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RMIT Classification: Trusted
Play
Theoretical Concepts
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Richard
Gerver
• “As we enter one of the most unsettled and
uncontrollable periods in our global history,
we need to be capable of thinking
differently, of taking risks, of creating new
ideas and practice…In a world where the
jobs for our children are yet to be invented,
we need to harness and nurture a new set
of skills.”
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Theory of mind- tabula rasa-
parental advice- introspection
Emile- naturalism- delay formal
education- natural consequences-
child-centred
Locke 1632-
1704
Rousseau
1712-1778
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Frederick Froebel 1782-
1852
• Children’s- garden- didactic materials
• “Play is the highest achievement of child development... it is the spontaneous
expression, according to the necessity of its own nature, of the child’s inner being. Play
exemplified development from within the child, but could be nurtured by adult guidance
and the provision of appropriate materials”. (Smith, 2010)
RMIT Classification: Trusted
British infant schools
• 1816- Robert Owen- protection from
poverty
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Maria Montessori 1870-1952
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Montessori’s 4 Planes of development
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Lev Vygotsky
1896-1934
Constructivist- Zone of proximal
development (ZPD)- scaffolding
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Schools of Reggio Emilia
Loris Malaguzzi
1920-1994
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
Neurologist- founder of psychoanalysis
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Primary process
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Secondary
process
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Jean Piaget
1896-1980
• Swiss psychologist
• Theory of cognitive development
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Assimilation Accommodation
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Play Stages..
6 stages…
Unoccupied Play
(Birth-3 Months) ...
Solitary Play (Birth-
2 Years) ...
Spectator/Onlooker
Behaviour (2 Years)
...
Parallel Play (2+
Years) ...
Associate Play (3-4
Years) ...
Cooperative Play
(4+ Years)
RMIT Classification: Trusted
RMIT Classification: Trusted
Today using play to
promote young children’s
learning is an evidence-
based practice emanating
from a mature professional
field.
The data has consistently
shown over the last 40
years of research, when
children are playing, they
are learning.

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History of play.. Theorists -3.pptx