This document discusses how upgrading building fans with EC (electronically commutated) technology can significantly reduce energy consumption and costs. It provides case studies showing energy savings of 51-78% from retrofitting air handling units, fan coils, data center cooling units, and condensers with EC fans. EC fans are more efficient than standard AC fans due to integrated speed control and ability to continuously modulate fan speed to match demand. This saves energy compared to standard on/off fan operation.
Reduce your buildings energy consumption - Helen McHugh (ebm papst) - Energy ...Protectionandmanagement
Why is it important to consider fans?
How can EC technology reduce energy consumption?
Case Studies: Real examples of upgrades to existing HVAC equipment
How do I apply the most innovative solutions, products and services to my live environment?
In answer to the above question Airedale will demonstrate how you can maximise the efficiency of your live environment without compromising resilience.
With over 40 years’ experience in IT cooling design, build and retrofit across systems, services and controls integration, Airedale is uniquely positioned to present this seminar. The presentation will include a case study on BAE Systems where a year-long retrofit programme has achieved annual savings of 70-80% on computer room air conditioning energy costs, equivalent to £350,000, with a payback of under 15 months.
Speakers: Stuart Kay, Business Development Director & Adrian Trevelyan, Aftersales Manager
Stuart Kay has been involved in specifying some of the UK’s most important data centre installations since the 1990s. With more than 30 years’ experience, his understanding of past and leading-edge technological developments within the industry arm him with a unique knowledge bank that can be applied both to designing new build data centres as well as re-engineering the vast installed base.
Adrian Trevelyan heads up a 50-strong technical team which provides a national installation, maintenance, refurbishment and project management service. With 25 years at Airedale he has significant experience of upgrading live, critical installations to maximise energy efficiency and redundancy. Adrian will present a case study on BAE Systems where a year-long retrofit programme has achieved annual savings of 70-80% on computer room air conditioning energy costs, equivalent to £350,000, with a payback of under 15 months.
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Reduce your buildings energy consumption - Helen McHugh (ebm papst) - Energy ...Protectionandmanagement
Why is it important to consider fans?
How can EC technology reduce energy consumption?
Case Studies: Real examples of upgrades to existing HVAC equipment
How do I apply the most innovative solutions, products and services to my live environment?
In answer to the above question Airedale will demonstrate how you can maximise the efficiency of your live environment without compromising resilience.
With over 40 years’ experience in IT cooling design, build and retrofit across systems, services and controls integration, Airedale is uniquely positioned to present this seminar. The presentation will include a case study on BAE Systems where a year-long retrofit programme has achieved annual savings of 70-80% on computer room air conditioning energy costs, equivalent to £350,000, with a payback of under 15 months.
Speakers: Stuart Kay, Business Development Director & Adrian Trevelyan, Aftersales Manager
Stuart Kay has been involved in specifying some of the UK’s most important data centre installations since the 1990s. With more than 30 years’ experience, his understanding of past and leading-edge technological developments within the industry arm him with a unique knowledge bank that can be applied both to designing new build data centres as well as re-engineering the vast installed base.
Adrian Trevelyan heads up a 50-strong technical team which provides a national installation, maintenance, refurbishment and project management service. With 25 years at Airedale he has significant experience of upgrading live, critical installations to maximise energy efficiency and redundancy. Adrian will present a case study on BAE Systems where a year-long retrofit programme has achieved annual savings of 70-80% on computer room air conditioning energy costs, equivalent to £350,000, with a payback of under 15 months.
Opportunities for Energy Users in Demand Side ResponseEMEX
The National Grid System Operator view of a changing electricity system, and what this means for the role of flexible electricity. In particular, the opportunities this creates for energy managers to earn revenue/save costs from their flexibility.
The lecture will offer an overview of the Power Responsive programme facilitated by National Grid which aims to support growth of participation from energy users, and how they could get involved.
Case Study Findings from a Novel BEMS Installation for Small and Temporary Co...EMEX
This session will report on the major findings from two unique BEMS case studies. Context of the studies that utilised TerOpta’s innovative BEMS, specifically adapted for small-scale modular implementation, will be outlined. Details of the power line carrier technology that was used to control connected devices and enable communication throughout the buildings will be shown. Further, the lighting and BEMS energy savings identified will be presented, as well as future energy saving potential.
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Why Super Low Loss Amorphous Transformers are a Non-brainer for Britain’s Lea...EMEX
Supply transformers are a common piece of electrical infrastructure on campuses across the UK. Despite some major advancements in super low loss technology, old and inefficient transformers continue to waste thousands of pounds in avoidable electricity costs each year. This session will showcase energy saving capabilities of modern supply transformers and provide you with the opportunity to get best practice advice and first-hand experience from a senior engineer in the estates and environment department of one of Britain’s leading Universities.
Presented by René Kamphuis, TNO NL and Matthias Stifter, AIT Energy Department, Austria at the IEA DSM workshop in Lucerne, Switzerland on 16 October 2013.
Getting most out of bio-energy on industrial sitesEMEX
Businesses in the food and drink sector can generate bio-energy from their bio-degradable residues. On-site Anaerobic Digestion of food processing residues can produce biogas for factory use. If deployed more widely on industrial sites it will reduce reliance on fossil fuels and help cut GHG emissions. One of Britain’s most advanced on-site Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plants, located at First Milk’s Aspatria creamery, is the largest AD plant on a creamery site in Europe.
GE LV5 1500V 태양광 인버터(LV5 1500V Solar Inverter)GE코리아
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The financial justification for the roll out of battery based storage technology to large and medium sized companies is becoming increasingly compelling. Such systems will allow time shifting of demand enabling an enterprise to take advantage of low priced electricity as well as avoiding expensive electricity and surcharges during periods of high network usage. These benefits can be enjoyed by the enterprise without the need to resort to demand reduction which could impact on the operation of the business. This session focusses on the choices and options concerning the deployment of battery based storage systems and how this new technology can be cost effectively rolled out, at enterprise level, illustrated with some case studies of deployed systems.
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Helen McHugh, Head of Sustainable Technology at ebm-papst - Retrofitting Case Studies -Upgrading your buildings fans will save money
1. Retrofitting Case Studies -
Upgrading your buildings fans will save money
Helen McHugh - Head of Sustainable Technology
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst is strictly forbidden. Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst is strictly forbidden.
2. Energy saving potential of EC fans and motors
Contents
Introduction
Energy Consumption in commercial buildings
Why is it important to consider fans ?
How can EC technology reduce energy consumption ?
Case Studies
real examples of upgrades to existing HVAC equipment
Air Handling unit – Savings of 66%
Fan coil unit – Savings of 66%
Data Centre CRAC units – Savings of 78%
Condenser - Savings of 51%
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 2 is strictly forbidden.
3. About ebm-papst
World leading manufacturer of fans & motors
Developers of the highest efficiency EC fans
Founded in Germany in 1963
18 Production sites and 57 Sales Offices
€1.5 billion turnover.
Key Market sectors commercial HVAC & Refrigeration
Provide Energy efficient solutions
Work with building Owners, Occupiers, Energy consultants
to identify energy saving opportunities
Offer advice, Surveys, energy saving calculations & Installation
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 3 is strictly forbidden.
4. ebm-papst
EC Fan Technology
Axial Fans Backward Curved Centrifugal Forward Curved Centrifugal
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 4 is strictly forbidden.
5. ebm-papst
HVAC & Refrigeration Applications – benefiting from EC fan upgrade
HVAC - Commercial
Product: AHU
Fan: Backward Curved Centrifugal
Product: FCU
Fan: Forward Curved Centrifugal
Refrigeration
Product: Chiller & Condenser
Fan: Axial
Product: Cooler / Evaporator
Fan: Axial
Data Centre Cooling
Product: CRAC Unit
Fan: Backward Curved Centrifugal
Product: Fan Array – data centre
Fan: Backward Curved Centrifugal
Source: Airedale, Nuaire, Ability, GEA Searle, Epta Group.,
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 5 is strictly forbidden.
6. Energy usage in buildings
UK electricity usage 328TWh / year (2012)
Non Domestic buildings account for > 60% of this.
Predicted that energy requirements will continue to rise
Key reasons for reducing energy consumption are
• Reduce CO2 emissions
• Reduce energy bills
• Increased energy security
• Reduced effect of volatile energy costs
Commercial Buildings
Electricity: ~70% of a buildings emissions
HVAC: ~ 40% of all electricity used in commercial buildings
Fans / pumps: ~ 50% of the energy consumed in HVAC
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 6 is strictly forbidden.
7. Energy consumption in buildings
Lighting
10%
Heating
46%
Catering
14%
other 15%
hot water
15%
Hospital
Catering
10%
Government
other 8%
catering
17%
hot water
20%
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 7 is strictly forbidden.
Lighting
10%
Heating
65%
hot water
10%
other 5%
lighting
27%
refrigeration
18%
heating
35%
Cooling /
ventilation
6%
hot water
6%
Retail
lighting 7%
heating
Cooling / 45%
ventilation
11%
Hotel
8. Government Legislation
1. Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs)
Tax relief for investments on equipment meeting energy saving criteria. (listed on ETL)
EC fans qualify for ECA’s
2. Ecodesign of Energy related Products Directive – ErP
Imposes minimum energy efficiency levels for products – EC fans exceed 2015 levels
3. CRC & CCA’s
Encourages organisations to develop energy Management Strategies
Voluntary agreements for industries, if they agree to energy efficiency targets
4. ESOS Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme
Large businesses in the UK must undertake assessments of energy use & identify
energy efficiency opportunities at least once every four years.
Compliance period Dec 2015.
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 8 is strictly forbidden.
9. Energy related Products (ErP) Directive
Electric Motors - minimum efficiency levels
Date Minimum Efficiency level
June 2011 IE2
Jan 2015 IE3 ( size > 7.5 kW) Or > IE2 if using VSD
Jan 2017 IE3 ( size > 0.75 kW) Or > IE2 if using VSD
EC (4-pole equivalent)
AC. IE2 (4-pole)
AC. IE2 (4-pole) with VSD
EC motor has a higher efficiency than the AC motor. (EC motor equivalent to IE4)
Once speed control (VSD) is added to the AC motor, the overall efficiency is reduced
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 9 is strictly forbidden.
10. Energy related Products (ErP) Directive
Electric Motors - minimum efficiency levels
Date Minimum Efficiency level
June 2011 IE2
Jan 2015 IE3 ( size > 7.5 kW) Or > IE2 if using VSD
Jan 2017 IE3 ( size > 0.75 kW) Or > IE2 if using VSD
Efficiency = 87% v’s 73%
EC (4-pole equivalent) AC. IE2 (4-pole) with VSD
EC motor has a higher efficiency than the AC motor. (EC motor equivalent to IE4)
Once speed control (VSD) is added to the AC motor, the overall efficiency is reduced
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 10 is strictly forbidden.
11. EC Fans
What are they? & why are they more efficient?
AC to DC
conversion
Commutation
Electronics
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 11 is strictly forbidden.
Permanent magnet
Stator
Rotor
Permanent magnet motors with integrated speed control
Energy efficiency
more energy efficient than standard induction motors
Speed Control
Integrated speed control - no additional VSD is required.
Reduced Noise
Reduced noise under speed control
Compact design
Integrated motor & speed control
Reduced maintenance
No belts & pulleys
Built in Power factor correction
12. EC Benefit
Modulation - Integrated Speed Control allows fan speed to be modulated
Energy efficiency
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
On/Off operation
EC modulation
13% 25% 38% 50% 63% 75% 88% 100%
airflow capacity
power input
P1 ~ n3
Bar chart shows
Power input V’s number of fans used.
Ie. For a 4 fan system.
- Switching off 2 fans gives
50% reduction in airflow & 50% energy saving.
Line graph shows
power input for fans controlled via variable speed.
Ie. For a 4 fan system.
- running all fans @ ½ speed gives
50% reduction in airflow & ~80% energy saving.
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 12 is strictly forbidden.
13. EC Benefit
Modulation - Integrated Speed Control allows fan speed to be modulated
Noise Reduction
Bar chart shows
Noise reduction achieved by reducing the number of
fans running.
Ie. For a 4 fan system.
- Switching off 2 fans gives
50% reduction in airflow & 3dBA noise reduction
Line graph shows
Noise reduction achieved by speed controlling all fans.
Ie. For a 4 fan system.
- running all fans @ ½ speed gives
50% reduction in airflow & 15dBA noise reduction
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21
-24
On/Off operation
EC modulation
Log. (On/Off
operation)
13% 25% 38% 50% 63% 75% 88% 100%
airflow capacity
noise difference [dBA]
delta Lp [dB] = 50 x log10 (n1/n2)
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 13 is strictly forbidden.
14. EC Benefit
Control & Monitoring Options
The Integrated electronics - allow for simple speed control
1) Integrated demand based control of fan speed
means that the fan is only used when needed
2) Continuous speed adjustment
reduces noise,
provides a more even flow of air
and reduces energy consumption
3) Simply connect a sensor to the motor for
demand control against any parameter.
4) Larger fans have modbus
5) Bluetooth control is available
Refrigerant pressure
Temperature
Air pressure
Air volume
Manual setting
Any sensor
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 14 is strictly forbidden.
15. Case Studies
Energy savings resulting from
motor efficiency
optimising system design
HVAC applications covered
Air Handling Units
Fan Coils
Data Centre CRAC Units
Condenser
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 15 is strictly forbidden.
16. Case study
AHU - Government Building
Original Fan Used
Forward curved belt driven blower
2 x AC motor (1 for redundancy)
Fixed speed
Power Consumption 6.3kW
Replacement Fan (ebm-papst EC)
Backward curved plug fan
PM (EC) motor
Variable speed
Power Consumption 1.9kW
12 AHU’s serve the repository
Operation. 10 hrs/day. 6 days/wk.
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 16 is strictly forbidden.
17. Case study
AHU - Government Building
12 AHU’s serve the repository
Operation. 10 hrs/day. 6 days/wk.
Savings (annual) Per Unit All 12 Units
Energy Saving % 70%
Energy (Kwh) 13,728 164,736
Value (£) £1,650 £19,768
Carbon (Tonnes) 2.0 24.5
Payback period 2.5 years
* Assumptions
•Units operating 31,200 hrs / year
•Electricity cost £0.12/kWh (incl. CRC costs)
•kWh to CO2 conversion factor = 0.54522
•CO2 to Carbon conversion factor = 0.2727
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 17 is strictly forbidden.
18. Case study
Office Fan Coil Unit
Office building: 250 FCU’s (2 fans per unit)
Induction Motor (AC)
motor efficiency @ Operation point 25 %
Energy consumed per FCU. 137 W
SFP = 0.75
EC Motor (permanent magnet)
motor efficiency @ Operating point 78 %
Energy consumed per FCU. 46 W
SFP = 0.25 66% energy saving
Savings (annual) 2 fan unit 250 units
Energy Saving % 66%
Energy (Kwh) 455 113,750
Value (£) £45.50 £11,375
Carbon (Tonnes) 0.068 17.0
* Assumptions
•Units operating 10 hours/day for 50 weeks = 2500 hours
•Electricity cost £0.10/kWh
•kWh to CO2 conversion factor = 0.54522
•CO2 to Carbon conversion factor = 0.2727
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 18 is strictly forbidden.
19. Case study
Fan Coil Unit
Old AC twin fan deck New EC double fan unit.
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst 19 is strictly forbidden.
20. Case Study
Scottish Parliament Building
Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst is strictly forbidden.
21. Case Study
Scottish Parliament – CRAC Unit
Original Fans Used
• 2 x Forward Curved Blower Belt drive
• Absorbed Power (1 unit @ 100%) 5.6 kW
Replacement Fan (ebm-papst EC)
● 2 x Backward curved EC plug fans
● Absorbed Power
● (1 CRAC unit @ 100%) 3.4 kW
● (2 CRAC units @ 50% each) 0.42kW
Savings: Operation 24 hours / day, 365 days / year
Savings (annual) 1 unit matched airflow 2 units @ 50% each
Energy saving % 39% 85%
Energy (KWh) 19,272 41,698
Value (£) £1,927 £4,170
Carbon (T) 2.9 6.2
Payback Period ~ 21 Months ~19 Months
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Source : Airedale
The room has 2 CRAC units.
1 runs @ 100% & the other is on standby.
Suggest both CRAC units run @ 50% each.
22. Case Study
Scottish Parliament – CRAC Unit
Old fans were removed
Increased the size of the opening
in the floor
Plug fans installed in the floor
39% energy saving (1 CRAC unit running @ 100%)
85% energy saving (2 CRAC units running @ 50% each)
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23. Case Study
IT Company - Data Centre CRAC Unit
Floor Void opened to optimise airflow
43% energy saving @ matched Performance
67% energy saving @ commissioning
Original
Double inlet Blowers removed
New
EC fans fitted above floor in POD design
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24. Case Study
Computer Room Cooling – Diamond Light Source
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25. Case Study
Computer Room Cooling – Diamond Light Source
Phase 1
27 x Stulz downflow units
Upgrade original AC Fans for high
efficiency EC fans.
Aim was 2 fold
1. Reduce energy consumption
2. Reduce noise / vibration
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26. Proprietary and confidential information. Any circulation of this document or parts of it in whatsoever form without explicit permission of ebm-papst is strictly forbidden.
27. Case Study – Major supermarket.
Condenser & AxiTop
Reduces losses downstream of the
impeller outlet.
The AxiTop diffuser decelerates
airflow, dynamic energy is therefore
converted into static pressure
efficiency is significantly enhanced,
reducing energy consumption and
noise.
The same airflow can be achieved at
slower fan speeds
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28. Case Study – Major supermarket
Benefits of AxiTop
measured in customer application at constant air volume
- 7,2 [dB(A)] & 27% lower energy consumption
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29. Case Study – Major supermarket
Condenser – AxiTop
Date: Apr – Jun
Conducted by: Space Engineering Services on behalf of a major UK supermarket
Aim: Identify energy savings from retrofitting existing EC condenser fans with the AxiTop diffuser
Measurements show 2 condenser packs with & without AxiTop
1. HT Condenser Pack (5 fans)
2. LT Condenser Pack (3 fans)
In both cases.
- 2 identical condenser packs measured for 4 weeks.
- One unit used as base data & was not upgraded
- The other unit was upgraded to use AxiTop.
And both units measured again for a further 4 weeks
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30. Case Study – Major supermarket
Condenser – AxiTop
HT Pack Results
Graphs - before and after data for the HT packs.
data recorded on the same trading day (Saturday) with almost identical average ambient temperature.
Red Trace - HT 1 No AxiTop fitted (9.31 kWh – 9.1 kWh)
Blue Trace - HT 2 AxiTop fitted for the 2nd set of measurements
Total Power consumption Reduced from 13.04 kWh to 11.09 kWh = 15% reduction
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31. Case Study – Major supermarket
Condenser – AxiTop
LT Pack Results
Graphs - before and after data for the LT packs.
data recorded on the same trading day (Saturday) with almost identical average ambient temperature.
Red Trace - LT 1 No AxiTop fitted (4.14 kWh – 4.2kWh)
Blue Trace - LT 2 AxiTop fitted for the 2nd set of measurements
Total Power consumption Reduced from 18.23 kWh to 8.9 kWh = 51% reduction
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32. Case Study – Major supermarket
Condenser – AxiTop
Condenser Trial - Results
- Both the HT & LT condensers show energy savings due to the addition of the AxiTop
- HT - 15% saving (Part Load)
- LT - 51% saving
- The higher saving on the LT condenser unit is due to the siting of this condenser.
- The LT condenser is partially surrounded, resulting in more recirculation
- The AxiTop improves the throw of air, thereby resulting in less recirculation.
- AxiTop provides additional savings at the highest ambient conditions
(all fans running at their maximum),
- this is due to the discharge set point being achieved more often and for longer periods.
- Power savings are achieved not only from the fans, but also from the compressors.
HT condenser running at maximum, shows a 26% reduction in power consumption when AxiTop is fitted.
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33. Summary
The easiest way to reduce our energy consumption is by using more energy efficient products.
Government & European legislation is setting higher efficiency levels.
EC Technology is an established alternative technology that easily exceeds current
& future efficiency targets.
EC Technology can be easily installed as an upgrade to existing HVAC and Refrigeration equipment.
Energy savings in excess of 50% can be achieved.
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34. Helen McHugh
Head of Sustainable Technology
Email: Helen.Mchugh@uk.ebmpapst.com
Phone: 07802 201891
ebm-papst UK Ltd
Chelmsford Business Park
Chelmsford
Essex
CM2 5EZ
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Editor's Notes
energy requirements will continue to rise ~411 TWh in 2030
Domestic 35%
Industrial 33%
Commercial 24%
Public Admin 7%
In addition to reducing energy bills, there are other gains to be had from the commercial sector investing in energy efficiency measures, such as
- countering and reducing the effect of volatile energy costs,
- increasing business competitiveness,
- reducing overall UK energy demand and increasing the UK’s energy security.
benefits go beyond the financial and include ‘softer’ benefits such as improved worker productivity,
11% from better temperature control
3%, from better ventilation
Currently lighting and lighting controls are the most highly commissioned energy efficiency measure whilst Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) technologies have, to date, received relatively little attention
businesses are taking advantage of technologies with lower upfront costs.
Hotel
Annual energy costs for the sector: In excess £1 billion
Approx. 100,000 hotels / pubs in the UK
Data Centres
Consume ~ 2% of the national grid – 1,000MW
35 - 40,000 facilities in the UK with power >100kW
ErP
Implementing measures have been published and regulations have entered into force for several product groups,
• Air conditioners and comfort fans - Commission Regulation (EU) No 206/2012
The first 13 implementing measures are estimated to allow about 365 TWh yearly savings by 2020, equivalent to more than 12% of the final EU electricity consumption in 2009.
Electric motors alone are estimated to contribute more than 35% of these savings.
CRC
target emissions not already covered by CCAs and the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) encourages organisations to develop energy management strategies that promote a better understanding of energy usage.
Organisations must buy allowances for every tonne of carbon they emit.
The scheme is expected to reduce non-traded carbon emissions by 17million tonnes by 2027,
CCAs
voluntary agreements that allow eligible energy-intensive sectors to receive up to 90% reduction in the Climate Change Levy if they sign up to stretching energy efficiency targets agreed with government.
A total of 53 industrial sectors across more than 9,000 sites have signed up to targets. Targets apply to participating sectors from 2013 to 2020, with the scheme running until 2023
* Assumptions
Units operating 10 hours/day for 50 weeks = 2500 hours
Electricity cost of 10p/kWh
kWh to CO2 conversion factor = 0.54522
CO2 to Carbon conversion factor = 0.2727