This document discusses the role of historical memory in shaping national identity. It begins by defining historical memory and distinguishing it from history. Historical memory is a collective social phenomenon that represents a group's shared memories and understanding of the past. It forms the basis for individual and social identity. The document then reviews various theories about historical memory from philosophers like Halbwachs, Nietzsche, and Foucault. It discusses how historical memory is socially constructed and manipulated for political purposes. Finally, it argues that historical memory plays a key role in building national identity and ensuring national security through the teaching of history and the formation of a nation's historical narrative. States use historical memory to create a positive national image and negative images of competitors
This article refers to points of view that Mihai Eminescu, Constantin Radulescu-Motru and Mircea Vulcănescu had concerning Romanian spirituality. In their writings, they have identified those specific elements of the Romanian people, through which we can characterize very well in terms of spirituality.
The purpose of this study is to show that Romanian spirituality allow the existence of a native Romanian philosophy, as well to remind that those special characteristics that define us as a nation
Postmodernism Essay
Essay On Postmodernism
An Overview of Postmodernism Essay
The Impact Of Postmodernism
Essay on Postmodern condition
Postmodernism Essay
Postmodern Art Essay
A Case of Cosmopolitan Memory? The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Globa...EUscreen
Presentation by Jérôme Bourdon about global media and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at the Second EUscreen International Conference on Use and Creativity, which took place at the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, on September 15-16, 2011.
Lecture slides for MA Contemporary Art Theory and for MFA Visual Culture students at Edinburgh College of Art.
http://www.eca.ac.uk/pdf/getCourse.php?id=88
EAS 209 Second Response Paper Topic Assignment Due .docxjoellemurphey
EAS 209
Second Response Paper Topic
>>>Assignment Due Date: Friday, October 12, 2018<<<
Write 350 words, excluding works cited and references, on the following topic:
Dipesh Chakrabarty cites John Stuart Mill to show one dimension of historicist
consciousness: “a recommendation to the colonized to wait.” What does Chakrabarty
mean by this phrase? Consider, e.g. why, according to Mill, “Indians, Africans, and other
‘rude’ nations” had to be consigned to what Chakrabarty called “an imaginary waiting
room of history.”
To respond to this question, you might find it helpful to consider Chakrabarty’s discussion
on historicism or “stagist theory of history.”
▪ Submit a hard copy in your Tutorial Section on Friday, October 12.
▪ Papers must be type-written, double-spaced, appearing in 12 points Times New Roman font or
its equivalent with 1” margins. Do not exceed 400 words. You are responsible for keeping an
extra copy of your own paper.
▪ The assignment does not ask you to conduct additional research. Papers that do not respond
to the given topic or do not follow the specific instructions described above will receive no
marks. No resubmission allowed.
▪ You need to present your argument logically and clearly, fully demonstrate the precise
understanding of Chakrabarty’s argument and substantiate your argument convincingly and
with details.
▪ Observe the Chicago Manual of Style referencing practice and properly cite the passages you
quote (i.e. author, title, page number, etc.). Works cited or references should not be counted
toward the 350 word limit.
▪ Any ideas or expressions that are not your own must be placed in quotation marks and
referenced with page number. Academic misconduct will not be tolerated. See:
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
▪ You may share notes and discuss your ideas with others for preparation. But the paper you
submit must be exclusively written by you alone and in your own words clearly distinguishable
from others’. Papers that plagiarize, replicate others, or contain identical or near-identical
passages that appear in other papers will not be accepted or credited.
▪ You must proof-read before submission. Sentences that are incomplete or unintelligible will
not be read or credited.
▪ Late submission and papers submitted via e-mail will not be accepted or credited unless
under extraordinary circumstances. ABSOLUTELY NO EXCPETION!
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The Idea of Provincializing Europe
Europe . . . since 1914 has become provincialized, . . .
only the natural sciences are able to call forth a
quick international echo.
(Hans-Georg Gadamer, 1977)
The West is a name for a subject which gathers itself in
discourse but is also an object constituted discursively;
it is, evidently, a name always associating itself with
those regions, communities, and peoples.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This article refers to points of view that Mihai Eminescu, Constantin Radulescu-Motru and Mircea Vulcănescu had concerning Romanian spirituality. In their writings, they have identified those specific elements of the Romanian people, through which we can characterize very well in terms of spirituality.
The purpose of this study is to show that Romanian spirituality allow the existence of a native Romanian philosophy, as well to remind that those special characteristics that define us as a nation
Postmodernism Essay
Essay On Postmodernism
An Overview of Postmodernism Essay
The Impact Of Postmodernism
Essay on Postmodern condition
Postmodernism Essay
Postmodern Art Essay
A Case of Cosmopolitan Memory? The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Globa...EUscreen
Presentation by Jérôme Bourdon about global media and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at the Second EUscreen International Conference on Use and Creativity, which took place at the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, on September 15-16, 2011.
Lecture slides for MA Contemporary Art Theory and for MFA Visual Culture students at Edinburgh College of Art.
http://www.eca.ac.uk/pdf/getCourse.php?id=88
EAS 209 Second Response Paper Topic Assignment Due .docxjoellemurphey
EAS 209
Second Response Paper Topic
>>>Assignment Due Date: Friday, October 12, 2018<<<
Write 350 words, excluding works cited and references, on the following topic:
Dipesh Chakrabarty cites John Stuart Mill to show one dimension of historicist
consciousness: “a recommendation to the colonized to wait.” What does Chakrabarty
mean by this phrase? Consider, e.g. why, according to Mill, “Indians, Africans, and other
‘rude’ nations” had to be consigned to what Chakrabarty called “an imaginary waiting
room of history.”
To respond to this question, you might find it helpful to consider Chakrabarty’s discussion
on historicism or “stagist theory of history.”
▪ Submit a hard copy in your Tutorial Section on Friday, October 12.
▪ Papers must be type-written, double-spaced, appearing in 12 points Times New Roman font or
its equivalent with 1” margins. Do not exceed 400 words. You are responsible for keeping an
extra copy of your own paper.
▪ The assignment does not ask you to conduct additional research. Papers that do not respond
to the given topic or do not follow the specific instructions described above will receive no
marks. No resubmission allowed.
▪ You need to present your argument logically and clearly, fully demonstrate the precise
understanding of Chakrabarty’s argument and substantiate your argument convincingly and
with details.
▪ Observe the Chicago Manual of Style referencing practice and properly cite the passages you
quote (i.e. author, title, page number, etc.). Works cited or references should not be counted
toward the 350 word limit.
▪ Any ideas or expressions that are not your own must be placed in quotation marks and
referenced with page number. Academic misconduct will not be tolerated. See:
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
▪ You may share notes and discuss your ideas with others for preparation. But the paper you
submit must be exclusively written by you alone and in your own words clearly distinguishable
from others’. Papers that plagiarize, replicate others, or contain identical or near-identical
passages that appear in other papers will not be accepted or credited.
▪ You must proof-read before submission. Sentences that are incomplete or unintelligible will
not be read or credited.
▪ Late submission and papers submitted via e-mail will not be accepted or credited unless
under extraordinary circumstances. ABSOLUTELY NO EXCPETION!
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/osai/The-rules/what-is-academic-misconduct
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The Idea of Provincializing Europe
Europe . . . since 1914 has become provincialized, . . .
only the natural sciences are able to call forth a
quick international echo.
(Hans-Georg Gadamer, 1977)
The West is a name for a subject which gathers itself in
discourse but is also an object constituted discursively;
it is, evidently, a name always associating itself with
those regions, communities, and peoples.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. society, being the common thing that constitutes society
and is the key to its identity.
It should be emphasized that collective memory, according
to M. Halbwachs, is not universal, it is always the history
of individual groups, and groups can be different, both
small local communities and Nations. However, the larger
the community, the more focused efforts are required to
form and maintain a collective memory. Moreover, there
are several variants of collective memory at the same time.
This is determined by the simultaneous existence of many
groups. M. Halbwachs believed that each of these groups
has its history. It was he who expressed a really deep idea
about historical memory as the most important factor in
the self-identification of a social or any other group.
Representatives of the Annales, French historical school,
made a great contribution to the formation of the concept
of «historical memory». They argued that history should
be linked to the interests and problems of the present and
recreate the picture of the past of living people, hence the
interest in recreating everyday life, in contrast to the
installation of previous historical science, aimed at
identifying the abstract schemes of historical events and
focused primarily on major events of the past, the history
of States or classes.
Interest in the subject of historical memory increased after
the Second world war under the influence of this most
tragic event in the history of the ХХ century. Historical
memory in the context of the question of responsibility for
the war and crimes of the Hitler regime was considered by
one of the most prominent sociologists of the past century,
the leader of the Frankfurt school Th. Adorno.
The German philosopher, studying the Holocaust tragedy
and antisemitism historical roots in general, concluded that
the masses' political behavior is determined by socio-
psychological factors and on this basis developed his
theory. It was Th. Adorno's views that influenced the
young growing German generation, which rebelled against
the «Nazi» fathers and demanded to build a new German
state on the complete national socialism rejection and
repentance for its sins. It was in the context of this public
discussion that the sociologist turned to the concept of
historical memory. He noted the tendency of the German
society younger part to «repress» the memory of Nazism,
but also highlighted the positive trends in this process,
aimed at understanding and condemning such a past, a
complete break with which is possible if the causes of past
events are overcome. With his research, Th. Adorno brings
the concept of historical memory and its role to a
qualitatively new level [4].
The emergence of such a trend in philosophy as
postmodernism has caused an even greater increase in
interest in the historical memory concept. One of its
creators, M. Foucault, in particular, rejected the traditional
idea of science as the driving force of progress and
criticized the very concept of the scientific revolution.
Concerning history as a science, M. Foucault applied the
definitions of «counter-memory», thereby indicating that
from his point of view historians never seek objective
knowledge, but create history within the framework of
modern discourses to please the authorities. In his opinion,
variants of counter-memory appear within certain
subcultural spaces as a response to historical injustice
concerning the memory of a particularly traumatic event
[5].
The works of the French scientist P. Nora appeared under
the influence of postmodernism. The historian, who
addressed the problem of historical consciousness and
memory, noted that history and memory are in many ways
opposite, their roles have changed – «it is quite obvious
that the public interest is a social order, and historians
themselves are increasingly focused on the modern
period» [6].
He argues that memory is put at the service of presentment,
ceases to be a collection of the past elements that should
be remembered, but becomes a way of realizing your
present, that is, memory is an emotional experience
associated with a real or imaginary memory and allows all
sorts of manipulations, changes, displacements,
forgetfulness [6].
His most famous work is the collective work «The realms
of memory» (Les Lieux de mémoire). During the
preparation of this multi-volume edition, 45 other French
historians worked with him. The publication is a list of the
formal manifestations of national memory-monuments and
shrines, national historical Chronicles, civil reference
books and history textbooks, public archives, and
museums created in the name of the identity of France. the
author refers material, symbolic, and functional things to
such places of memory, for example, the revolution,
Catholics and non-believers, the Pantheon (in Paris), the
Centenary of Voltaire and Rousseau, the Funeral of V.
Hugo, Offices and monasteries, i.e. monuments,
memorials, territories, words, religious minorities, spatial
and temporal divisions, and much more. They are not
places in a narrow, geographical sense, they are defined as
a kind of intersection points where the memory of society
is formed and concentrated. Their main function is to
preserve the collective historical memory [7].
P. Nora has presented «sites of memory» as the «remains»
of the past and at the same time as «an extreme form in
which there is a commemorative consciousness in history
that ignores it, but needs it». In such places, the creation of
history, as well as the formation of other national symbols,
is carried out in the interests of the present, to better
understand and explain this present [8].
At the end of the XX century, there was a turn in the study
of historical memory, which was associated with the fact
that historians, having declared synthetic history, began to
study mentality as a system of collective representations
that existed in the past, making it one of their research
priorities.
An important formation sign of memory studies as a
separate discipline and another prerequisite for the
historical memory study was the Tel Aviv University
journal «History and memory» foundation in 1989. The
editors' interest was mainly focused on research on the
Holocaust, Nazism, racism, apartheid, wars, and social
conflicts memory. A huge number of publications,
however, did not save the direction of «memory studies»
from recognizing the crisis state of the discipline in the
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 505
1027
3. early 2000s. The diagnosed crisis is primarily associated
with the uncertainty of the Central concept of «memory»
and the lack of clear criteria for identifying what exactly
can be considered the subject of research [9].
However, we can draw one main conclusion: in modern
social sciences historical memory is not just a single
concept; it has acquired the special scientific discipline
features and is developing dynamically. Its applied nature
is expressed in some social education existing practices. If
we take into account the need to develop extracurricular
didactics, historical memory easily forms the basis for the
development of Museum pedagogy, mnemonic place
pedagogy, oral history, project technology and other
methods of pedagogical activity that are in great demand
in the teaching history process, as well as other
Humanities that equally develop the historical memory
concept.
3. HISTORICAL MEMORY: THE
CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL
IDENTITY
The concepts of «historical memory» and «identity» are
inseparable from each other, and there are relations of
close interrelation and interdependence between them
since the preservation of memory is the most essential
condition for self-determination of individuals and
strengthening the social groups' unity. Identity is
constructed in the process of understanding the nation's
history, its current position, and possible and desired
prospects, and, consequently, historical memory is a factor
in the formation of this very identity. Emphasizing this
fact, J. Assmann defines «identity» as «political
imagination» conditioned by «cultural memory» [10].
Identity, both ethnic and national, is rooted in historical
memory. Therefore, historical memory manipulations for
political purposes are also manipulations of group identity.
National identity, therefore, appears as an imperative when
choosing the historical path of the nation's development. It
acts as a result of the past and at the same time as an
interaction with the future, and, consequently, the
formation of national identity positive images and
historical discourses can contribute to solving the
problems of national integration.
The nation as a construct of industrial culture is an
ideological product created by powerful elites. Therefore,
identity is an intellectual construct of the elite, transmitted
to potential representatives of national education through
the media, the education system, and political rhetoric.
As a result of constant and massive impact on the national
consciousness, its mentality and values change, which
leads to the destruction of the nation's monolith, the loss of
her identity, and this, in turn, leads to the loss of the nation,
national identity, and consequently to a social catastrophe,
the disappearance of the nation from the political map of
the world. Therefore, due to the protection of public
interests and the social memory of citizens, historical
memory has become a tool that governments use to create
not only a positive image of the government and the state
they govern but also images of the country/countries-
competitors and political opponents, usually negative.
For example, we can confidently say that historical
memory performs a kind of «protective» function,
designed not only to preserve a positive ethnic identity at
the group level but also to contribute to the formation of
national identity.
Moreover, States and authorities create a national identity
around the most important symbolic events and ideas; and
critical situations, the collapse of the state, revolution,
crisis, create an opportunity for the re-identification of
national history. Therefore, political actors in power get a
rare chance to convey their concept of national character to
the public and to exercise the right to lead the nation and
the state into a new era.
Indeed, the Soviet system collapse and the birth of newly
independent States in the post-Soviet space led to the
emergence of new national histories, in which they
claimed a significant part of Russian history and a new
(often diametrically opposite) interpretation of many
historical events (especially the XX century). At the same
time, national histories emphasize the «fundamental
difference» of each given community from all others, to
remove any doubts about the legitimacy of this emerging
nation and its right to exist. For this purpose, the deep
historical roots of the «nation» are actively searched for,
that was lost in the depths of centuries, and the image of
the «negatively significant other» is created. Subsequently,
memory wars begin to be waged against such an enemy,
which results in an informational confrontation.
Historical memory plays a key role in the information war,
as due to the revision of history, memory purposefully
formed distortions of images of the past, which are
actively embedded in the individual and public
consciousness, thereby contributing to a serious
transformation of the spiritual situation in society, causing
spiritual shocks (hatred of the past, rejection of the present,
fear of the future), tangible changes in the sphere of values
(blurring the boundaries between moral and immoral) and
a kind of existential fear. As a result, a person turns from
an active subject of the historical process and political life
into an object of manipulation and a silent victim, thereby
weakening the state's national security. This means that
historical memory is a significant factor not only in
building national identity, but also in ensuring national
security, and the state's past is a real springboard of
information warfare. Therefore, national identity and
historical memory construction is the task of the state.
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 505
1028
4. 4. HISTORICAL MEMORY AND
NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE CONTEXT
OF HISTORY TEACHING
4.1. Visualizing historical memory
In the research of historical memory, the greatest attention
is paid to the problem of history teaching in schools and
schoolbooks. As for the tasks of historical policy, the
thesis is put forward that school historical education
should contribute to the civil consolidation of society, the
formation of a unified national identity. This approach is
characterized by focusing on significant events related to
the construction of a national patriotic version of history,
the formation of collective historical memory, which is the
basis for self-identification of a person or social group.
Public institutions such as museums are reasonably
considered to be another tool of memory policy.
Museum space is considered as a tool for forming
historical memory, a tool for forming national and regional
identity, and a tool for a tourist project based on the
exploitation of the most popular historical figures. Another
place and tool for the formation of historical memory and
historical policy is a commemoration, which is understood
as the mobilization of memory about a particular specific
object (event, person, historical community).
Commemorations include memorials, monuments, public
holidays, anniversaries, funerals, and so on. As a rule, in
the literature, commemorative practices are considered in
focus, i.e. concerning the practices of memory
mobilization about a particular event (within the concept
of «sites of memory» by P. Nora).
Teaching history plays an important role in shaping the
historical memory of the younger generation, the basis of
national identity, which has a decisive impact on the
development of the country and its viability, especially in
transition periods.
4.2. Strategies to bring historical memory and
national identity to life for students
In teaching history and other Humanities, we offer the
following recommendations:
– the national history development should include the
study of historical, political, and artistic aspects of state
symbols, and the formation of a respectful attitude to it.
– in teaching history in educational institutions various
types, much more time and attention should be paid to
such topics as the great people of national history, the
formation, and development of the state.
– pay special attention in the history lessons at school to
the study of the cultural heritage, historical traditions and
values of your people, as well as other peoples living on
the territory of the country
– during school hours and during extracurricular activities,
students should be encouraged to take an interest in their
family history, drawing up a family tree, and studying
family archives.
– the main sources of information about Russian history
for young people are movies, TV shows on historical
topics and educational literature. It is necessary to make
extensive use of other information sources about the
historical events: fiction and special historical literature,
publications in newspapers and magazines.
– visit museums and historic monuments with your
students.
– local history is of particular importance in the framework
of extracurricular activities. Students should study the past
of their region, city, town, or village, compare it with the
present, and celebrate the success of their country and
people. The study of various historical events reflected in
the environment close to students in this particular field
has a special educational value.
5. CONCLUSION
As the main conclusions, we would like to emphasize that
historical memory has a significant impact on the ethnic
identity of a person, his attitude to himself, to
representatives of his and other ethnic communities and
groups, since it contains information about the history of
his people, their heroes, their experience of relationships
with other peoples, as well as various types of emotional
assessments of certain events. The memory of people's
past strengthens the connection between generations,
individuals in the community. An important role is played
by memories of important events, heroes, ancestors' feats,
and the celebration of the memorable date. The unifying
factor that is concentrated in the memory form we are
considering is information about people overcoming
difficult times and difficulties.
The Russian state is not indifferent to what images of
Russia are formed in the system of general historical
education, and how the history of the Russian state is
presented in history textbooks. Russia is sensitive to
attempts to reinterpret historical events, including the
Soviet past. The relatively stable version of Russian
history that exists in the mass historical consciousness is
considered by state and public institutions as the basis of
national and civil identity. Attempts to rethink aspects of
this version, especially towards key historical events of the
Russian state, in particular the events of the Second world
war and great Patriotic war, are perceived as attempts to
falsify, attempts to «distort», «rewrite» the true story, and
are strictly suppressed by the country legislation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the Transbaikal State
University.
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