This document summarizes the history of computers from ancient abacuses to modern devices. It discusses early mechanical calculators like the abacus, Napier's bones, Pascaline, and Babbage's analytical engine. It then outlines the five generations of computers, from first generation vacuum tube computers to modern devices incorporating artificial intelligence and GPU processing.

2. CONTENTS:
Abacus working
Napier’s bones
Pascaline and leibnitz work
Charle’s Babbage role
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th genreration
5th generation
CPU & GPU

3. COMPUTER PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD UMAIR
M.AMMAD ADIL KHAN
MUHAMMAD AQIB
HASSAN RAZA
MUHAMMAD AZEEM
SUBMITTED TO:
DOCTOR MUZAFFAR BASHIR

4. Introduction to Abacus
An early invention.
Used in 300 B.C by Babylonians.
Capable of performing
computation including
addition,subtraction,Division
and multiplication.
Speed equal to people.
High level accuracy.

5. Working of abacus

6. John Napier Contribution
 Introduced Logarithm to
perform multiplication
using addition technique.
 Used rods known as napier
bones.
 Use in slide rules

7. Working of Napier’s bones

8. Pascal’s and Leibnitz Role
 In 1642
 Direct adding machine
 Indirect subtracting machine
 Tooth wheeled device
 Mechanical device
 Not so reliable on
commercial basis

9. Von Leibnitz Role
Improved Pascal’s
calculator
Developed binary
arithmetic and a hand
cranked calculator
Can perform addition,
multiplication,
subtraction and
division

10. Charle’s Babbagee
 Proposed a steam driven
calculating machine
having the size of a room
which he called the
Difference Engine in
1822.

11. Difference Engine
Proposed a steam driven
calculating machine having the
size of a room which he called
the Difference Engine in 1822.

12. Analytic Engine
Automatic mechanical
digital calculator
Programming computer
Steam driven and one
person is required to
operate

13. Hollrith’s Punched Cards

14. First Electronic Digital computer

15. Computer Generations
 First Generation
 Vacuum tube
 Sir john Ambrose Fleming

16. ENIAC
 ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical integrator and
calculator
 First digital electronic computer
 John mauchly, j.presper ECKERT
 1946

17. UNIVAC
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
 First commercial digital computer
 US Census Bureau [1951]

18. Second Generation
 Transistors
 William Shockley,
Walter Hoser,
Jhon Bardeen
 Magnetic core
Memory
 High level
Programming
Languages[Basic , Cobol ,Pascal]
IBM 7094 , IBM 1400 SERIES , CDC 164.

19. Third Generation
 Integrated Circuits
 JALCK KILBY [1958]
 IC =1000 transistor
 DEC ,PDP-8 ,IBM 370
IBM system/360,UNIVAC
9000,UNIVAC 1108

20. Fourth Generation
 Micro-processors
 CPU on a single IC chip
Containing millions of very
Small components.
 Semi conductor memory
 Apple Macintosh and IBM
PC

21. Apple Computer 1976
Steve Wozniak
First to use
keyboard,
Connected to TV

22. IBM PC
 IBM started to develop
their own PC.
- Microsoft commissioned
to write the operating
system.
- Released August 12, 1961

23. Apple Macintosh
Apple Inc.steve jobs introduce original Macintosh
Computer.[1984]
Feature:-
•Graphical user interface $
• mouse

24. Microsoft Window’s
 Microsoft window
launched in 1985.
 Not complete operating
system. It required DOS
to run.
- Similar to Macintosh’s
version.

25. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 World Wide Web
(WWW) 1989.
- The web was a result of
the integration of
hypertext and the
Internet.
 Window 3.0 Released
1990.
- Allowed for true
multitasking.

26. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Intel Pentium is released
in 1993.
- Over 2,1 million
transistors.
 Window 95 was
launched by Microsoft.
- This is an entire
operating system and
does not rely on MS-
DOS.

27. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Intel Released their
Pentium 2 processor in
1997.
- It featured a much larger
on chip cache , as well as
increased instruction
set.

28. Pentium 3
 Pentium 3 was released
on 1993.
- Addition of SSE
instructions set ( to
accelerate floating point
and parallel calculations)
-Introduction of a
controversial serial
number.

29. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Window 98 released.
-Graphical operating
system by Microsoft.
- Microsoft Window
releases Window’s Xp on
2001.

30. Pentium 4
 Pentium 4 was released
on 2000.
- Pentium 4 CPU’s
introduced the SSE2.
- To Accelerate calculations
,transactions, media
processing, 3D Graphics
and Games.

31. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Window Vista.
- Window Vista was
released on October
2007 .
- It contains a number of
new features from a
redesigned shell and
user interface to
significant technical
changes.

32. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Window 7 .
-Window 7 was released
on 2009 .
- Window 7 has multi
touch board a
redesigned window’s
shell with an updated
task bar.

33. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Window 8 & 8.1.
- Window’s 8 was released
on 2012.
- An update to window’s
8.1 was released on 2013.
 Window’s 8 is regarded
as the home version and
window’s 8.1 as the
Professional Version.

34. Fourth Generation Cont’d
 Window’s 10.
- Window’s 10 was
released on 2015.
- Universal Apps
expanding on Metro
style apps.

35. Fifth Generation
 Artificial intelligence
 Voice recognition
 Parallel processing and super conductor
 Understand natural language

36. CPU(Central Processing Unit)
 CPU is the abbreviation of central processing unit.
Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor,
but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the
brains of computer where most of the calculations take
place.

37. Components of CPU
 The Two Typical components of CPU are :-
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Units).
- CU (Control Unit).

38. GPU (Graphic processing Unit)
 A programmable logic chip (processor) specialized for
display functions. The GPU renders images, animations
and video for the computer's screen. GPUs are located on
plug-in cards, in a chipset on the motherboard or in the
same chip as the CPU.

39. Components of GPU
 The Four Typical components of GPU are:-
- Graphics processor.
- Video memory.
- Random Access Memory Digital to Analogue
Converter (RAMDAC).
- Driver software

40. Difference b/w CPU & GPU
 CPU consists of a few cores optimized for serial
processing.
 GPU consists of thousands of smaller, more efficient
cores.
 Serial portions of the code run on CPU while parallel
portions run on the GPU.