Expository writing paper "Social power: Coffee and coffee houses (mid 18th century)" by Jacob Khan Harvard University.
The presentation explored the life of coffee houses in the mid-18th century.
The document discusses various aspects of cities in the contemporary world, including London and Bombay. It provides historical context on the formation and development of modern cities through industrialization and colonialism. Specific details are given on the industries, population structure, transportation, and social issues faced in 18th century London. The challenges of rapid urbanization and efforts to improve living conditions through planned housing and public health initiatives are also summarized.
During the late 19th century, several influential industrialists dominated major industries in the United States and accumulated vast wealth, including Andrew Carnegie in steel, Cornelius Vanderbilt in railroads, and John D. Rockefeller in oil. These entrepreneurs helped drive technological innovations and economic growth through tactics like vertical and horizontal integration. Their successes also spurred debates around monopolies, wealth inequality, and corporate power.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts, unemployment, and risk-averse businessmen. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement, which consolidated small landholdings, the growth of metal and wool industries, and an early transportation infrastructure of canals. Coal mining expanded dramatically in the 1800s, fueling industries and providing jobs despite child labor and dangerous conditions. The factory system concentrated production but offered rigid schedules and dangerous conditions for workers. Industrialization led to new urban areas and worker housing but also problems with pollution and poverty.
This document summarizes economic and social changes in Europe during the Middle Ages, including an agricultural revolution that led to population growth, the revival of trade between growing towns and cities, and the rise of guilds to regulate skilled labor. New trade routes and fairs connected regions and allowed the exchange of goods, stimulating further expansion of towns and the development of a middle class distinct from nobles and clergy.
The Scottish Community Library in the Age of EnlightenmentJohnCaskie
The document summarizes the role and development of Scottish community libraries during the Scottish Enlightenment period from the late 17th to early 19th centuries. It describes the emergence of various library models including endowed libraries founded by individuals, circulating libraries run by booksellers, and subscription libraries established by private societies. By 1800 there were over 100 publicly available libraries across Scotland supported by all levels of society. These libraries played an important role in promoting mutual improvement and spreading Enlightenment ideals of reason and tolerance among both the educated classes and the general population.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a research paper examining the development of a globalized consumer culture through the Sino-American tea trade between 1750-1900. The paper will argue that globalization and trade relations between China and the US began well before the late 20th century through their tea trade. It reviews sources documenting the history of tea in China and its role in colonial America, including growing tensions with British tea companies and taxes that helped spark the Boston Tea Party. The introduction establishes that the paper will use primary sources like trade documents and newspapers to analyze how tea consumption and social tea culture developed and spread cultural interaction between the US and China.
The document discusses key aspects of the Industrial Revolution in England, including:
1) It summarizes some of the major changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, such as the movement of populations from rural to urban areas and changes in family and work structures.
2) It outlines some of the factors that enabled the Industrial Revolution to begin in England, including population growth, natural resources, location, and entrepreneurship.
3) It describes some of the working and living conditions during the Industrial Revolution, such as long work hours, dangerous factories, and overcrowded urban housing.
This document summarizes the introduction and proliferation of coffee in England during the 17th century. It discusses how coffee arrived as an exotic commodity for elites but then spread among the working class. This led to the opening of hundreds of coffeehouses in London alone by 1700, which became centers of social and commercial activity. The document outlines how coffeehouses helped spawn new industries like insurance and stock markets. It provides historical context on the origins and trading of coffee, and compares British and Arab coffeehouse culture.
The document discusses various aspects of cities in the contemporary world, including London and Bombay. It provides historical context on the formation and development of modern cities through industrialization and colonialism. Specific details are given on the industries, population structure, transportation, and social issues faced in 18th century London. The challenges of rapid urbanization and efforts to improve living conditions through planned housing and public health initiatives are also summarized.
During the late 19th century, several influential industrialists dominated major industries in the United States and accumulated vast wealth, including Andrew Carnegie in steel, Cornelius Vanderbilt in railroads, and John D. Rockefeller in oil. These entrepreneurs helped drive technological innovations and economic growth through tactics like vertical and horizontal integration. Their successes also spurred debates around monopolies, wealth inequality, and corporate power.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts, unemployment, and risk-averse businessmen. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement, which consolidated small landholdings, the growth of metal and wool industries, and an early transportation infrastructure of canals. Coal mining expanded dramatically in the 1800s, fueling industries and providing jobs despite child labor and dangerous conditions. The factory system concentrated production but offered rigid schedules and dangerous conditions for workers. Industrialization led to new urban areas and worker housing but also problems with pollution and poverty.
This document summarizes economic and social changes in Europe during the Middle Ages, including an agricultural revolution that led to population growth, the revival of trade between growing towns and cities, and the rise of guilds to regulate skilled labor. New trade routes and fairs connected regions and allowed the exchange of goods, stimulating further expansion of towns and the development of a middle class distinct from nobles and clergy.
The Scottish Community Library in the Age of EnlightenmentJohnCaskie
The document summarizes the role and development of Scottish community libraries during the Scottish Enlightenment period from the late 17th to early 19th centuries. It describes the emergence of various library models including endowed libraries founded by individuals, circulating libraries run by booksellers, and subscription libraries established by private societies. By 1800 there were over 100 publicly available libraries across Scotland supported by all levels of society. These libraries played an important role in promoting mutual improvement and spreading Enlightenment ideals of reason and tolerance among both the educated classes and the general population.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a research paper examining the development of a globalized consumer culture through the Sino-American tea trade between 1750-1900. The paper will argue that globalization and trade relations between China and the US began well before the late 20th century through their tea trade. It reviews sources documenting the history of tea in China and its role in colonial America, including growing tensions with British tea companies and taxes that helped spark the Boston Tea Party. The introduction establishes that the paper will use primary sources like trade documents and newspapers to analyze how tea consumption and social tea culture developed and spread cultural interaction between the US and China.
The document discusses key aspects of the Industrial Revolution in England, including:
1) It summarizes some of the major changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, such as the movement of populations from rural to urban areas and changes in family and work structures.
2) It outlines some of the factors that enabled the Industrial Revolution to begin in England, including population growth, natural resources, location, and entrepreneurship.
3) It describes some of the working and living conditions during the Industrial Revolution, such as long work hours, dangerous factories, and overcrowded urban housing.
This document summarizes the introduction and proliferation of coffee in England during the 17th century. It discusses how coffee arrived as an exotic commodity for elites but then spread among the working class. This led to the opening of hundreds of coffeehouses in London alone by 1700, which became centers of social and commercial activity. The document outlines how coffeehouses helped spawn new industries like insurance and stock markets. It provides historical context on the origins and trading of coffee, and compares British and Arab coffeehouse culture.
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
The document summarizes key developments during the High Middle Ages:
1) The period saw economic growth fueled by improved agriculture and increased trade. Cities also grew as centers of trade, production, and government.
2) Medieval cities had fortified walls, distinct neighborhoods, and large market squares at their centers. Guilds organized artisans and regulated their trades.
3) The 12th century saw a "Renaissance" of culture as cathedrals and universities were founded and literature/philosophy advanced. Royal power also increased as monarchies gained independence from feudal lords and established early parliaments.
4) The Late Middle Ages saw a crisis as the Black Death plague pandemic killed over
The Gilded Age refers to the late 1800s, which saw a rise in wealth from industrialization but also growing social problems. Major characteristics included privately owned factories subject to government rules, and the rise of large corporations owned by shareholders. Robber barons like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt amassed huge fortunes and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. The period was characterized by laissez-faire policies but also saw tensions between big business, labor unions, and reformers. Inventions like the telephone, light bulb, and film camera transformed society.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The document provides information about the Enlightenment period and some of its key aspects. It discusses how the public sphere, including coffee houses in London and salons in Paris, helped spread Enlightenment ideals of reason, skepticism, tolerance, and liberty. It describes how coffee houses facilitated conversation and debate on social and political issues among men from different backgrounds. Salons hosted discussions on literature, philosophy, and current events among elite women and prominent intellectuals. The Enlightenment embodied a reformist outlook with confidence in the power of reason and progress.
Here are brief answers to your questions:
- The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century, around 1760-1840.
- It began in England because of England's natural resources like coal and iron, developed trade networks, growing middle class, and innovations in technology.
- Key causes included mechanization enabled by steam power, development of factories, growth of commerce and trade, agricultural revolution increasing farm output and freeing up labor.
- It transformed economies from agriculture to industry, rural societies to urban ones, and home production to factories. It increased production through machines.
- Negative consequences included poor working conditions, pollution, urban overcrowding, public health issues, wealth inequality, social/economic
The Sovereign People Are in a Beastly State The Beer Act of.docxchristalgrieg
"The Sovereign People Are in a Beastly State": The Beer Act of 1830 and Victorian Discourse
on Working-Class Drunkenness
Author(s): Nicholas Mason
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2001), pp. 109-127
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25058542 .
Accessed: 05/04/2012 15:16
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Victorian
Literature and Culture.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25058542?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Victorian Literature and Culture (2001), 109-127. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright ? 2001 Cambridge University Press. 1060-1503/01 $9.50
"THE SOVEREIGN PEOPLE ARE IN A
BEASTLY STATE": THE BEER ACT OF
1830 AND VICTORIAN DISCOURSE ON
WORKING-CLASS DRUNKENNESS
By Nicholas Mason
i
On July 23, 1830, Parliament passed "An Act to permit the general Sale of Beer and
Cyder by Retail in England." Commonly known as the Beer Act of 1830, this law called
for a major overhaul of the way beer was taxed and distributed in England and Wales. In
place of a sixteenth-century statute that had given local magistrates complete control over
the licensing of brewers and publicans, the Beer Act stipulated that a new type of drinking
establishment, the beer shop, or beer house, could now be opened by any rate-paying
householder in England or Wales (Scotland and Ireland had their own drink laws). For
the modest annual licensing fee of two guineas, rate-payers in England could now pur
chase a license to brew and vend from their own residence.1
In addition to dramatically deregulating the licensing of drink establishments, the
Beer Act also repealed all duties on strong beer and cider. By conservative estimates,
eliminating this tax immediately reduced the cost of a pot of beer by approximately twenty
percent (Harrison, Drink 80). The only major restriction in the new law came in an
amendment added in the House of Lords requiring all beer shops to close by 10 P.M.
Eventually beer-sellers would complain vociferously about the competitive advantage this
early closing time gave to publicans, who could remain open at all times except during
Sunday morning church services. But in the months following the Beer Act's passage,
beer-sellers had few complaints, ...
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the country from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrialized one. New technologies like the steam engine and water frame allowed for mechanized production in factories, while canals and railroads improved transportation of goods. This led to rapid urbanization and the rise of industrial cities, though early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, health issues, and inequality to growing urban populations. The textile industry was an early driver of the Industrial Revolution through the development of mechanized cotton spinning and weaving.
The document summarizes key developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It describes the reform of the Catholic Church through movements like Cluny and the establishment of preaching friars. It also discusses the Crusades launched by the Church against Muslims in the Holy Land. Additionally, it outlines economic changes like improved farming techniques, the rise of trade and merchant classes in towns and cities, and the growth of a financial system. These social and economic developments challenged the traditional feudal system and laid the foundations for modern Europe.
The document discusses the impacts of industrialization in America following innovations by Henry Ford and Thomas Edison. It describes how factories and mass production transformed consumer culture and the economy. The growth of railroads, cities, and department stores connected industries and markets on a national scale, changing family life, work, and gender roles. Advertising also emerged to promote new consumer products to a growing urban population.
Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Europe saw a population boom from 42 million to 73 million inhabitants. During this time, cities grew significantly in size and political power. Medieval cities developed strong local governments and economies centered around crafts and trade guilds. Power was shared between kings, who granted cities legal protections and autonomy in exchange for taxes, and wealthy city councils that collected taxes and regulated commerce. The growth of trade both within countries and abroad further strengthened medieval cities and connected economies across Europe and beyond.
9 f2015 The English Coffee Houses, and otyher drinksRobert Ehrlich
The coffee house becomes a major London social institution. It becomes a center for information exchange and business. Coffee is promoted for its medicinal benefits and condemned for the exclusion of women from coffeehouses. Other drinks introduced are chocolate and tea for the middle and upper classes and rum for the seaman
WRITING ASSIGNMENT ONE – NARRATIVEBASIC RESEARCHHST104 WESTERN .docxericbrooks84875
WRITING ASSIGNMENT ONE – NARRATIVE/BASIC RESEARCH
HST104 WESTERN CIV. II -- BOGNAR
REVISED JANUARY 27, 2015
Write two to three pages on your experiences learning about history, what subject(s) interest you, and create a sample bibliography…
I. For the first couple paragraphs, write about your experiences learning history throughout your life. Have you enjoyed learning about the past? (I won’t take points off if you haven’t.) Have teachers found a way to apply history to the present and make it real or even make you wonder about your family's past? If so, how? Provide specific examples, if you remember them. If you were in my other Western Civilization class, re-examine and possibly expand upon what you wrote then. Have your impressions of learning history changed since our class? What essentials skills (reading/research/writing) have you improved upon?
II. Following a general "textbook reconnaissance,” focus on Making Europe chapters 18 (Trade and Empire, 1700-1800), 19 (Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe, 1775-1815) or 20 (Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe, 1814-1847) and look for a subject you may want to write in detail (a bit later) for your five to six page research paper. (It may be either persuasive or compare/contrast. Sample outlines for each style will be online in Course Content.) Write a sample prospectus proposing a topic and write questions you would like to investigate.
Quality research papers develop when one thinks deeply about an interesting subject, probes for good questions to ask, turns those questions into a solid thesis statement, and answers the questions with the results of sound research. Review Doing History chapter 2 on making a prospectus (p. 23-24) and narrowing topics. (Chapter 5 mentions the prospectus again on 87-88 and discusses persuasive paper writing in great detail.)
III. Finally, following proper APA or Chicago style formatting, create a list of three or more academic sources regarding your potential subject(s). APA or Chicagoformatting is easily accomplished using Word’s Reference ribbon tab features. Whether you use APA or Chicago, be consistent throughout. Chicago (also known as Turabian) is covered in depth in chapter 7 of Doing History. Visit the library or ask me if you have any questions. I recommend using the library databases to get started.
Students are required to submit their complete drafts to Kinkel Center in a timely manner. Final papers are due printed in class and emailed to me. They should not be submitted to the Kinkel Center. This paper is worth up to 50 points: 10 points for the draft and 40 for the final draft examined and graded based on the standards outlined in the history rubric posted on Blackboard. The final paper must be two to three pages in length (not including cover pages or bibliographical citations), double-spaced, standard font/margin size (APA specifies Calibri 12), using proper grammar and spelling.
Due dates f.
The document discusses disease and public health issues in 19th century industrial towns. Overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition led to widespread infectious diseases like cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis. Children were especially vulnerable and mortality rates were high. Germ theory was not widely accepted yet and disease was often blamed on "bad air". Pollution from industrial waste and sewage made rivers like the Thames health hazards. Life expectancy was much lower in cities compared to rural areas. Later public health reforms like improved sanitation and Lister's antisepsis helped reduce disease and mortality rates.
1) Monarchies grew stronger in the 12th century as kings were able to collect more taxes from improved economic conditions, create their own armies, and force feudal lords to obey them. They also restored the Roman legal system which centralized more power to kings.
2) Kings took power from nobles in cities by granting charters of liberties, gaining political support. Parliaments represented kings, nobles, clergy and city mayors but had little power and only met when summoned by kings.
3) Disputes over royal succession and unclear borders between kingdoms often led to conflicts like the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
The document summarizes the rebirth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages from the 11th to 13th centuries. Agricultural innovations like the triennial rotation and iron plough increased food production and allowed the population to grow from 36 to 80 million. The surplus population moved to cities to sell extra crops and buy goods, stimulating new industries and the rise of trade guilds and international fairs. This urban growth produced a new social class, the bourgeoisie, and led to political changes like the establishment of parliaments. Culturally, this era saw the rise of Gothic architecture, universities, and more realistic paintings and sculptures.
The document discusses the economic advantages and disadvantages of late 18th century France. The key French economic advantages included the Napoleonic Code, which established clear commercial regulations, standards for weights and measures, and encouragement of invention. However, years of war drained France's resources and left it with heavy debts and unemployment as soldiers returned home. The document also examines Britain's enclosure movement, early canals and transportation infrastructure, growth of coal and steel industries, rise of factories and child labor, and impact of railroads. It provides statistics on British coal, pig iron, and textile factory workers over time.
The document discusses the causes and repercussions of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The war was fought over land ownership in the Ohio Valley, as settlers from Virginia and land speculators eyed the fertile soil, threatening Native American tribes and Pennsylvania land claims. The war deepened tensions between colonists and Native Americans and united the colonies in their identity as part of the British Empire. The Treaty of Paris left Native Americans more dependent on the British and led to disputes over land, fur trade, and tribal relations.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Population growth, agricultural advances, and enclosure of common lands drove many rural people into cities to work in factories. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized spinning and weaving helped factories produce goods faster and cheaper. While industrialization boosted economic growth and living standards over time, the early Industrial Revolution was also accompanied by difficult working and living conditions, child labor, pollution, and social/economic disruptions.
Grad student research into Motor Part Corporation case shows how organization...Jacob Khan
Organizations that have communication issues can improve their work flows by implementing the 6 following tactical goals.
i. Reduce differing perceptions, ii. reduce the semantic difference, iii. reduce status differences, iv. evaluate consideration of self-interest, v. improve listening skills, vi. evaluate personal space.
A new research paper explores the various philosophical arguments against sla...Jacob Khan
Jacob J. Khan's Justice class paper explores libertarians' arguments for and against slavery. Jacob's in-depth analysis of the philosophical arguments reveals that all forms of slavery are unethical based on librarian logic.
More Related Content
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Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
The document summarizes key developments during the High Middle Ages:
1) The period saw economic growth fueled by improved agriculture and increased trade. Cities also grew as centers of trade, production, and government.
2) Medieval cities had fortified walls, distinct neighborhoods, and large market squares at their centers. Guilds organized artisans and regulated their trades.
3) The 12th century saw a "Renaissance" of culture as cathedrals and universities were founded and literature/philosophy advanced. Royal power also increased as monarchies gained independence from feudal lords and established early parliaments.
4) The Late Middle Ages saw a crisis as the Black Death plague pandemic killed over
The Gilded Age refers to the late 1800s, which saw a rise in wealth from industrialization but also growing social problems. Major characteristics included privately owned factories subject to government rules, and the rise of large corporations owned by shareholders. Robber barons like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt amassed huge fortunes and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. The period was characterized by laissez-faire policies but also saw tensions between big business, labor unions, and reformers. Inventions like the telephone, light bulb, and film camera transformed society.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The document provides information about the Enlightenment period and some of its key aspects. It discusses how the public sphere, including coffee houses in London and salons in Paris, helped spread Enlightenment ideals of reason, skepticism, tolerance, and liberty. It describes how coffee houses facilitated conversation and debate on social and political issues among men from different backgrounds. Salons hosted discussions on literature, philosophy, and current events among elite women and prominent intellectuals. The Enlightenment embodied a reformist outlook with confidence in the power of reason and progress.
Here are brief answers to your questions:
- The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century, around 1760-1840.
- It began in England because of England's natural resources like coal and iron, developed trade networks, growing middle class, and innovations in technology.
- Key causes included mechanization enabled by steam power, development of factories, growth of commerce and trade, agricultural revolution increasing farm output and freeing up labor.
- It transformed economies from agriculture to industry, rural societies to urban ones, and home production to factories. It increased production through machines.
- Negative consequences included poor working conditions, pollution, urban overcrowding, public health issues, wealth inequality, social/economic
The Sovereign People Are in a Beastly State The Beer Act of.docxchristalgrieg
"The Sovereign People Are in a Beastly State": The Beer Act of 1830 and Victorian Discourse
on Working-Class Drunkenness
Author(s): Nicholas Mason
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2001), pp. 109-127
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25058542 .
Accessed: 05/04/2012 15:16
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Victorian
Literature and Culture.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25058542?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Victorian Literature and Culture (2001), 109-127. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright ? 2001 Cambridge University Press. 1060-1503/01 $9.50
"THE SOVEREIGN PEOPLE ARE IN A
BEASTLY STATE": THE BEER ACT OF
1830 AND VICTORIAN DISCOURSE ON
WORKING-CLASS DRUNKENNESS
By Nicholas Mason
i
On July 23, 1830, Parliament passed "An Act to permit the general Sale of Beer and
Cyder by Retail in England." Commonly known as the Beer Act of 1830, this law called
for a major overhaul of the way beer was taxed and distributed in England and Wales. In
place of a sixteenth-century statute that had given local magistrates complete control over
the licensing of brewers and publicans, the Beer Act stipulated that a new type of drinking
establishment, the beer shop, or beer house, could now be opened by any rate-paying
householder in England or Wales (Scotland and Ireland had their own drink laws). For
the modest annual licensing fee of two guineas, rate-payers in England could now pur
chase a license to brew and vend from their own residence.1
In addition to dramatically deregulating the licensing of drink establishments, the
Beer Act also repealed all duties on strong beer and cider. By conservative estimates,
eliminating this tax immediately reduced the cost of a pot of beer by approximately twenty
percent (Harrison, Drink 80). The only major restriction in the new law came in an
amendment added in the House of Lords requiring all beer shops to close by 10 P.M.
Eventually beer-sellers would complain vociferously about the competitive advantage this
early closing time gave to publicans, who could remain open at all times except during
Sunday morning church services. But in the months following the Beer Act's passage,
beer-sellers had few complaints, ...
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century and transformed the country from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrialized one. New technologies like the steam engine and water frame allowed for mechanized production in factories, while canals and railroads improved transportation of goods. This led to rapid urbanization and the rise of industrial cities, though early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, health issues, and inequality to growing urban populations. The textile industry was an early driver of the Industrial Revolution through the development of mechanized cotton spinning and weaving.
The document summarizes key developments in Western Europe between 800-1500 CE. It describes the reform of the Catholic Church through movements like Cluny and the establishment of preaching friars. It also discusses the Crusades launched by the Church against Muslims in the Holy Land. Additionally, it outlines economic changes like improved farming techniques, the rise of trade and merchant classes in towns and cities, and the growth of a financial system. These social and economic developments challenged the traditional feudal system and laid the foundations for modern Europe.
The document discusses the impacts of industrialization in America following innovations by Henry Ford and Thomas Edison. It describes how factories and mass production transformed consumer culture and the economy. The growth of railroads, cities, and department stores connected industries and markets on a national scale, changing family life, work, and gender roles. Advertising also emerged to promote new consumer products to a growing urban population.
Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Europe saw a population boom from 42 million to 73 million inhabitants. During this time, cities grew significantly in size and political power. Medieval cities developed strong local governments and economies centered around crafts and trade guilds. Power was shared between kings, who granted cities legal protections and autonomy in exchange for taxes, and wealthy city councils that collected taxes and regulated commerce. The growth of trade both within countries and abroad further strengthened medieval cities and connected economies across Europe and beyond.
9 f2015 The English Coffee Houses, and otyher drinksRobert Ehrlich
The coffee house becomes a major London social institution. It becomes a center for information exchange and business. Coffee is promoted for its medicinal benefits and condemned for the exclusion of women from coffeehouses. Other drinks introduced are chocolate and tea for the middle and upper classes and rum for the seaman
WRITING ASSIGNMENT ONE – NARRATIVEBASIC RESEARCHHST104 WESTERN .docxericbrooks84875
WRITING ASSIGNMENT ONE – NARRATIVE/BASIC RESEARCH
HST104 WESTERN CIV. II -- BOGNAR
REVISED JANUARY 27, 2015
Write two to three pages on your experiences learning about history, what subject(s) interest you, and create a sample bibliography…
I. For the first couple paragraphs, write about your experiences learning history throughout your life. Have you enjoyed learning about the past? (I won’t take points off if you haven’t.) Have teachers found a way to apply history to the present and make it real or even make you wonder about your family's past? If so, how? Provide specific examples, if you remember them. If you were in my other Western Civilization class, re-examine and possibly expand upon what you wrote then. Have your impressions of learning history changed since our class? What essentials skills (reading/research/writing) have you improved upon?
II. Following a general "textbook reconnaissance,” focus on Making Europe chapters 18 (Trade and Empire, 1700-1800), 19 (Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe, 1775-1815) or 20 (Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe, 1814-1847) and look for a subject you may want to write in detail (a bit later) for your five to six page research paper. (It may be either persuasive or compare/contrast. Sample outlines for each style will be online in Course Content.) Write a sample prospectus proposing a topic and write questions you would like to investigate.
Quality research papers develop when one thinks deeply about an interesting subject, probes for good questions to ask, turns those questions into a solid thesis statement, and answers the questions with the results of sound research. Review Doing History chapter 2 on making a prospectus (p. 23-24) and narrowing topics. (Chapter 5 mentions the prospectus again on 87-88 and discusses persuasive paper writing in great detail.)
III. Finally, following proper APA or Chicago style formatting, create a list of three or more academic sources regarding your potential subject(s). APA or Chicagoformatting is easily accomplished using Word’s Reference ribbon tab features. Whether you use APA or Chicago, be consistent throughout. Chicago (also known as Turabian) is covered in depth in chapter 7 of Doing History. Visit the library or ask me if you have any questions. I recommend using the library databases to get started.
Students are required to submit their complete drafts to Kinkel Center in a timely manner. Final papers are due printed in class and emailed to me. They should not be submitted to the Kinkel Center. This paper is worth up to 50 points: 10 points for the draft and 40 for the final draft examined and graded based on the standards outlined in the history rubric posted on Blackboard. The final paper must be two to three pages in length (not including cover pages or bibliographical citations), double-spaced, standard font/margin size (APA specifies Calibri 12), using proper grammar and spelling.
Due dates f.
The document discusses disease and public health issues in 19th century industrial towns. Overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition led to widespread infectious diseases like cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis. Children were especially vulnerable and mortality rates were high. Germ theory was not widely accepted yet and disease was often blamed on "bad air". Pollution from industrial waste and sewage made rivers like the Thames health hazards. Life expectancy was much lower in cities compared to rural areas. Later public health reforms like improved sanitation and Lister's antisepsis helped reduce disease and mortality rates.
1) Monarchies grew stronger in the 12th century as kings were able to collect more taxes from improved economic conditions, create their own armies, and force feudal lords to obey them. They also restored the Roman legal system which centralized more power to kings.
2) Kings took power from nobles in cities by granting charters of liberties, gaining political support. Parliaments represented kings, nobles, clergy and city mayors but had little power and only met when summoned by kings.
3) Disputes over royal succession and unclear borders between kingdoms often led to conflicts like the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
The document summarizes the rebirth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages from the 11th to 13th centuries. Agricultural innovations like the triennial rotation and iron plough increased food production and allowed the population to grow from 36 to 80 million. The surplus population moved to cities to sell extra crops and buy goods, stimulating new industries and the rise of trade guilds and international fairs. This urban growth produced a new social class, the bourgeoisie, and led to political changes like the establishment of parliaments. Culturally, this era saw the rise of Gothic architecture, universities, and more realistic paintings and sculptures.
The document discusses the economic advantages and disadvantages of late 18th century France. The key French economic advantages included the Napoleonic Code, which established clear commercial regulations, standards for weights and measures, and encouragement of invention. However, years of war drained France's resources and left it with heavy debts and unemployment as soldiers returned home. The document also examines Britain's enclosure movement, early canals and transportation infrastructure, growth of coal and steel industries, rise of factories and child labor, and impact of railroads. It provides statistics on British coal, pig iron, and textile factory workers over time.
The document discusses the causes and repercussions of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). The war was fought over land ownership in the Ohio Valley, as settlers from Virginia and land speculators eyed the fertile soil, threatening Native American tribes and Pennsylvania land claims. The war deepened tensions between colonists and Native Americans and united the colonies in their identity as part of the British Empire. The Treaty of Paris left Native Americans more dependent on the British and led to disputes over land, fur trade, and tribal relations.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Population growth, agricultural advances, and enclosure of common lands drove many rural people into cities to work in factories. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized spinning and weaving helped factories produce goods faster and cheaper. While industrialization boosted economic growth and living standards over time, the early Industrial Revolution was also accompanied by difficult working and living conditions, child labor, pollution, and social/economic disruptions.
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History of Lloyds Coffee House (Mid 18th Century) | Expos presentation 2018
1. Lloyds coffee house
SOCIAL POWER: COFFEE AND COFFEE HOUSES (MID 18TH CENTURY)
Jacob Khan, Sever Hall 230, Harvard Yard
2. AGENDA
London transforming (industrial revolution)
Introducing coffee to London
Social power
Analysis
Counter argument of power
Questions
3. The industrial revolution
What is going on in London?
Isolated rural farming society
Transitional period (consolidation of workforce)
Labor
4. Introduction of coffee to London
Drunk in academic, social structures early 18th century
Not welcomed by everyone
Didn’t like the smell
These institutions were used by businesses
Mailing
Consulting services
News consumption
Transition:
The proprietors, or masters, as they came to be called, appealed, and , after much legal argument, were
allowed to continue in business on condition that they took measures to prevent all scandalous papers,
books and libels from being read in their rooms. Hence forth, too they were licensed as victuallers. On the
other hand, these establishments were cheap, they were cosy, they had most if not all the amenities of a
good tavern. (Straus, 1936, P.43)
5. Social power
Materialization of ideology
Elite Chiefs maintain power
Interpersonal Coffee Drinking Communication Rituals
“The ritual of getting coffee affects interpersonal communication in three
related ways: 1) coffee as a material substance is psychologically and
physiologically comforting, 2) the coffee shop is viewed as a pleasing
environment that is comfortable and conducive for conversation, and 3) a ritual
“script” offers an expected conversational path, a general time limit, and often
are relational purpose.” (4)
Of Hamburger and social space: Consuming McDonalds in Beijing
Social spaces as a place for where social interaction occurs.
6. Analysis broad
Market share growth pricing model
Evidence numbers from “notice to advertisers section” (stamp disclosures)
Cutting price to from 2 cents to 1 cent
Competitive arrangements with government municipalities
Early delivery
Elite’s read newspapers at coffee houses (secondary sources)
7. Increase personal wealth (dereg)
Industry as mentioned earlier
In the 1842 issue titled Meeting of merchants and manufacturers in
Manchester. The article clearly shows the interested of the elite as it makes a
case for “freedom of commerce.” It states that “to put an end to the ruinous
depreciation in the value of all invested manufacturing property, and to restore
property to all branches of industry in the country — this meeting affirms that
it is absolutely necessary to repeal the corn and provision-laws (applause) —
and to aboloish all restriction which prevent the perfect freedom of commerce.
( Sunday, November 27, 1842)
Businesses are not owned by everyone and equity is not shared in public
exchanges
They read this at coffee houses (McDonalds analysis)
”comfortable and conducive for conversation” (5)
8. Business consulting service
Business people used coffee house [consulting example] : Sunday,
November 27, 1842 The issue titled Markets has a sub title “corn
exchange” “of English wheat there was but little left unsold, and prices
remain as on Monday. There is not much doing in foreign, in consequence
of the holders not being disposed to take less money; and the millers held
off, under the impression that they should purchase at a proportionate
reduction with the English [...] There are several cargoes of bonded
entered for exportation. Barley is cheapers. Peas and beans are dullsale,
and oats are selling at rather less money.”
Reads like a Mckinsey report!!!
9. Cont.
“commercial matters”: “Sugar. — the same inactivity still prevails in British
Planation, as noticed for some weeks past, and although no further
reduction can be quoted, rather lower prices have been accepted for the
inferior sort. The transactions only amount to about 8000 csak, inclusive of
138 casks brought to fine quality, being fully former prices for these
descriptions, which are rather scarce.”
Bengal— only a very limted business has been done privately, and prices
must consquentnly be considered nominal.
Foreign — there has been an improved demand (in consequence of the
favourable accounts received from Holland), which caused holders to get
higher prices, 2,4000 boxes yellow Havannahave been sold privately at 20
66d […]
10. Symbolic value of record
Elite burial example:Birth’s section “The wife of the Rev. Benjamin Hall
Kennedy, D.D, formerly fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Head
Master of Shresbury Grammer school of a daughter.
Section called “Marriages”: “At thornton, Yorkshire, the rev roger chapman,
incumbent of Burton-In-Londsdale, to marry, daughter of James Tathan,
Esq of that place.
Section called “Death” :“on Sunday last, Mr. Charles Bebbington, aged 43,
many years messor. Barry and Hayward, of Queenbrith, universally and
deservedly respected.
11. Counter arguments
Coffee houses could arguably transfer dictatorial power into a few elites
having power
Cowan “freedom of speech and individual liberty”
12. Summary
Lloyds coffee house created social power for the elite
Industry interest focused on individual wealth (equity markets)
Elite shared information among each other to learn about opportunities
Symbolize their lives by advertising.
They used coffee to bond and create stronger networks
Coffee and coffee houses both facilitated the creation of wealth for the
elite but arguably also protected “individual freedom and liberty”