts on various topics related to West African history during this time period. The outline also lists major themes and events that would be covered, including empires, the slave trade, European exploration and conquest, migration patterns, and Islamic jihads in Western Sudan. Specific rulers, leaders, battles, and time periods are mentioned throughout the document as examples to be discussed further in the course.
This document summarizes Africa between 400-1450 AD. It notes that most history from this period comes from oral tradition rather than written records. It describes how the Sahara desert divided northern and southern Africa. It discusses some of the major empires that rose and fell in this period, including influences from the Roman Empire and spread of Christianity. It also describes the complex divisions among groups based on factors like race, religion, language and origin. Slavery increased with the introduction and spread of Islam across Africa.
3 Cultural Diversity And Culture Change Class#4tacit dynamite
The document discusses cultural diversity in Africa, noting that Africa is made up of many distinct ethnic groups and languages rather than being a single unified culture. It explores some of the complexities around concepts like ethnicity, tribes, and castes in countries like Rwanda and Burundi. Religion also plays a key role in African cultures and identities, with indigenous beliefs mixing with Islam and Christianity. The document argues that cultures are constantly evolving and being contested by different groups, and many "timeless" traditions are recent social constructions.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of Africa. It describes the major physical features of the continent including deserts, jungles, and rivers. It then discusses the influences and impacts of Arab traders, European colonialism, and the independence movements in the post-World War 2 era. Key events mentioned include the Bantu migrations, rise of Islamic empires, the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, and the various methods used to achieve independence in the mid-20th century.
This unit discusses socio-economic and political developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th to late 18th centuries. Major events include the expansion of trade leading to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over trade routes. There were also significant population movements, such as by the Afar, Somali, Argoba and Oromo peoples. The period saw religious expansions and interactions between ethnic and religious groups. Specifically, it discusses the Gondarine period and the Zemene Mesafint era including Yejju rule.
The document summarizes the origins and influences of West African culture in Dominica. It discusses how enslaved peoples from across West Africa were brought to work on plantations in Dominica from the 1700s until 1807. After emancipation in 1834 and the liberation of enslaved peoples from captured ships in 1837, additional groups of free West Africans arrived and settled in areas like Woodford Hill. Their cultural influences live on in Dominica through aspects of language, dance, music, food, dress, spiritualism, herbal medicine, and more. Tribal influences originated from groups across West Africa, including Fula, Twi, Yoruba, Ibo, and others. Religious practices
Sub-Saharan Africa has immense ethnic and linguistic diversity, making strong political unity difficult. The region was historically divided into many small villages, with women playing important roles. Key states included Ghana, a gold supplier conquered by Muslims; Great Zimbabwe, a wealthy city; and Mali, a powerful empire under Mansa Musa which controlled trade routes. The Swahili coast had many urban trading centers influenced by Persians, Arabs, and Islam. Most Sub-Saharan groups have origins in Bantu migrations, and oral traditions preserved their cultures.
1. Medieval Africa saw the rise of powerful civilizations and empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa.
2. These empires grew wealthy through trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt. They had complex governments with kings, councils, and local leaders.
3. East Africa also had powerful kingdoms like Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and city-states along the coast that engaged in trade by sea.
The document summarizes the history of several early civilizations in Central and South Asia from 2500 BCE to 1368 CE in three parts:
1) It describes the Indus Valley civilizations and the Vedic civilization of the Indo-Aryans, including their social hierarchies and development of Hinduism and the caste system.
2) It outlines the rise and spread of Buddhism under Siddhartha Gautama and the expansion of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires across North India.
3) It discusses the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan and its successor khanates, including the Yuan Dynasty's conquest and rule over China
The document summarizes the history and culture of West Africa from approximately 1500 CE. It describes the Songhai Empire which dominated the region from 1464-1591 and later fell to invaders from Morocco. It also outlines the diversity of ethnic groups, languages, and kingdoms in the forest region. West African society was based around family, villages, farming, and trade. Islam became influential in coastal trading cities while indigenous religions persisted internally.
The document summarizes the history and culture of West Africa from approximately 1500 CE. It describes the Songhai Empire which dominated the region from 1464-1591 and later fell to invaders from Morocco. It also outlines the diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms of West Africa, the importance of Islam and trade, and the cultural traditions around oral history, art, music, and religion that flourished prior to European influence in the region.
Initially published on 26th April 2008 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, Buzzle and OpEd News:
https://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_muhammad_080501_open_letter_to_hrh_2c_.htm
Republished subsequently in the official site of the Oromo Liberation Front:
http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/News/2008/Open%20Letter%20to%20HRH.html
Excerpt:
To better understand the situation, one has to examine combined data as regards the various nations and the religious groups of Abyssinia. The ruling Abyssinian tribes are mainly the Amhara and the Tigray, who amount to ca. 30% of the entire population. The rest (70% of the country´s entire population) are either Cushitic (Oromos, Ogadenis, Sidamas, Afars, Kaffas, Kambatas, Hadiya, Agaw, and Shekachos) or Nilo-Saharan (Anuak).
It would however be erroneous to consider the aforementioned figures without further analysis; the oppressed Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan nations follow different religions, either traditional African religions or Islam and Christianity (the latter preached mainly through Western, Catholic and Protestant missionaries). The Abyssinian Amharas and Tigrays are either Monophysitic (heretic Christians) or Muslims. Muslims make ca. 40% of the Abyssinians. Viewed by the Monophysitic Abyssinian elite and people as historical enemies and as renegades, they have been terribly oppressed, perhaps more than the Cushitic nations.
We can thus draw the conclusion that the Monophysitic Abyssinians represent approximately 18% of the country´s total population, and rule invariably discriminating and tyrannizing the Abyssinian Muslims and all the subjugated Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan nations. If we compare this figure to those given for other cases of despotic regimes, notably Milosevic´s Yugoslavia and Saddam Hussein´s Iraq, we realize that nothing was more unrepresentative and more totalitarian, more discriminatory and more tyrannical than the colonial state of ´Ethiopia´.
This document outlines the objectives and key concepts for a US History course covering the period up to 1865. It will introduce students to the societies and cultures of Western Europe, Native Americans, and West Africans in the 1400s. Students will learn about the reasons for European exploration and increasing conflicts between groups. They will compare the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English colonies and contrasts between New England and Chesapeake English colonies. Key themes like liberty, slavery, and European/Indian interactions will be examined.
The document provides answers to review questions about Islam and its spread from the 7th-15th centuries. It discusses how Islam addressed problems in nomadic Arabian societies, the basic beliefs and pillars of Islam, and how Islam transformed from a nomadic to global civilization by 850 through trade, military expansion, and establishing an empire spanning Europe, Asia and North Africa. It also summarizes the major characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate, changing roles of women in Islamic society over time, Islam's attitude towards slavery, the extent of Islam's conversion in various regions, characteristics of Sudanic states and Swahili city-states, and the Byzantine Empire.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
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West Africa to 1870Introduction society, trends, themesEm.docxphilipnelson29183
West Africa to 1870
Introduction: society, trends, themes
Empires & States: Ghana, Mali, Songhai; Kanem-Bornu, Hausa States, etc
Civilization: political, economic, social, religion
Compare Trans-Saharan Slave Trade to Trans-Atlantic Trade
Racial, chattel, permanence, religious impact, etc
Campaign against Trans-Atlantic slavery:
Reasons: economic, new group of thinkers, abolitionists (e.g Olaudah Equiano- Nigerian & Ottobah Cugoano- Ghana-Ghana, etc), humanitarians (Wilberforce, Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, etc)
African attitudes to abolition: support & opposition, why
Establishment of Sierra Leone & Liberia
Granville sharp at forefront of Sierra Leone community, 1787- first party of 411 left GB for West Africa, Maroons
Liberia: American Colonization Society, explain,
European Exploration of Africa: contextualize
British exploration & activities: 1788- African Association formed, purpose; 1795-7, Mungo Park, a Scottish doctor, reached the Niger at Segu; 1805-6, Park & crew returned but did not reach destination, drowned in the rapids near Bussa
1822-5: Denham, Clapperton, & Oudney, three British officers explored the Central Sudan
1830: Richard & John Lander (two brothers) solved the Niger mystery, by sailing from Buss to the mouth of the delta
French penetration, explain & contextualize; Rene Caillie travelled from west coast to Timbuktu, and crossed the Sahara to Morocco in 1827-9
G. Mollien arrived at the sources of the Gambia in 1818
French built forts to control coastal areas of Senegal; 1854- Lord Faiherbe was appointed governor and protected French traders, turned Senegal into a base of further French penetration into the rest of Africa
Dr. William Baike, a Scottish surgeon, led a GB expedition up the lower Niger and the Benue in 1854. He used quinine to cure his men of malaria, and this paved the way for further penetration into the interior.
Implications of European exploration
African resistance to exploration, hostility, etc
Implications of exploration
Coming of European Missionaries
From 1780 and beyond groups of European missionaries moved into Africa: Protestants, Catholics, Baptists, etc. Part of reason given was to abolish slavery
Many groups from major European nations: Baptist Missionary Society, London Missionary Society, Glasgow Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society, etc
Missionaries concentrated on the coast: fear of malaria; hostility of African chiefs in the interior, constant problems between indigenous and missionaries. Missionaries preached against African values, e.g. body tattooing, worship of various gods, human sacrifice, etc
Jihads of the Western Sudan
Revolutions & Colonial Conquest of Middle Africa 1840-1900
IntroductionIncreasingly in the 19th Century middle Africa was linked to global economy.1st slavery gave way to demands for commodities such as palm oil, ivory, rubber, waxChokwe, Ovimbundu, Nyamwezi, & Swahili trading empiresShipping &.
This document provides an overview of the ethnic groups that make up the population of Morocco throughout history. It discusses several indigenous Berber groups like the Masmuda, Zenata, and Sanhaja tribes that settled across Morocco. It also mentions Arab groups that migrated to Morocco like the Doui-Menia and Banu Hilal. The document outlines the history of Morocco from the 8th century onwards and the various dynasties that ruled the country and influenced its ethnic composition. It provides details on current Berber tribes located in different regions of Morocco like the Ait Atta, Ait Waryaghar, Ait Seghrouchen, Ait Yafelman, Chiadma
HST 337ID questionsDinganeAbder KaderUsman dan FodioTr.docxwellesleyterresa
This document provides an outline for a history course on West Africa to 1870. It includes identification questions and essay prompts on various topics related to West African history during this time period. The outline also lists major themes and events that would be covered, including empires, the slave trade, European exploration and conquest, migration patterns, and Islamic jihads in Western Sudan. Specific rulers, leaders, battles, and time periods are mentioned throughout the document as examples to be discussed further in the course.
This document summarizes Africa between 400-1450 AD. It notes that most history from this period comes from oral tradition rather than written records. It describes how the Sahara desert divided northern and southern Africa. It discusses some of the major empires that rose and fell in this period, including influences from the Roman Empire and spread of Christianity. It also describes the complex divisions among groups based on factors like race, religion, language and origin. Slavery increased with the introduction and spread of Islam across Africa.
3 Cultural Diversity And Culture Change Class#4tacit dynamite
The document discusses cultural diversity in Africa, noting that Africa is made up of many distinct ethnic groups and languages rather than being a single unified culture. It explores some of the complexities around concepts like ethnicity, tribes, and castes in countries like Rwanda and Burundi. Religion also plays a key role in African cultures and identities, with indigenous beliefs mixing with Islam and Christianity. The document argues that cultures are constantly evolving and being contested by different groups, and many "timeless" traditions are recent social constructions.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of Africa. It describes the major physical features of the continent including deserts, jungles, and rivers. It then discusses the influences and impacts of Arab traders, European colonialism, and the independence movements in the post-World War 2 era. Key events mentioned include the Bantu migrations, rise of Islamic empires, the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, and the various methods used to achieve independence in the mid-20th century.
This unit discusses socio-economic and political developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th to late 18th centuries. Major events include the expansion of trade leading to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over trade routes. There were also significant population movements, such as by the Afar, Somali, Argoba and Oromo peoples. The period saw religious expansions and interactions between ethnic and religious groups. Specifically, it discusses the Gondarine period and the Zemene Mesafint era including Yejju rule.
The document summarizes the origins and influences of West African culture in Dominica. It discusses how enslaved peoples from across West Africa were brought to work on plantations in Dominica from the 1700s until 1807. After emancipation in 1834 and the liberation of enslaved peoples from captured ships in 1837, additional groups of free West Africans arrived and settled in areas like Woodford Hill. Their cultural influences live on in Dominica through aspects of language, dance, music, food, dress, spiritualism, herbal medicine, and more. Tribal influences originated from groups across West Africa, including Fula, Twi, Yoruba, Ibo, and others. Religious practices
Sub-Saharan Africa has immense ethnic and linguistic diversity, making strong political unity difficult. The region was historically divided into many small villages, with women playing important roles. Key states included Ghana, a gold supplier conquered by Muslims; Great Zimbabwe, a wealthy city; and Mali, a powerful empire under Mansa Musa which controlled trade routes. The Swahili coast had many urban trading centers influenced by Persians, Arabs, and Islam. Most Sub-Saharan groups have origins in Bantu migrations, and oral traditions preserved their cultures.
1. Medieval Africa saw the rise of powerful civilizations and empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa.
2. These empires grew wealthy through trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt. They had complex governments with kings, councils, and local leaders.
3. East Africa also had powerful kingdoms like Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and city-states along the coast that engaged in trade by sea.
The document summarizes the history of several early civilizations in Central and South Asia from 2500 BCE to 1368 CE in three parts:
1) It describes the Indus Valley civilizations and the Vedic civilization of the Indo-Aryans, including their social hierarchies and development of Hinduism and the caste system.
2) It outlines the rise and spread of Buddhism under Siddhartha Gautama and the expansion of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires across North India.
3) It discusses the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan and its successor khanates, including the Yuan Dynasty's conquest and rule over China
The document summarizes the history and culture of West Africa from approximately 1500 CE. It describes the Songhai Empire which dominated the region from 1464-1591 and later fell to invaders from Morocco. It also outlines the diversity of ethnic groups, languages, and kingdoms in the forest region. West African society was based around family, villages, farming, and trade. Islam became influential in coastal trading cities while indigenous religions persisted internally.
The document summarizes the history and culture of West Africa from approximately 1500 CE. It describes the Songhai Empire which dominated the region from 1464-1591 and later fell to invaders from Morocco. It also outlines the diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms of West Africa, the importance of Islam and trade, and the cultural traditions around oral history, art, music, and religion that flourished prior to European influence in the region.
Initially published on 26th April 2008 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, Buzzle and OpEd News:
https://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_muhammad_080501_open_letter_to_hrh_2c_.htm
Republished subsequently in the official site of the Oromo Liberation Front:
http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/News/2008/Open%20Letter%20to%20HRH.html
Excerpt:
To better understand the situation, one has to examine combined data as regards the various nations and the religious groups of Abyssinia. The ruling Abyssinian tribes are mainly the Amhara and the Tigray, who amount to ca. 30% of the entire population. The rest (70% of the country´s entire population) are either Cushitic (Oromos, Ogadenis, Sidamas, Afars, Kaffas, Kambatas, Hadiya, Agaw, and Shekachos) or Nilo-Saharan (Anuak).
It would however be erroneous to consider the aforementioned figures without further analysis; the oppressed Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan nations follow different religions, either traditional African religions or Islam and Christianity (the latter preached mainly through Western, Catholic and Protestant missionaries). The Abyssinian Amharas and Tigrays are either Monophysitic (heretic Christians) or Muslims. Muslims make ca. 40% of the Abyssinians. Viewed by the Monophysitic Abyssinian elite and people as historical enemies and as renegades, they have been terribly oppressed, perhaps more than the Cushitic nations.
We can thus draw the conclusion that the Monophysitic Abyssinians represent approximately 18% of the country´s total population, and rule invariably discriminating and tyrannizing the Abyssinian Muslims and all the subjugated Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan nations. If we compare this figure to those given for other cases of despotic regimes, notably Milosevic´s Yugoslavia and Saddam Hussein´s Iraq, we realize that nothing was more unrepresentative and more totalitarian, more discriminatory and more tyrannical than the colonial state of ´Ethiopia´.
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History of the Hadiya (Hadiyya) People in Ethiopia - An Overview
1. Hadiya (Hadiyya): History
An Overview of the Hadiya (Hadiyya) History
from the 12th to 18th Centuries
May 24, 2014
By Tilahun Mishago, PhD
(Reviews & picture sourcing by Girma Watumo)
2. Historical Overview: Ethnic Origin
1. Historical Evidence Suggests Hadiyya‡ to be the result
of ethnic mix of Arab Muslim and indigenous people
According to legend – Hadiyya ancestor(s) originated from
Sana’a in Yemen ~ b/n the 10th & 11th centuries
First destination – most likely the northern Somali coast
A place called Hadey~ (Hadeytaweyne Hadeytacawl located on maps?)
Quickly absorbed into Cushitic and Semitic (Harari) speaking
autochthonous groups
2. Another claim – Hadiyya as a son of Abadir (the
founding father of Harari) and a local woman
Hence the Harar Plateau as the origin of political and ethnic
entity ‘Hadiyya’ (Hadiya)
‡ Although most written materials spell the term as “Hadiya” in/outside Ethiopia, we use “Hadiyya” to be true
to the proper local pronunciation in Hadiyya language, but we also use the two interchangeably.
3. Historical Overview: Pedigree
Most Hadiyya groups claim one or more of the
following historically recorded ancestors from around 12th
century:
Gadayto Garad, Gudola Garad, Diho-, Hadabo-, Ganazo (Ganz), Saga,
Gadab, Qaben, Gogala, Halab
Garad (Gerad) = governor(ruler)
For many Hadiyya; however, Manchchicho is the
progenitor/ancestor
Father of Garad Bamo (Booyyaamo) and Garad Mehamad (Bimaddo –
noted as the ancestor of the Libido, among others)
Can be traced most likely to 12th to 13th Century
Genealogy beyond Manchchicho to Hadiyya inconclusive
Oral traditions suggest long/short lineages
Some difficulty to trace back beyond 12th century
4. An ancient kingdom (r. 12th - 15th centuries); Proof:
Chronicles: Attempts by Emperor Amde Tsiyon (1314–1344) to submit the
King of Hadiya, Ammano, who refused - many killed, but no total control
During Zara Yaqob (1399–1468), the Garad of Hadiya, Mahikko, repeated
his predecessor's actions
• Eleni or Helena (died April, 1522) - Empress of Ethiopia
• Daughter of Mehamad (Bimaddo) - king of Hadiyya, converted
to Christianity
• PS: Mahikko Garad (Eleni’s brother/son of Bimaddo) later
pursued and killed by Zara Yacob forces)
Mention of powerful Sultanates and Kingdoms of Adal, Hadiya, Dawaro,
Fatagar, by many sources, e.g. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Zeila Confederation (1185–1415) – on the next Map:
• Made up of the Sultanates: Hadiya, Dawaro, Fatagar, Adal,
Yifat
Historical Overview: The Kingdom of Hadiya
6. Most scholars agree that the (Islamic) kingdom of
Hadiyya covered:
Arsi, most of Bale (east of Ganale and upper Wabi
Sheballe rivers)
Border regions of Hararge and Sidamo including
lakes
Hadiyya experienced its greatest territorial expansion
around 16th century
Evidence: Genealogy, migration traditions
As a leading political and territorial entity,
Hadiyya’s influence reached parts of Kambata, Fatagar, and
Gurage
Very close ethnic mix & relationship with Wag/Maya, Bale,
Dawaro
Played predominant role within the clusters
Historical Overview: The Kingdom of Hadiya (continued)
9. Marks the beginning of the end of the kingdom
Devastating effects of wars on Hadiyya
By the Christian empire & Holy war of Ahmad Ibrahim (Grangn, the left
handed)
• Portuguese helped Galawdewos: Emir Ahmed’s call for support from the
Ottoman Empire
• Portuguese/Galawdewos victory near Lake Tana in 1543
• The Gragn campaign culminated in 1568 with the defeat of
Adal/Hadiyya/Dwaro alliance
Effects on the demographics – Ethnic Upheaval
Various war-torn Hadiyya groups moved to North-west
Leaving their original settlement empty
Gave rise to easy movement for Oromo crossing Ganale from the West
• Marks the start of Oromo migration to various parts
Other reasons:
Weakness of the Christian empire
Nomadic lifestyle of the Hadiyya
16th Century & Later: Great Migrations
11. Some Hadiyya groups migrated along with other ethnic groups
such as Sidama and assimilated
A good example - the prominent/dominant Sidama group Buchche
(Bushe)
Mentioned by many Hadiyya informants as being part of their ancestors,
and Hadiyya being Buchche’s forefather
Oromo expansion accelerated and the Hadiyya kingdom
disintegrated
Hadiyya sub-groups continued to migrate north, west, and north-east
Oromo followed the Hadiyya movement
But Hadiyya eventually overrun by Oromo pastoralists in many cases
Major role of Gada system in convincing Hadiyya to integrate
Those who were overrun, faced pressure and had no choice
Gave up their socio-cultural & linguistic identity (totally assimilated), and
Either settled or continued migration with Oromo (e.g. a number of Hadiyya
clans among Maaca around Neqamt (Wolega)
16th Century: Great Migrations(Continued)
12. Subjugation, Assimilation, and Migrations continued
Ethnic clashes, pushes, attempts of conquest continued until the
beginning of the 17th century
o Emperor Jacob (engaged to a Hadiyya princess) - declared Hadiyya was
secured
o Albeit this never ensured a total surrender for the empire until the 18th
Hadiyya no longer a territorial power
Hadiyya, once a powerful territorial entity, finally got disbanded
and its people scattered
Some maintained their identity to this date, most totally
assimilated
Clan names ending with –manna, survived as witness of those absorbed
o Several of them within the current Oromo territories
o ~manna undoubtedly points to those clans being of Hadiyya descent
Those managed to preserve what is left faced another pressure by
hegemonic religion, language, culture, and governance – forced to
adhere to those practices
16th Century: Great Migrations(Continued)
13. Beyond 17th Century: Feudalism & Class
Marked by atrocities from the Christian empire
• Especially Minilik and his puppets
– Far reaching territorial conquest
– Gabar system and its colonial features
Gave rise to harsh exploitation of peasants by the church,
malkegna, naftagna, balabat (local collaborators)
Draconian treatment of Gabar subjects (e.g. ‘afarsat’)
Hence Italian occupation a relief for the south – better evil
H/Selassie’s superficial attempt to end Gabar
– Led to massive land ‘gasha’ ownership by few melkagna, etc
– A new form of exploitation – land rent vs. resta-gult
– No wonder the 1975 land ownership decree welcomed by
southern peasants more so than anywhere else
13
14. Hadiyyisa (Hadiyya) Language: Evolution,
Hegemonic pressures, Decline/Potential for Extinction
Who does or does not speak Hadiyyisa language, & why?
– Semitic speaking
• Selte/Silxe – Wolane – Ulbarag – Zay (around Zway & islands) cluster: ethnic
groups include Azernet, Barbare, Ulbarag, Woriro, Wolane, etc
• Linguistic status of some of the recorded ancestors: Gadayto, Diho-, Hadabo-,
Ganazo, Saga, Gogala unknown
– But more likely Semitic for some since they were situated in the same region as Harari
– Cushitic speaking
• Alaaba and Qabeena (originally spoke Silxe/Selte – related to Harari as they lived
in Carcar range areas, before their west bound migration)
• Hadiyya groups later assimilated in various neighboring regions (Arsi, Sidama,
Wolayta, Bale, Wolega, parts of Shoa, who lost their original language
• Current Hadiyyisa speaking groups “Hadiyya proper”
– Spoken by only Hadiyya proper
• Faces pressure by dominant languages, cultural hegemony, religions
• Loss of vocabularies, diminishing use - lack of preference by young generation
• Loss of many cultural practices & music traditions that would otherwise promote
Hadiyyisa
• Future extinction – a possibility?
14
15. 15
Hadiya
Ooso/manna = Tribal
cluster, subgroup (
Shaashoogooso, Soormanna,
etc…) Elected chief = Lob
Daanna, Abagaaz, Garad
Giichcho = Family of Clans (rolled
up to a common ancestor) Elected
chief = Giichch Daanna
Sulla = Clan (family of Moollos rolled up to
a common ancestor of 9-14th generations
back) Elected chief = Sull Daanna
Moollo = Major Lineage ( family of Mines rolled up
to a common ancestor of 6-12 generations back)
Elected chief = Mooll Daanna
Mine = Extended Family ( family of families rolled up to a
common ancestor of ~4 generations back) Elected chief = Mi’n
Daanna
Hadiya Social Organization Based on Kinship System. Chiefs Inducted Based
Primarily on Merits – Pragmatic Society
16. Hadiyya Subgroups based on ‘manna’ level
classification (total around 356 ~manna/tribes/sub groups)
Mine Moollo Sulla Giichcho Ooso/manna
(manna population size = few hundreds to tens of thousands)
Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) (total about 27 sub groups)
• Abaachche, Agabeello, …., waaremanna, weerarmanna, etc
Qabeena (total about 37 sub groups))
• Abaakiro, … Buko, Damo, etc
Leemo (total more than 28 sub groups)
• Abdaachcho, Aryyanna, Oodro, Sawwoore, etc
Sooro (total more than 24 sub groups)
• Ajaaranna, Allaabo, Ammachcho, Harbooyye, Guxxichcho, Miroore, etc
Shaashoogo (total about 5 sub groups)
• Annoosichcho, Danniyye, Shokmoollo, Xarachcho, etc (total 5 sub groups)
Baadawwaachcho (total about 42 sub groups)
• Baadeooso:
– Abbure, Annmanna, Baabooso, etc.
• Uruusso:
– Ansoomooso, Bosha, Dawwe, Oyye, etc
• Others: Haballo, Hojje, Sha’ammanna, Gabara
16
17. Hadiyya tribal cluster, ~manna sub groups(Continued)
Baadoogo (Weexo Giira) (total more than 20 sub groups)
• Baadoogo: - Abaayyo, Baaiso, Meere’e, etc
• Haballo: - Ankatmanna, Hawwiso, Samaano, etc
• Others: Bargaago, Hanqallo, Hayyibba, Hojje, Waayyabo
Alaaba (total 12 sub groups)
• Bukaanna, Kitaabo, Kolmine, Shaamanna, etc
East-Gurage (total more than 31 sub groups)
• Selte/Silxe – Wolane – Ulbarag – Zay (around Zway & on islands) cluster:
– Ethnic groups include Azernet, Barbare, Ulbara, Woriro, Wolane, Gadabaano
• Abeechcho, Aboosare, Abbiyyo, Gammaso, Wosharmine, Qaalisha, Shandar, etc
Hadiyya Clans in Wolayta (total 11 sub groups)
• Ansoomooso, Bohalmanna, Doodichchmanna, Haballooso, etc
Hadiyya Clans in Arsi (total more than 109 sub groups)
• Abaanna, Abbayymanna, Abbure, Aboosara, Holbaatmanna, Wonamanna, Woshermine, Yabsanna, Oodomanna,
Lataamanna, Insemanna, etc
Hadiyya Clans in Sidama (total sub groups yet to be identified)
• Buchche (Bushe) (5 Clans): Fakisa, Hollo, Malga, Hadichcho and Awacho;
• Hadiyya claimed as a progenitor per oral traditions
Hadiyya Clans in Harar (among Ittu Oromo) (total 5 sub groups)
• Abosaara, Asalmanna, Dooyyomanna, Horsumanna, Tokkomanna
Hadiyya Clans in Wolega (among Maaca Oromo around Neqamt) (total sub groups yet to be identified)
17
18. Appendix
18
1. Hadiya Lifestyle and Tradition in Pictures (1960-70s)
Pictures exhibit and represent very limited examples of living conditions and
cultural, as well as social practices in 1960s and early 1970s.
NB: The pictures were taken in Leemo, Badawwaachcho, Sooro, & Shaashoogo
areas for the most part. As such these are only few of the traditions and various
rituals commonly practiced in Hadiya. That is, pictures represent only few of the
lifestyles, rituals, and traditions common across all Hadiya regions. Those
exhibited in pictures do not necessarily cover all aspects of life in Hadiyya at the
time. Unfortunately there is not much of pictorial or audio-visual documentation
that we have found about music traditions and other socio-cultural activities of
Hadiya from early years, especially the time period beyond 1980s.
Pictures in the Appendix were borrowed from the Archives of Frobenius-Institut
(http://bildarchiv.frobenius-katalog.de/)
However, it must be noted that these pictures don’t reflect current life style or
conditions of living in terms of socio-economics. On the other hand, many of the
socio-cultural practices (e.g. music tradition) that there were known to exist
before have been lost due to pressures from mainstream cultures, religions, and
socio-political hegemony.
2.Notes for Further Reading / Main Reference
19. 1. Hadiya Lifestyle and Tradition
in Pictures (1960s - 70s)
These and many other pictures were taken around 1970s by German
researchers; such as, Dr. Ulrich Braukamper and other pioneering
researchers in the field of Social Anthropology. To some extent they
reflect living conditions and traditions of at least parts of Hadiya
during 1960s and 1970s. These pictures are some of the very few
photographic records available about the people of Hadiyya before
cameras were widely available. The pictures are preserved in the
archives of Frobenius-Institute (see http://bildarchiv.frobenius-
katalog.de). The effort for documentation and archival has been
sponsored by Frobenius-Institut of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
The pictures are copyrighted (stamped as can be seen) by the institute.
The institute must be contacted before using the copyrighted
materials, i.e. if there is the desire to use these and other pictures in
other documentary works.
20. Badawwaachcho Hadiya: Celebration for the Deceased. Singing Arajja (praise for
the dead) by aradaano (praising singers) (1972-4) DT 1.02.09.06-0451 - bildarchiv_487
21. Badawwaachcho Hadiya: Celebration for the Deceased (continued). Singing
Arajja (praise for the dead) by aradaano (singers) (1972-4) DT 1.02.09.06-0451 - bildarchiv_487
22. Badawwaachcho Hadiya:
Celebration for the Deceased
(continued). Singing Arajja (praise
for the deceased) by aradaano
(singers) (1972-4).
During feast of the dead in Amburse by
relatives of the dead.
DT 1.02.09.06-0437 - bildarchiv_474
42. Sooro Hadiya girl in traditional wear (1972-4) FoA 37-Br29-60 bildarchiv_403
43. Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) Hadiya girls
at a wedding ceremony, singing and
dancing (1972-4) FoA 37-Br11-56 bildarchiv_524
44. Libidoo (Maraqo , Marako) Hadiya Girls at a wedding ceremony, singing and dancing (1972-4)
FoA 37-Br10-35 bildarchiv_521
45. Libidoo (Maraqo) Hadiya Girls at a wedding ceremony, singing and dancing (1972-4) FoA 37-
Br11-52 bildarchiv_702
46. Leemo Hadiya girl preparing butter by
shaking fresh milk in a clay pot (1970-1)
DT 1.02.09.06-0124 - bildarchiv_256
47. Leemo Hadiya elders in a meeting
(unidentified year in early 1970s) DT 1.02.09.06-0383
bildarchiv_429
48. Almost ripe Ensete in Leemo Hadiya. It
takes few years for the Enset plant to be
ready in order to be processed for waasa
(1970-1)
DT 1.02.09.06-0174 - bildarchiv_301
49. Leemo Hadiya girl harvesting Ensete.
She is preparing Ensete root and stem
as part of the initial waasa
fermentation process (1972-4) Hacking d. Knolle
DT 1.02.09.06-0204 - bildarchiv_325
50. Leemo Hadiya woman harvesting
Ensete: preparing Ensete root and
stem as part of the initial waasa
fermentation process (1972-4)
DT 1.02.09.06-0201 - bildarchiv_322
51. Leemo Hadiya: a traditional women’s hairdresser (1970-1) DT 1.02.09.06-0347 - bildarchiv_394
53. Leemo Hadiya: Mourners approaching the village of the deceased (1970-1)
DT 1.02.09.06-0425 - bildarchiv_461
54. Leemo Hadiya: Wooden monument erected for a deceased hero usually symbolizing the
bravery of the deceased who had killed enemies and ferocious animals (1970-1) DT 1.02.09.06-0463 -
bildarchiv_501
57. Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) Hadiya girls at a wedding ceremony, singing and dancing (1972-4)
DT 1.02.09.06-0495 - bildarchiv_527
58. Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) Hadiya girls at a wedding ceremony, singing and dancing (1972-4)
(continued)
DT 1.02.09.06-0496 - bildarchiv_528
59. Shaashoogo Hadiya elder: Name is
unknown; however what appears to be
his title (Abagad d.) was marked on the
archived picture (1970-1)
DT 1.02.09.06-0070 - bildarchiv_218
60. Shaashoogo Hadiya Evening coffee get-together (a typical coffee ceremony with Neighbours)
in a house (1970-1)
61. Sooro Hadiya women mourners at a burial ceremony (1970-1) FoA 34-KB20-72 bildarchiv_499
62. Sooro Hadiya Elder Council meeting in Jawwe (1970-1) DT 1.02.09.06-0491 - bildarchiv_522
65. 2. Notes for Further Reading / Main References
1. Braukämper, Ulrich (2012). A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia. (Geraldine Krause, Trans.).
Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag.
2. Braukämper, Ulrich (2014). Fandaanano: The Traditional Socio-religious System of the Hadiyya in
Southern Ethiopia. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3. Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. Muster,
Germany: LIT Verlag.
4. Braukämper, Ulrich; Mishago, Tilahun (1999). Praise and Teasing: Narrative Songs of the Hadiyya in
Southern Ethiopia. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Frobenius-Institut.
5. Huntingford, GW. Brereton (1955). Arabic Inriptions in Southern Ethiopia. Antiquity XXIX: 230-33.
6. Haberland, Eike (1964). The Influence of the Christian Ethiopian Empire on Southern Ethiopia.
65