Physiology practical

1. HEAD & NECK – PART 2
Dr. S. Diwya Lakshmi,
Institute of Anatomy,
Madras Medical college.

2. 1
• A) Identify the pointed space
• B) Name the openings present in it.

3. • A) Middle meatus
• B) openings are
*Middle ethmoidal air sinuses
*Frontal air sinus
*Anterior ethmoidal air sinuses
*Maxillary air sinus

4. 2
• A) Identify the pointed space.
• B) Name the opening present in it.

5. • A) Inferior meatus
• B) opening present in it.
* Opening of the nasolacrimal duct ( in the anterior part of meatus )

6. 3
A) Identify the pointed structure.
B) Write its blood supply.

7. A) Tongue
B) Its blood supply.
* Dorsal lingual artery
* Deep lingual artery
* Tonsillar branch of facial artery
* Ascending pharyngeal artery

8. 4
• A)Identify the pointed structure.
• B)What type of cartilage is it ?

9. • A) Epiglottis
• B) Elastic cartilage

10. 5
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its lining epithelium

11. • A) Identify the pinned structure.
* Epiglottis
• B) The greater part of the mucous membrane is lined by Non-
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The mucous membrane
over the lower part of the Posterior surface is lined by
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

12. 6
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) what are the 2 parts
connected by it.

13. • A) Pharyngotympanic tube ( auditory tube or eustachian tube )
• B) It connects the tympanic cavity/middle ear and nasopharynx.

14. 7
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Name the two mucosal folds
extending from it.

15. • A) Tubal elevation
• B) The two mucosal folds extending from it are.
* Salpingopharyngeal fold :- extends vertically downwards and
fades on the side wall of the pharynx. It contains salpingopharyngeus
muscle.
* Salpingopalatine fold extends downwards and forwards to the
soft palate. It contains the levator palati muscle.

16. 8
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its blood supply

17. • A) Nasal septum ( medial wall of nose )
• B) Its blood supply are.
* anterior ethmoidal artery ( a branch of ophthalmic artery )
* Posterior ethmoidal artery ( a branch of ophthalmic artery ).
* Sphenopalatine artery ( a branch of maxillary artery)

18. 9
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its clinical significance.

19. • A) Nasal septum ( medial wall of nose )
• B) Its clinical significance.
* An area in the anteroinferior part of the nasal septum just
above the vestibule is highly vascular. Here the septal branches of the
anterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery, Greater palatine
artery and superior labial artery anastomose to form a vascular plexus
called Kiesselbach’s plexus. This area of nasal septum is the commonest
site of epistaxis ( nose bleeding )

20. 10
• A) Identify the pointed space.
• B) Write its clinical significance

21. • A) Piriform fossa
• B) Its clinical significance are.
* It is otherwise called as smuggler’s fossa. As it is used by the
smugglers to hide the precious materials like diamonds.
* A malignant tumour of the laryngopharynx ( hypopharynx )
may grow in the space provided by the piriform fossa without
producing symptoms until the patient presents with metastatic
lymphadenopathy.

22. 11
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) What type of cartilage it is.

23. • A) Thyroid cartilage
• B) Hyaline cartilage

24. 12
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B)Name the structures pierces it ?

25. • A) Thyrohyoid membrane
• B) The thyrohyoid membrane is pierced on either side by the internal
laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels.

26. 13
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its sensory nerve
supply.

27. • A) Pinna ( Auricle )
• B) Its sensory nerve supply.
* Lateral ( facial ) surface :- Lower 1/3rd , by great auricular nerve
( C2,C3); Upper 2/3rd by auriculotemporal nerve, Concha by auricular
branch of vagus nerve ( Alderman’s nerve )
* Medial ( cranial ) surface :- Lower 1/3rd by great auricular nerve
( C2, C3 ) , Upper 2/3rd by lesser occipital nerve C2 , Eminentia conchae,
by auricular branch of the vagus.

28. 14
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its divisions

29. • A) Pharynx
• B) Its divisions.
* Nasopharynx , lying behind the nose
* Oropharynx , lying behind the oral cavity
* Laryngopharynx , lying behind the larynx

30. 15
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write the names of the
cartilages it is composed of.

31. • A) Larynx
• B) The names of the cartilages it is composed of are.
* Unpaired cartilages :- The unpaired cartilages are large.
1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
* Paired cartilages :- The paired cartilages are small
1. Arytenoid cartilages
2. Corniculate cartilages
3. Cuneiform cartilages

32. 16
• A) Identify the pointed
structure
• B) what structure
divides it into 3 parts

33. • A) Maxillary artery
• B) Lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle

34. 17
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) It separates what ?

35. • A) Soft palate
• B) It separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx

36. 18
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its extent .

37. • A) True vocal cord
• B) It extend from the middle of the thyroid angle to the vocal process
of attention cartilage

38. 19
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) Name the structures passing
through it

39. • A) Foramen Ovale
• B) Mandibular nerve, Accessory middle meningeal artery, lesser
petrosal nerve, Emissary vein

40. 20
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) Name the structures passing
through it

41. A) Foramen Lacerum
B) Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery, Emissary
vein, Internal carotid artery along with the sympathetic plexus
around it, enters it from behind and exists above.

42. 21
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) What divides it into two
compartments.

43. • A) Foramen magnum
• B) The alar ligament of axis vertebra divides the foramen into small
anterior and large posterior compartments.

44. 22
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Name its branches.

45. • A) Inferior alveolar nerve
• B) Its branches are : Mylohyoid, dental, incisive and mental nerve

46. 23
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) What nerve comes out of it

47. • A) Mental foramen
• B) Mental nerve

48. 24
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) what is the action?

49. • A) Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
• B) Only abductor of vocal cord

50. 25
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write the structures passing
through it.

51. • Mandibular foramen
• It provides passage to : Inferior alveolar nerve, Inferior alveolar
artery, Inferior alveolar vein

52. 26
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its sensory innervation

53. • A) Lingual nerve
• B) It carries general sensation from anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

54. 27
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its nerve supply and
action

55. • A) Hyoglossus muscle
• B) Nerve supply : Hypoglossal nerve
Action : Depresses the side of tongue to make the dorsal surface of
the tongue convex and also helps in the retraction of the protruded
tongue.

56. 28
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Name some muscles it
innervates.

57. • A) Hypoglossal nerve
• B) It supplies all the muscles of the tongue ( intrinsic & extrinsic )
except the palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus nerve carrying
cranial accessory nerve fibres.

58. 29
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its action.

59. • A) Genioglossus muscle
• B) Action : Protrudes the tongue when acting together with its
counterpart of opposite side ( safety muscle of tongue)

60. 30
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its nerve supply and Action

61. • A) Cricothyroid muscle
• B) External laryngeal nerve
• Action: Tensor of vocal cord

62. THANK U