Health problems in India Problems related to communicable diseases Problems related to Non-communicable diseases Problems related to Improper nutrition Problems due to environmental pollution Problems related to population Problems due to improper medical care

2. Introduction
•Health problems not only affect the individuals but they
affect the family , community and ultimately the nation.
Actually their impact can be felt over the world.

5. Causes of health problems
• Individual factors
• Environmental factors
• Socioeconomic factors
• Political factors
• Other factors

6. Individual factors
• Carelessness or lack of health consciousness.
• Not following the rules of personal health
• bad habits.

7. Environmental factors
• Environmental pollution (water, air, soil pollution)
• Lack of safe drinking water
• Unhealthy style of living and inappropriate housing
• Crowded and noisy life (Sound pollution)
• Improper waste management system
• Natural calamities.

8. Socioeconomic factors
• Illiteracy, poverty and lack of knowledge.
• Superstitions, harmful customs and traditions.
• Unhealthy cultural standards
• Lack of nutrition.
• Population explosion.
• Lack of faith in moral and social values.
• Heterogeneous social structure.

9. Political factors
• Inappropriate national health policy
• Low budget for health sector
• Lack of commitment towards health targets
• Insufficient primary health services.
• Uneven development and distribution of health and nursing
services.

10. Other factors
• Insufficient participation of NGOs and voluntary organizations.
• Relative inactivity of International health Organizations.

11. Classification health problems
• Problems related to communicable diseases
• Problems related to Non-communicable diseases
• Problems related to Improper nutrition
• Problems due to environmental pollution
• Problems related to population
• Problems due to improper medical care

13. Covid 19
• Covid 19 pandemic is the current major communicable disease
problem in India. 772 166 517-Confirmed cases Last update: 22
November 2023 .
• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the
SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate
respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.
However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention.

14. • As of 24 September 2023, over 770 million confirmed cases and
over 6 million deaths have been reported globally.

15. NIPHA
• History-After Nipah virus outbreaks in India in 2001 and 2007 (both in
the eastern state of West Bengal), an outbreak occurred in Kerala in
2018. The 2018 Kerala outbreak was traced to fruit bats in the area,
was generally confined to Kozhikode and Malappuram districts, and
claimed 17 lives.
• From the 12 to 15 September 2023, the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Government of India, reported six laboratory-confirmed
Nipah virus cases, including two deaths, in Kozhikode district, Kerala.

16. • Nipah virus infection is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic disease transmitted
to humans through infected animals (such as bats and pigs) or food
contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected animals. It can also
be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact with an
infected person .

17. • Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical
presentations including acute respiratory infection and fatal
encephalitis.

19. Malaria
• Malaria remains one of the major public health problems in
India. Malaria is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some
types of female Anopheles mosquitoes.
• According to the latest World malaria report, there were 247 million
cases of malaria in 2021 compared to 245 million cases in 2020. The
estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 619 000 in 2021
compared to 625 000 in 2020.

20. • INDIA- World Malaria Day 2023: India witnessed an 85.1-per
cent decline in malaria cases and an 83.36 per cent decline in
deaths caused by the disease from 2015 to 2022. World Malaria
Day is observed every year on 25th April. It was established by the
WHO in 2007 to raise awareness about malaria.

21. • National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) was launched in
1953 built around three key activities - insecticidal residual spray
(IRS) with DDT; monitoring and surveillance of cases; and
treatment of patients. National Malaria Eradication Programme
(NMEP) was launched in 1958.
• The National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) in India
2016–2030 .

22. Tuberculosis
• A total of 1.3 million people died from TB in 2022 (including
167 000 people with HIV). Worldwide, TB is the second leading
infectious killer after COVID-19 (above HIV and AIDS).
• In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis
(TB) worldwide, including 5.8 million men, 3.5 million women
and 1.3 million children. TB is present in all countries and age
groups. TB is curable and preventable.

23. • Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) was formulated
in 1962 -1997
• Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP)-1997-2020
• Nikshay was introduced in 2012-To monitor the data on
individual TB patients across the country, Government of
India decided to develop a system called NIKSHAY.

24. • Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) was formulated in
1962 -1997
• Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP)-1997-2020
• Nikshay was introduced in 2012-To monitor the data on individual
TB patients across the country, Government of India decided to
develop a system called NIKSHAY.

25. Leprosy
• India- prevalence rate of leprosy has come down from 0.69 per 10,000
population in 2014-15 to 0.45 in 2021-22. Annual new case detection
rate per 100,000 population has come down from 9.73 in 2014-15 to
5.52 in 2021-22.
• Nikusth 2.0 is an integrated portal for leprosy case management under
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It will aid in
efficient data recording, analyzing and reporting of the data

26. • NLEP (1983)- focuses on early detection, free of cost treatment
to prevent development of disabilities and deformities, and
medical rehabilitation of those with existing deformities. Welfare
allowance raised from Rs 8,000 to Rs 12,000 to Patients for
Reconstructive Surgery.
• With the whole of government, whole of society support, synergy
and cooperation, we can achieve the target of Leprosy Mukt
Bharat by 2027, three years ahead of the SDG”

27. • 1955 - National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP) launched
• 1983 - National Leprosy Eradication Programme launched
• 1983 - Introduction of Multidrug therapy (MDT) in Phases
• 2005 - Elimination of Leprosy at National Level
• 2012 - Special action plan for 209 high endemic districts in 16 States/UTs
• 2014 - Upgraded Simplified Information system implementation
• 2016 - Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
• 2017- 2019

28. • New Initiatives
• Active Case Detections Campaigns (14 days) in high endemic districts
• Focused Leprosy Campaign (FLC) in low endemic districts
• ASHA Based Surveillance for Leprosy Suspects
• Grade II Disability Epidemiological Investigation
• Implementation of Post Exposure Prophylaxis (administration of Single Dose of
Rifampicin)
• Leprosy Awareness Campaigns
• Introduction of NIKUSTH - A real time leprosy reporting software across India

29. • 2023-The Government of India has launched National Strategic
Plan (NSP) & Roadmap for Leprosy (2023-27) on 30 th January,
2023, to achieve zero transmission of leprosy by 2027.
• Ashewamedam-The aim is to eradicate leprosy completely by
finding and treating leprosy sufferers who are hidden in society
through home visits. As part of the Ashwamedham campaign,
trained health workers will visit homes for two weeks to detect
the symptoms of the disease.

30. AIDS
An estimated 38 million people are living with HIV all over the
world,whom 23 lakh are in India.
Theme 2023 AIDS day Dec 1st -Let communities leadend .
National AIDS control programme of 2022. An estimated 0.7%
[0.6-0.8%] of adults aged 15–49 years worldwide are living with
HIV, although the burden of the epidemic continues to vary
considerably between countries and with HIV, although the burden of the
epidemic continues to vary considerably between countries and regions.

31. • NACP-1992
• KSACS was formed to implement the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in
the state. It works under the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) which is a
part of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India.

35. • NCDs are one of the major challenges for public health in 21st century.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases,
tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of
genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
• The main types of NCD are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart
attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

36. • Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or 17.9
million people annually, followed by cancers (9.3 million), chronic
respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (2.0 million
including kidney disease deaths caused by diabetes).
• In order to prevent and control major NCDs, the National
Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer,
Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
(NPCDCS) was launched in 2010.

37. • National Programme for Control of Blindness(NPCB)
• National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
• National Programme for the Healthcare of the
Elderly(NPHCE)
• National Programme for Prevention & Control of
Deafness(NPPCD)
• National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP)

38. •Problems related to Improper
nutrition

41. Protein energy malnutrition
• Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health
problem in India.
• This is a disease found in children due to insufficient food.
• This is also called kwashiorkor and marasmus, it is found in
children below 3 years of age.
• Therefore it is essential to give proper nutrition and protection to
children against infections.

42. According to findings of the 2019-21 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5),
nutrition indicators for children under 5 have improved over NFHS-4 (2015-
16).Stunting has reduced from 38.4% to 35.5%, wasting from 21.0% to 19.3%
and underweight prevalence is down from 35.8% to 32.1%.

43. • As per the Global Hunger Index 2022 report, prevalence of
undernourished in the population stands at 16.3%, child stunting
is at 35.5%, child wasting is at 19.3% and child mortality rate is
3.3%.

44. • Poshan Abhiyan
• Integrated Child Development Services
• Matritva Sahyog Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• National Nutrition Mission
• National Food Security Mission

45. Poshan Abhiyan
• The efforts under the Supplementary Nutrition Programme under
Anganwadi Services and POSHAN Abhiyaan have been
rejuvenated and converged as ‘SakshamAnganwadi and POSHAN
2.0’ (Mission Poshan 2.0). It seeks to address the challenges of
malnutrition in children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and
lactating mothers through a strategic shift in nutrition content
and delivery and by creation of a convergent eco-system to
develop and promote practices that nurture health, wellness and
immunity.

46. Nutritional anemia
• Anemia, which is the most prevalent nutritional problem worldwide, occurs
more commonly in young children, pregnant women, and women of child
bearing age.
• The prevalence of anaemia among six groups as per the National Family
Health Survey 5 (2019-21), is 25.0 percent in men (15-49 years) and 57.0
percent in women (15-49 years). 31.1 percent in adolescent boys (15-19
yrs), 59.1 percent in adolescent girls,52.2 percent in pregnant women (15-49
years) and 67.1percent in children (6-59 months).

47. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD
• Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable
childhood blindness .Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
or hypovitaminosis A is a lack of vitamin A in blood and tissues.
• Severe deficiency of VA lead Xerophthalmia, Bitot spots,
Keratomalacia, Night blindness.

48. • Night blindness. This causes you to have trouble seeing in low light. It will
eventually lead to complete blindness at night.
• Xerophthalmia. With this condition, the eyes may become very dry and crusted,
which may damage the cornea and retina.
• Infection. A person with a vitamin A deficiency can experience more frequent
health concerns as they will not be able to fight off infections as easily.
• Bitot spots. This condition is a buildup of keratin in the eyes, causing hazy vision.
• Skin irritation. People experiencing vitamin A deficiency could have problems with
their skin, such as dryness, itching, and scaling.

49. • Keratomalacia. This is an eye disorder involving drying and
clouding of the cornea — the clear layer in front of the iris and
pupil.

50. Vitamin A prophylaxis programme
• Launched in 1970
• Prevent nutritional blindness
• Administration of VA 6-5.9 Month old children .

51. IDD
• IDD occurs when your body doesn’t get enough iodine. Its caused by
lack of iodine in your diet.ID leads to goiter, still birth, cretenism,
dwarfism,hypothyroidism,mental retardation.
• NIDDCP -1982
• In india more than 6.1 crore people are suffering from endemic gioter
and 88 lakh people are suffering from mental/physical disabilities

52. Problems due to environmental pollution
• Environmental pollution is becoming a serious threat to public health
in India.
• Main environmental problems in India are air and water pollution
,depletion of natural resources, improper waste disposal and low
level of sanitation ,sound pollution, traffic pressure, degradation of
land, industrialization and urbanization , radiation hazards, excessive
use of fertilizers and chemicals in agriculture.

53. • Excessive use of plastic ,increased population. These factors are
causing different types of health problems in people.

54. Problems related to population
• Over population is one of the biggest problem faced by our
country. Population explosion has affected the economic
development of our country and the living standards of our
citizens.
• India is the most populous country in the world , estimated
total population in India is approximately 1.42 billion people.

55. • Over population has affected on all aspects housing ,health care,
sanitation, and environment.
• The population is increasing very fast because of declining of
death rate and high birth rate.

56. 2 Main aspects of population problem
•Reduction in the MMR and IMR
•Reduction in birth rate

57. Reduction in the MMR and IMR
• Present problem is to reduce the MMR and IMR .To achieve this
,encouraging the spacing between the children , keeping the size
of the family small , improvement in nutrition , development of
healthy habits and measures to protect mother and child against
communicable diseases.

58. Reduction in birth rate
Reduction in the birth rate is the only solution to population
problems. To reduce the birth rate, it is necessary to raise the
marriageable age, Raising the Status of Women , Spread of
Education , Social Security , Development of Agriculture and
Industry , Standard of Living , Urbanization , Late Marriage.

59. Problems due to improper medical care
Problems related medical care in India categorized into
•Unavailability of medical care facilities
•Uneven distribution of medical care facilities

60. Unavailability of medical care facilities
• It is not easy to make available medical care to all the citizens in a
large country like India with a population more than 1.42 billion.
• Due to lack of resources it is difficult to spread the medical
facilities in every corner of country.

61. Uneven distribution of medical care
facilities
• 70% of Indian population lives in rural areas, but the 80% of
health services are available in cities and urban areas. Due to this
uneven distribution of medical care facilities the rural population
not getting adequate health services.
• Thus the major medical care problem in India is inadequate
distribution of health resources between urban and rural areas.