It is horrifying that we have to fight our own government to save the environment. - Ansel Adams
The earth will not continue to offer its harvest, except with faithful stewardship. We cannot say we love the land and then take steps to destroy it for use by future generations. - John Paul II
A local man is petitioning to remove Pymatuning Creek from its designation as a wild and scenic river by the state of Ohio, claiming the designation infringes on private property rights. State officials maintain the designation does not restrict land use or authorize entering private property. The designation aims to preserve the natural character and conservation values of the creek corridor while involving local communities in long-term protection efforts.
The document discusses Washington's Shoreline Management Act and the role of the Department of Ecology in its implementation. It notes that the Act was passed in 1971 to protect Washington's 28,000 miles of coastal and inland shorelines. The Act established a framework for shoreline management, with the state providing guidelines and individual cities and counties developing local shoreline master programs. It also outlines the state's policy under the Act to provide for shoreline management through planning and permitting reasonable uses while protecting the natural environment.
Updates from the Texas General Land Office - Mark HavensTWCA
The document provides information about the Texas General Land Office (GLO) and its management of public lands and mineral rights in Texas to generate revenue for the Permanent School Fund. It discusses how the GLO leases land for oil and gas development, groundwater usage, and other purposes. It also describes the GLO's role in administering disaster recovery funds from Hurricane Harvey and developing a state flood mitigation plan.
Recent Developments in Planning and Land Use Law 2021Jesse Souki
Presentation prepared for the annual Hawaii Congress of Planning Officials, Wednesday, October 6, 2021, 3:00 P.M.-4:30 P.M. Covers recent land use related legislation and case law in Hawaii from 2021.
Jesse Souki State of Hawaii and the Pacific Regionriseagrant
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for marine spatial planning (MSP) in Hawaii and the U.S. Pacific Islands region. It identifies stakeholders, the existing regulatory framework, and efforts underway including the National Ocean Policy which establishes regional planning bodies. Key challenges include engaging stakeholders across the expansive region and incorporating indigenous perspectives, while opportunities lie in leveraging existing partnerships and giving the region a stronger voice in the regional planning body process.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANNING AND LAND USE LAWJesse Souki
This document summarizes recent developments in planning and land use law in Hawaii, including cases from the US Supreme Court, Hawaii Supreme Court, Intermediate Court of Appeals, and new legislation. Key highlights include: the County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund case established a case-by-case analysis for Clean Water Act permits; legislative acts established buffers around landfills, prohibited coal power, allowed county inspections of agricultural buildings, and created a school facilities agency.
Due Process Right to a "Clean and Healthful Environment"Jesse Souki
This document summarizes key information about contested cases in Hawaii land use and planning law. It discusses when contested cases are required by the Hawaii Administrative Procedures Act and constitutional due process. It provides examples from Hawaii Supreme Court cases that have found a right to a contested case hearing when claiming a property interest protected by the state constitution, such as traditional and customary practices. The document also outlines the requirements for contested case hearings, including the opportunity to be heard, submit evidence, and cross-examine witnesses. It notes some of the government agencies in Hawaii subject to contested cases in their decision-making processes.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
A local man is petitioning to remove Pymatuning Creek from its designation as a wild and scenic river by the state of Ohio, claiming the designation infringes on private property rights. State officials maintain the designation does not restrict land use or authorize entering private property. The designation aims to preserve the natural character and conservation values of the creek corridor while involving local communities in long-term protection efforts.
The document discusses Washington's Shoreline Management Act and the role of the Department of Ecology in its implementation. It notes that the Act was passed in 1971 to protect Washington's 28,000 miles of coastal and inland shorelines. The Act established a framework for shoreline management, with the state providing guidelines and individual cities and counties developing local shoreline master programs. It also outlines the state's policy under the Act to provide for shoreline management through planning and permitting reasonable uses while protecting the natural environment.
Updates from the Texas General Land Office - Mark HavensTWCA
The document provides information about the Texas General Land Office (GLO) and its management of public lands and mineral rights in Texas to generate revenue for the Permanent School Fund. It discusses how the GLO leases land for oil and gas development, groundwater usage, and other purposes. It also describes the GLO's role in administering disaster recovery funds from Hurricane Harvey and developing a state flood mitigation plan.
Recent Developments in Planning and Land Use Law 2021Jesse Souki
Presentation prepared for the annual Hawaii Congress of Planning Officials, Wednesday, October 6, 2021, 3:00 P.M.-4:30 P.M. Covers recent land use related legislation and case law in Hawaii from 2021.
Jesse Souki State of Hawaii and the Pacific Regionriseagrant
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for marine spatial planning (MSP) in Hawaii and the U.S. Pacific Islands region. It identifies stakeholders, the existing regulatory framework, and efforts underway including the National Ocean Policy which establishes regional planning bodies. Key challenges include engaging stakeholders across the expansive region and incorporating indigenous perspectives, while opportunities lie in leveraging existing partnerships and giving the region a stronger voice in the regional planning body process.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANNING AND LAND USE LAWJesse Souki
This document summarizes recent developments in planning and land use law in Hawaii, including cases from the US Supreme Court, Hawaii Supreme Court, Intermediate Court of Appeals, and new legislation. Key highlights include: the County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund case established a case-by-case analysis for Clean Water Act permits; legislative acts established buffers around landfills, prohibited coal power, allowed county inspections of agricultural buildings, and created a school facilities agency.
Due Process Right to a "Clean and Healthful Environment"Jesse Souki
This document summarizes key information about contested cases in Hawaii land use and planning law. It discusses when contested cases are required by the Hawaii Administrative Procedures Act and constitutional due process. It provides examples from Hawaii Supreme Court cases that have found a right to a contested case hearing when claiming a property interest protected by the state constitution, such as traditional and customary practices. The document also outlines the requirements for contested case hearings, including the opportunity to be heard, submit evidence, and cross-examine witnesses. It notes some of the government agencies in Hawaii subject to contested cases in their decision-making processes.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
In cooperation with Metacomet Land Trust -- presentation to Rep Roy and Rep Kuros 9-25-15, by Alan R Earls, former chair of the Franklin, MA Open Space Committee
The document discusses India's need to share river water resources through cooperation between states. It outlines reasons for river water disputes such as uneven water distribution and increasing population. River water disputes can arise from actions that affect upstream or downstream states. Disputes are typically resolved through negotiation facilitated by the central government or tribunals. Important inter-state river water sharing disputes and treaties are mentioned. The document advocates for better water sharing to control droughts and floods, utilize water for agriculture, and promote economic prosperity.
The document discusses the designation of the Detroit River as an American Heritage River in 1998 and the subsequent efforts through the Greater Detroit American Heritage Rivers Initiative to restore the environmental health and promote the economic development of the Detroit River area. It highlights several accomplishments from 2004, such as constructing fish habitats, preserving land, and expanding greenway trails. The initiative continues to leverage funding and support revitalization projects along the Detroit River.
Inter-State River Water Disputes in IndiaAnmol Utsav
This document discusses inter-state river water disputes in India. It provides background on water resources and river basins in India. The major causes of inter-state river water disputes are uneven distribution of water, increasing demand, and rainfall variability. It outlines some of the major disputes like Krishna, Godavari, Narmada, and Cauvery rivers. Tribunals are established under the Inter-State River Water Dispute Act to adjudicate where negotiations fail. Approaches to resolving disputes include sub-basin division and equitable apportionment. Solutions proposed to improve the dispute process include treating water as a national resource, limiting actors, and establishing time frames and enforcement bodies.
This document discusses plans for sustainable coastal development and protection in the Gulf Coast region. It proposes establishing a Lone Star Coastal National Recreation Area along the coast of Galveston Bay to promote economic development through recreation and tourism while also providing non-structural flood control through preservation of coastal habitats. These habitats would help mitigate flooding while supporting activities like bird watching, paddling, and eco-tourism that have been shown to generate billions in economic impact each year. The document outlines governance of the proposed recreation area through partnerships and presents examples of successful wildlife recreation areas elsewhere to demonstrate the economic potential of this approach.
The document discusses the importance of open space to residents of Upper Providence Township. It highlights results from the 2005 Comprehensive Plan survey that show residents value parks and open spaces. Over 60% of residents get their water from Ridley Creek, so maintaining high water quality through open space preservation is important. However, there is development pressure that could threaten environmentally sensitive lands. The Township group UPOS works to preserve open spaces in line with the Comprehensive Plan and sees Scott Park as a valuable educational resource due to its diverse ecosystems.
Pilgrim Pipelines: What Ulster County Residents Need to KnowJeremy Cherson
The document summarizes information about proposed Pilgrim Pipelines projects in New York that would transport crude oil from North Dakota through New York to New Jersey. It notes that the pipelines could have significant environmental and community impacts, as the proposed routes would cross over 200 water bodies, 99 access roads would be built in Ulster County, and pipeline leaks could release over 350,000 gallons of crude oil per hour. Local governments and environmental groups oppose the projects due to these risks. The document outlines next steps in the environmental review process and argues that investments in clean energy would better serve the region than the proposed pipelines.
Swim Drink Fish Canada submitted comments on the draft Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality and Ecosystem Health, 2020. They recognize the commitments Ontario and Canada are making to restore and protect the Great Lakes. They are supportive but provide 10 recommendations including to include them in beach monitoring efforts, ensure adequate funding, focus on enforcement, prioritize sewage issues in Hamilton Harbour and Toronto Harbour, and establish clear benchmarks for measuring improvements to Great Lakes health.
Crude Oil Transport on the Hudson- Riverkeeper & Scenic HudsonJeremy Cherson
On April 2, 2016 Riverkeeper and Scenic Hudson presented on the risks and solutions to unsafe crude oil transportation in the Hudson Valley. See www.riverkeeper.org/crude for more information.
Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide ...Jesse Souki
What: NRS Monthly Speaker Series: Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide Land Use and Planning System
What: Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide Land Use and Planning System
When: Tuesday, May 28, 2013, 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Where: HSBA Conference Room (10th Floor, Alakea Corporate Tower, 1100 Alakea Street)
Who: Jesse K. Souki, Director, Office of Planning, State of Hawaii
Mr. Souki has advised and counseled public and private sector clients on projects related to residential mixed use, resorts, commercial and industrial, and public infrastructure development. His practice focuses on helping clients successfully navigate local, state, and federal policy and regulatory frameworks that affect land and ocean based development. He has served as Deputy Corporation Counsel to the Maui and Honolulu planning commissions and planning departments. As Director of the Office of Planning, his priorities include supporting the development of land and ocean based clean energy projects, climate change adaptation planning and implementation, and Smart Growth planning and development through transit-oriented development.
The initiative to rejuvenate the Huron River and its communities, called RiverUp!, began when Congressman John Dingell called on conservation leaders to restore the river and revitalize surrounding cities. RiverUp! aims to improve the ecological health of the Huron River through cleaning up contaminated sites, restoring natural shorelines and flows, and transforming communities along the river corridor by improving recreation and connecting trails and parks. Specific accomplishments include remediating a contaminated DTE Energy site in Ann Arbor and plans to redevelop the area, as well as efforts to revitalize Ypsilanti's riverfront through new developments and trail connections.
The document summarizes a study conducted by Centro Alexander von Humboldt on the social and environmental assessment of the proposed route for the construction of an interoceanic canal through Nicaragua. The study assessed a 278km route selected by investors through field work, analysis of environmental and social impacts, and a review of relevant legal frameworks. The study found the route and canal construction would have major environmental impacts by threatening ecosystems, modifying watersheds, and reducing Nicaragua's ability to ensure water and food security. It concluded the project's legal framework exempts it from environmental laws and oversight in contradiction with Nicaragua's constitution and international agreements it has signed.
This document discusses states' roles in developing offshore wind in the United States. It outlines the permitting authorities and processes for offshore wind projects in federal waters, state waters, and the Great Lakes. Several states like Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Michigan are actively supporting and regulating offshore wind development through legislation, requests for proposals from developers, and feasibility studies. The future of offshore wind will depend on continued state initiatives and federal-state coordination on siting and permitting offshore projects.
Linda Lingle, former Governor of Hawaii, writes a letter to NOAA expressing concern over their proposal to designate 4,787 square miles of land and water in Hawaii as critical habitat for the Hawaiian Monk Seal. This area would cover almost 75% of the state and impact important activities like fishing, energy projects, and construction. Lingle calls on NOAA to postpone the action until the full economic and social consequences are understood, as the seal population is actually increasing in areas without the designation.
International law of water courses 4 principlesManar Ramadan
This presentation explains the 4 laws of international water courses showing case studies from Rio de grand river conflict, Nile River conflicts, and few conflicts in some Indian rivers
This document provides context for a collection of stories from coastal British Columbia community members involved in research and discussion of offshore oil and gas. It summarizes that oil and gas exploration has been banned off the coast of BC since the 1970s, but the provincial government now wants to lift this moratorium. It describes the University of Northern British Columbia's Northern Coastal Information and Research Program, funded by the BC government, which facilitated public discussion on this issue through publications and by engaging local communities. The collected stories in this document represent diverse perspectives from communities in the Queen Charlotte Basin region on their futures and how offshore oil and gas may or may not fit within their visions.
The proposed Nicaraguan Canal project would build a shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. While the Nicaraguan government claims it will boost economic growth, many citizens and environmentalists are skeptical due to the project's lack of transparency and potential environmental impacts. Tourism in Nicaragua, an important industry, could be negatively affected by pollution from ships and construction. The $40 billion project's impacts on biodiversity and indigenous communities require further independent study before construction begins.
Projections about the First 100 Days of the New Administration, Michael J. NasiTWCA
The document provides an overview of potential environmental regulatory reform under the new presidential administration. It summarizes actions taken to date through executive orders and memoranda related to environmental reviews and approvals. It also outlines expected nominations and appointments to key energy and environmental positions. The document discusses broad reforms anticipated, such as reducing the number of new regulations and revising rules on power plants, methane, and waters of the US. It aims to debunk some myths about the impacts of past environmental rules.
Regionality: A Tool to Promote Coastal Resiliencemarlowe43
This document discusses implementing a regional approach to promote coastal resilience in the United States. It notes that coastal populations and economies are growing as sea levels rise and storms intensify, stretching federal resources. Currently, coastal projects are implemented piecemeal without coordination. The document proposes forming regional alliances between state governments and other stakeholders to jointly plan and fund coastal resilience projects. This would allow for more efficient management of dredging and use of dredged materials across larger areas. It provides an example of how a regional approach benefited a project in Fenwick Island after Hurricane Sandy.
The Dakota Access Pipeline: Lessons Learned from the Standing Rock Protests f...TWCA
The document summarizes lessons learned from the protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. It discusses the pipeline project itself and the key events in the protests from the perspectives of the tribe, USACE, and North Dakota. Some key takeaways are to engage tribes early in cultural resource issues, recognize tribal sovereignty, be transparent while protecting sensitive information, and realize larger historical and social contexts are involved in controversial infrastructure projects. Social media's influence on spreading information is also noted.
Hawkesbury-Nepean River System Coastal Management Program Stage 1 Scoping StudyNeil Dufty
The Hawkesbury-Nepean River system is a major
social, environmental and economic asset for the
state of New South Wales, Australia. This extensive estuary
system encompasses the Hawksbury-Nepean River,
Pittwater, Brisbane Water and Broken Bay, which
span the Greater Sydney and Hunter - Central Coast
regions. Together, these provide a stunning natural
environment, areas of cultural significance, a
multitude of social and recreational benefits, and are
a key contributor to the regional economy.
In accordance with the NSW Coastal Management
Framework, management of the estuary system and
its tributaries will be guided by a Coastal
Management Program (CMP). The six (6) councils
that border the tidal waterways of the system have
agreed to work together through Stage 1 of an
integrated, whole of system CMP. The councils are:
◼ Central Coast
Council
◼ Hornsby Shire
Council
◼ Hawkesbury City
Council
◼ Ku-ring-gai
Council
◼ The Hills Shire
Council
◼ Northern Beaches
Council
The purpose of the CMP is to set the long-term
strategy for the coordinated management of the
system and its catchment. The CMP seeks to
achieve the objectives of the Coastal Management
Act through a program that will identify coastal
management issues, pressures, and risks - and the
actions required to address these issues in a
strategic and integrated way.
This Scoping Study represents the first of five stages
in the CMP process.
The American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) submitted testimony to the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee regarding the potential impacts of proposed changes to the Clean Water Act jurisdictional rule. ARTBA represents over 6,000 transportation construction firms and agencies. The testimony expressed concerns that expanding the definition of "waters of the United States" would increase permitting requirements and delays for transportation projects, jeopardizing streamlining reforms. ARTBA advocated for continued federal-state partnership in protecting water resources and urged the EPA to establish a wetlands classification system based on ecological value.
In cooperation with Metacomet Land Trust -- presentation to Rep Roy and Rep Kuros 9-25-15, by Alan R Earls, former chair of the Franklin, MA Open Space Committee
The document discusses India's need to share river water resources through cooperation between states. It outlines reasons for river water disputes such as uneven water distribution and increasing population. River water disputes can arise from actions that affect upstream or downstream states. Disputes are typically resolved through negotiation facilitated by the central government or tribunals. Important inter-state river water sharing disputes and treaties are mentioned. The document advocates for better water sharing to control droughts and floods, utilize water for agriculture, and promote economic prosperity.
The document discusses the designation of the Detroit River as an American Heritage River in 1998 and the subsequent efforts through the Greater Detroit American Heritage Rivers Initiative to restore the environmental health and promote the economic development of the Detroit River area. It highlights several accomplishments from 2004, such as constructing fish habitats, preserving land, and expanding greenway trails. The initiative continues to leverage funding and support revitalization projects along the Detroit River.
Inter-State River Water Disputes in IndiaAnmol Utsav
This document discusses inter-state river water disputes in India. It provides background on water resources and river basins in India. The major causes of inter-state river water disputes are uneven distribution of water, increasing demand, and rainfall variability. It outlines some of the major disputes like Krishna, Godavari, Narmada, and Cauvery rivers. Tribunals are established under the Inter-State River Water Dispute Act to adjudicate where negotiations fail. Approaches to resolving disputes include sub-basin division and equitable apportionment. Solutions proposed to improve the dispute process include treating water as a national resource, limiting actors, and establishing time frames and enforcement bodies.
This document discusses plans for sustainable coastal development and protection in the Gulf Coast region. It proposes establishing a Lone Star Coastal National Recreation Area along the coast of Galveston Bay to promote economic development through recreation and tourism while also providing non-structural flood control through preservation of coastal habitats. These habitats would help mitigate flooding while supporting activities like bird watching, paddling, and eco-tourism that have been shown to generate billions in economic impact each year. The document outlines governance of the proposed recreation area through partnerships and presents examples of successful wildlife recreation areas elsewhere to demonstrate the economic potential of this approach.
The document discusses the importance of open space to residents of Upper Providence Township. It highlights results from the 2005 Comprehensive Plan survey that show residents value parks and open spaces. Over 60% of residents get their water from Ridley Creek, so maintaining high water quality through open space preservation is important. However, there is development pressure that could threaten environmentally sensitive lands. The Township group UPOS works to preserve open spaces in line with the Comprehensive Plan and sees Scott Park as a valuable educational resource due to its diverse ecosystems.
Pilgrim Pipelines: What Ulster County Residents Need to KnowJeremy Cherson
The document summarizes information about proposed Pilgrim Pipelines projects in New York that would transport crude oil from North Dakota through New York to New Jersey. It notes that the pipelines could have significant environmental and community impacts, as the proposed routes would cross over 200 water bodies, 99 access roads would be built in Ulster County, and pipeline leaks could release over 350,000 gallons of crude oil per hour. Local governments and environmental groups oppose the projects due to these risks. The document outlines next steps in the environmental review process and argues that investments in clean energy would better serve the region than the proposed pipelines.
Swim Drink Fish Canada submitted comments on the draft Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality and Ecosystem Health, 2020. They recognize the commitments Ontario and Canada are making to restore and protect the Great Lakes. They are supportive but provide 10 recommendations including to include them in beach monitoring efforts, ensure adequate funding, focus on enforcement, prioritize sewage issues in Hamilton Harbour and Toronto Harbour, and establish clear benchmarks for measuring improvements to Great Lakes health.
Crude Oil Transport on the Hudson- Riverkeeper & Scenic HudsonJeremy Cherson
On April 2, 2016 Riverkeeper and Scenic Hudson presented on the risks and solutions to unsafe crude oil transportation in the Hudson Valley. See www.riverkeeper.org/crude for more information.
Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide ...Jesse Souki
What: NRS Monthly Speaker Series: Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide Land Use and Planning System
What: Measures that Passed the 27th Legislature and Will Affect Hawaii's Statewide Land Use and Planning System
When: Tuesday, May 28, 2013, 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Where: HSBA Conference Room (10th Floor, Alakea Corporate Tower, 1100 Alakea Street)
Who: Jesse K. Souki, Director, Office of Planning, State of Hawaii
Mr. Souki has advised and counseled public and private sector clients on projects related to residential mixed use, resorts, commercial and industrial, and public infrastructure development. His practice focuses on helping clients successfully navigate local, state, and federal policy and regulatory frameworks that affect land and ocean based development. He has served as Deputy Corporation Counsel to the Maui and Honolulu planning commissions and planning departments. As Director of the Office of Planning, his priorities include supporting the development of land and ocean based clean energy projects, climate change adaptation planning and implementation, and Smart Growth planning and development through transit-oriented development.
The initiative to rejuvenate the Huron River and its communities, called RiverUp!, began when Congressman John Dingell called on conservation leaders to restore the river and revitalize surrounding cities. RiverUp! aims to improve the ecological health of the Huron River through cleaning up contaminated sites, restoring natural shorelines and flows, and transforming communities along the river corridor by improving recreation and connecting trails and parks. Specific accomplishments include remediating a contaminated DTE Energy site in Ann Arbor and plans to redevelop the area, as well as efforts to revitalize Ypsilanti's riverfront through new developments and trail connections.
The document summarizes a study conducted by Centro Alexander von Humboldt on the social and environmental assessment of the proposed route for the construction of an interoceanic canal through Nicaragua. The study assessed a 278km route selected by investors through field work, analysis of environmental and social impacts, and a review of relevant legal frameworks. The study found the route and canal construction would have major environmental impacts by threatening ecosystems, modifying watersheds, and reducing Nicaragua's ability to ensure water and food security. It concluded the project's legal framework exempts it from environmental laws and oversight in contradiction with Nicaragua's constitution and international agreements it has signed.
This document discusses states' roles in developing offshore wind in the United States. It outlines the permitting authorities and processes for offshore wind projects in federal waters, state waters, and the Great Lakes. Several states like Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Michigan are actively supporting and regulating offshore wind development through legislation, requests for proposals from developers, and feasibility studies. The future of offshore wind will depend on continued state initiatives and federal-state coordination on siting and permitting offshore projects.
Linda Lingle, former Governor of Hawaii, writes a letter to NOAA expressing concern over their proposal to designate 4,787 square miles of land and water in Hawaii as critical habitat for the Hawaiian Monk Seal. This area would cover almost 75% of the state and impact important activities like fishing, energy projects, and construction. Lingle calls on NOAA to postpone the action until the full economic and social consequences are understood, as the seal population is actually increasing in areas without the designation.
International law of water courses 4 principlesManar Ramadan
This presentation explains the 4 laws of international water courses showing case studies from Rio de grand river conflict, Nile River conflicts, and few conflicts in some Indian rivers
This document provides context for a collection of stories from coastal British Columbia community members involved in research and discussion of offshore oil and gas. It summarizes that oil and gas exploration has been banned off the coast of BC since the 1970s, but the provincial government now wants to lift this moratorium. It describes the University of Northern British Columbia's Northern Coastal Information and Research Program, funded by the BC government, which facilitated public discussion on this issue through publications and by engaging local communities. The collected stories in this document represent diverse perspectives from communities in the Queen Charlotte Basin region on their futures and how offshore oil and gas may or may not fit within their visions.
The proposed Nicaraguan Canal project would build a shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. While the Nicaraguan government claims it will boost economic growth, many citizens and environmentalists are skeptical due to the project's lack of transparency and potential environmental impacts. Tourism in Nicaragua, an important industry, could be negatively affected by pollution from ships and construction. The $40 billion project's impacts on biodiversity and indigenous communities require further independent study before construction begins.
Projections about the First 100 Days of the New Administration, Michael J. NasiTWCA
The document provides an overview of potential environmental regulatory reform under the new presidential administration. It summarizes actions taken to date through executive orders and memoranda related to environmental reviews and approvals. It also outlines expected nominations and appointments to key energy and environmental positions. The document discusses broad reforms anticipated, such as reducing the number of new regulations and revising rules on power plants, methane, and waters of the US. It aims to debunk some myths about the impacts of past environmental rules.
Regionality: A Tool to Promote Coastal Resiliencemarlowe43
This document discusses implementing a regional approach to promote coastal resilience in the United States. It notes that coastal populations and economies are growing as sea levels rise and storms intensify, stretching federal resources. Currently, coastal projects are implemented piecemeal without coordination. The document proposes forming regional alliances between state governments and other stakeholders to jointly plan and fund coastal resilience projects. This would allow for more efficient management of dredging and use of dredged materials across larger areas. It provides an example of how a regional approach benefited a project in Fenwick Island after Hurricane Sandy.
The Dakota Access Pipeline: Lessons Learned from the Standing Rock Protests f...TWCA
The document summarizes lessons learned from the protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. It discusses the pipeline project itself and the key events in the protests from the perspectives of the tribe, USACE, and North Dakota. Some key takeaways are to engage tribes early in cultural resource issues, recognize tribal sovereignty, be transparent while protecting sensitive information, and realize larger historical and social contexts are involved in controversial infrastructure projects. Social media's influence on spreading information is also noted.
Hawkesbury-Nepean River System Coastal Management Program Stage 1 Scoping StudyNeil Dufty
The Hawkesbury-Nepean River system is a major
social, environmental and economic asset for the
state of New South Wales, Australia. This extensive estuary
system encompasses the Hawksbury-Nepean River,
Pittwater, Brisbane Water and Broken Bay, which
span the Greater Sydney and Hunter - Central Coast
regions. Together, these provide a stunning natural
environment, areas of cultural significance, a
multitude of social and recreational benefits, and are
a key contributor to the regional economy.
In accordance with the NSW Coastal Management
Framework, management of the estuary system and
its tributaries will be guided by a Coastal
Management Program (CMP). The six (6) councils
that border the tidal waterways of the system have
agreed to work together through Stage 1 of an
integrated, whole of system CMP. The councils are:
◼ Central Coast
Council
◼ Hornsby Shire
Council
◼ Hawkesbury City
Council
◼ Ku-ring-gai
Council
◼ The Hills Shire
Council
◼ Northern Beaches
Council
The purpose of the CMP is to set the long-term
strategy for the coordinated management of the
system and its catchment. The CMP seeks to
achieve the objectives of the Coastal Management
Act through a program that will identify coastal
management issues, pressures, and risks - and the
actions required to address these issues in a
strategic and integrated way.
This Scoping Study represents the first of five stages
in the CMP process.
The American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) submitted testimony to the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee regarding the potential impacts of proposed changes to the Clean Water Act jurisdictional rule. ARTBA represents over 6,000 transportation construction firms and agencies. The testimony expressed concerns that expanding the definition of "waters of the United States" would increase permitting requirements and delays for transportation projects, jeopardizing streamlining reforms. ARTBA advocated for continued federal-state partnership in protecting water resources and urged the EPA to establish a wetlands classification system based on ecological value.
May 29 2014 Draft Small Business Wotus Hearing Statementartba
The American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) is concerned that EPA's proposed expansion of federal jurisdiction over "Waters of the United States" under the Clean Water Act will negatively impact transportation projects and small businesses. ARTBA argues that the proposal could subject more transportation projects to lengthy permitting requirements and litigation, even for minor impacts. They support reasonable protection of truly sensitive wetlands but think definitions and regulations should recognize the partnership between federal and state governments, as intended by the Clean Water Act. ARTBA urges EPA to establish a wetlands classification system and "de minimis" standards to reduce unnecessary burdens while still protecting important water resources.
The document discusses ecosystem restoration efforts in various regions of the United States, including Appalachia. It provides details on restoration projects focused on improving aquatic habitats and stabilizing river banks that have been undertaken by organizations like the USACE and NOAA. These projects often have limited budgets in the millions of dollars range. The document also examines the costs and benefits of wetland restoration efforts by the USDA across different regions. While billions of dollars have been spent on restoration, the document notes that limited research has been done to accurately assess the ecological and economic impacts of these projects. Overall, the document analyzes the challenges with accurately evaluating and comparing the costs and benefits of various ecosystem restoration initiatives across large regions.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Perspective (Part 1 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document discusses the benefits of beach nourishment projects. It argues that beaches provide significant economic, environmental, and recreational benefits. Beaches are vital to the tourism industry and provide protection from storms. However, many beaches are eroding due to human alterations like ports and inlets. Beach nourishment projects aim to restore eroded beaches by adding sand. Critics argue nourishment is a subsidy for the rich or harmful, but studies show the economic and environmental benefits outweigh the costs. Nourishment is needed to maintain beaches in a healthy, useful state for all Americans.
The document discusses management of ceded lands in Hawaii and recommends adopting aspects of California's model. California acquired nearly 4 million acres of sovereign lands when it became a state in 1850. These lands are overseen by the California State Lands Commission, which includes the Lieutenant Governor, State Controller, and State Director of Finance as ex officio members. The Commission ensures compliance with statutory grants requiring revenues from granted lands to be reinvested in public trust purposes like water-related commerce, navigation, fishing, and more recently, general recreation. The essential obligation is to manage tidelands for the benefit of all state residents.
“Government's first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives.” – Ronald Reagan
“If you really think that the environment is less important than the economy, try holding your breath while you count your money.” ― Guy McPherson
“Loyalty to the Nation all the time, loyalty to the Government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain
The document summarizes a climate stakeholders meeting focused on climate adaptation for the town of Littlemarsh. It discusses how climate change will impact the region through increased temperatures, flooding, and other extreme weather events. It then outlines steps the town can take to increase resilience, including upgrading infrastructure, revising wetlands/floodplain bylaws, implementing green infrastructure standards, and considering zoning changes and voluntary property buyouts. Meeting attendees were encouraged to prioritize short and long-term adaptation actions for the town to undertake.
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Hawaii Shoreline and Beach Erosion - Vexatious Government Process - Onerous Environmental Evidentiary Burden
1. MAKAHA SURFSIDE, OAHU – HOLOLANI RESORT, MAUI
PURSUIT OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN HAWAII
ROLES AND REPONSIBILITES
FRACTIONALIZED GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY
̶ RIVALRY AND TURF PROTECTION ̶
PLACES AN ONEROUS BURDEN ON THOSE SEEKING A REMEDEY
THE “INVISIBLE HAND”
CONTROLLING GOVERNMENT
Overview
Hawaii and the nation have entered a period when the need for coordinated
participation in establishing guidelines for orderly future growth is being
recognized by all levels of government and concerned citizenry.
Hawaii's beaches and shoreline belong to the public and as such should always
be available for public use. Access to shoreline areas is at a premium.
The use of coastal waters as a receptacle for agricultural, industrial, and human
pollutants remains a subject of concern.
Given the limited land area of the islands, several plans to use the ofshore
coastal zone for aviation purposes and other functions with large spatial
requirements have been proposed. Concurrently, expansion of afuence and
leisure time have caused a signifcant increase in marine- based recreation,
thus intensifying the conficts among the multitudes of activities taking place in
the ocean or near the water's edge. In response to these pressures, an
awareness has grown on many fronts that the coastal zone cannot possibly
support all uses or users harmoniously.
More and more segments of society are now demanding that institutions be
shaped not only to meet the conficts arising from obtaining access to the use of
coastal resources, but also by the ecological factors relating to the needs of the
resources themselves.
2. It is often generalized that the policies of government instrumentalities are
ambiguous with respect to regulating activities and developments in the coastal
zone so as to conform to the best standards of public welfare.
It is frequently charged that sound bases for rational and orderly planning in
the development of the coastal zone are lacking, that common policy regarding
coastal zone legislation and efective administration at the county, state, and
national levels are presently not available, and that agency responsibility and
jurisdiction over activities in the coastal zone are uncoordinated and
overlapping to a serious degree.
PRESENT PRIORITIES IN USES OF THE COASTAL ZONE OFTEN DO NOT
REFLECT THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE PUBLIC. MANY STATE AND
FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVE OVERLAPPING AND FRAGMENTED AUTHORITY
... VARIOUS RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EACH OF ITS (COASTAL ZONE) FACETS
[ARE] FRACTIONATED AMONG FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY AND MILITARY
ENTITIES IN HAWAII.
As a result of this OVERLY BROAD DISSEMINATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES,
THERE IS NO INDIVIDUAL AGENCY THAT CAN ESTABLISH POLICY AND
DELEGATE AUTHORITY IN DEALING WITH PROBLEMS RANGING FROM
WATER POLLUTION TO BEACH SAND REMOVAl.
[Emphasis Supplied]
As urban, resort, and residential developments have occurred in Hawaii's
coastal zone, they have brought to our society a mixture of blessings.
We have an increased amount of fabricated products and a diminishing supply
of certain products of the natural environment. Albeit we have more houses
and fne eating establishments; we also have less unpolluted water and open
spaces.
Traditionally, private land-use decisions have been and continue to be shaped
by considerations of proft maximization.
3. Public land-use decisions are also largely dictated by the principle of “highest
and best use”, most often based on the assumption that the market system is a
tolerably good provider of information on both social benefts and costs arising
from development projects. However, recent economic research has shown that
the situation in the real world is often quite diferent.
There have been several instances when decisions favoring private developers
have been taken against the wishes of the local citizenry. This is certainly one
area where THE “INVISIBLE HAND” DOCTRINE OF CLASSICAL
ECONOMICS -- which equates private selfshness with public welfare -- needs a
lot of help. [Emphasis Supplied]
As coastal development pressures continue to mount, getting the full public
beneft from land-use decisions has become an increasingly important subject
of discussion.
Considerable attention has been focused on public costs brought about by
privately initiated development projects. The most obvious form of public cost
is the loss of considerable areas of open shoreline from unimpeded public use,
despite the fact that state law clearly states that Hawaii's beaches belong to the
public and should be available for public use.
While there may be a need for further development, the relevant question
centers on the desirability of using prime shoreline areas to satisfy development
demands, while alternative sites could be used.
Presently, centralized institutions for guiding and directing coastal development
decisions do not exist. Instead, the coastal zone is subject to competing
demands, with many of the outputs being unmarketable or not directly
marketable -- for example, public coastal recreation. Thus, coastal land-use
decisions are often made by extra-market bargaining, depending on value
judgments and efective political power tactics.
Clearly, subdivision approval, zoning, and permits should be obtain- able under
well-defned rules and under clear and recognized conditions. This is especially
true for the required park-dedication ordinance.
4. Unless the rules are well defned and treated as important policy questions, it is
very likely that infuential individuals and groups interested in coastal
development will gain disproportionate benefts.
Until county lawmakers pass an acceptable park-dedication ordinance, it is
highly probable that more coastal development controversies will make
headlines. Moreover, whether such an ordinance will prove to be an efective
tool for acquiring the highly-needed open-space coastal land to serve the
interests of Hawaii residents remains to be seen.
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for. Water Resources.
August 2017, accessed April 18, 2018.
http://www.aldenst.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Hawaiian-Islands-Shoreline-
Assessment_nsms_080417.pdf
MAKAHA, OAHU
THE CITY PROPOSES A BREAKWATER TO PROTECT THE MAKAHA SHORELINE
By Diana Leone. Star Bulletin
September 3, 2001, Accessed April 16, 2018
http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/09/03/news/story6.html
Work could begin late this year to restore a beach pounded and eroded by
waves, threatening Makaha Surfside Condominiums. Condo owners have
pushed for years for the city to protect the beach, said Bob Benson, chairman
of the Makaha Surfside's beach erosion committee.
The “pocket” beach has lost 60 feet since 1972, according to an environmental
assessment of the project.
“When you get the high surf and waves, they do splash up onto our property,”
Benson said.
“The city did fx the (temporary) sandbags about a month ago -- and it's lucky
they did,” he said, because high surf Thursday was again washing through the
chain-link fence that separates the condos from the city's park.
5. The city is proposing a breakwater ofshore to stop shoreline erosion and to
replace up to 5,000 cubic yards of sand, city project manager Don Grifn said.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service asked that the breakwater be relocated to
avoid coral, he said.
That change slowed permitting from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Grifn said. If both those are
received this fall, work on the beach restoration could start before the year is
over, he said.
Richard Namba has been awarded the $800,000 city contract to install the
breakwater and put sand on the depleted beach, Grifn said.
BIG WAVES CAUSE EROSION AT MAKAHA BEACH
KITV Island News.
Posted: February 21, 2016 – Updated: March 13, 2016
Accessed April 16, 2018
http://www.kitv.com/story/31276919/big-waves-cause-erosion-at-makaha-beach
Big waves have been pounding North Shore beaches all winter, but the
leeward side has also seen its share of large surf. But how is it afecting
Makaha Beach?
“The beach is basically falling into the ocean,” said Rep. Kymberly Pine,
Honolulu City Council Member.
This time of year, surfers say that's not unusual, but the sand seems to be
shifting due to consistently large swells. Most of it is gone.
“It's the big waves. They take the sand away and they take it to the other end
of the beach or it goes out in the ocean,” said surfer Lance Hookano.
The beach will eventually return during the summer time, but it's not just the
big waves aiding in the erosion. Farrington Highway runs right along the
shoreline.
6. The city is working with the state to make improvements.
“In the next few months, we'll be awarding the contract to the company that
will start analyzing the area to let us know exactly how we can build this
alternative road that goes mauka of this highway,” said Rep. Pine.
According Rep. Pine, fxing the road is a top priority. The feasibility study of
Farrington Highway is estimated to be about half a million dollars. It's
forecast to begin in April.
FARRINGTON HIGHWAY REALIGNMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY (1% Complete)
The Oahu Metropolitan Planning Organization (OahuMPO) is the manager for
this study in consultation with the Hawaii Department of Transportation and
the City and County of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services. This
study is being funded through the OahuMPO Overall Work Program.
The consultant selection process is underway. The Request for Proposals (RFP)
process ended on April 18, 2016. OahuMPO staf is negotiating a contract with
a consultant.
Source: OahuMPO. Accessed April 16, 2018. http://www.oahumpo.org/projects/planning-
studies/farrington-highway-realignment-feasibility-study/
KAHANA, MAUI
KAHANA SHORELINE HARDENING PROJECT RUNS INTO OPPOSITION
As ocean nibbles away at the beach, debate rages over what to do about it
By Brian Perry, City Editor. The Maui News
April 15, 2018, accessed April 16, 2018
http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/04/kahana-shoreline-hardening-project-runs-into-opposition/
Many beaches have eroded to expose beach rock and seawalls (particularly
north of Kaanapali). Seawall failure has been rampant in this area in the past
decade due to improperly built structures.
7. In addition to widespread chronic erosion, beaches from Kaanapali to Napili
are particularly prone to seasonal changes with sand typically driven to the
north end of beaches from southerly swell in summer months and toward the
south end of beaches from northerly swell in winter months. The coastal
highway south of Lahaina is a critical transit corridor that was built directly
behind low-lying beaches and is prone to erosion and overwash during high
waves.
On March 23, the state Board of Land and Natural Resources deferred action
on a time extension request for a conservation district use permit for shoreline
erosion control from the owners of Hololani Resort Condominiums, located at
4401 Lower Honoapiilani Road. The board denied a request for a contested
case proceeding from a group of West Maui residents and community activists.
The time extension request is scheduled to return to the board April 27.
Meanwhile, the seawall opponents appealed to the Maui Environmental Court
on April 5. They maintain the board improperly denied their request for a
contested case proceeding, and they want the court to block construction of the
Hololani seawall until there’s “compliance with all applicable laws.”
The plaintifs are Na Papa`i Wawae `Ula`ula, the West Maui Preservation
Association and Native Hawaiian fsherman and Kahana resident Felimon
Sadang, represented by attorney Lance Collins. The defendants are the land
board and the Hololani Association of Apartment Owners.
Na Papa`i coordinating member Kai Nishiki questioned the land board's
approval of a permanent seawall while Maui County has approved only a
temporary structure while it completes a regional sand nourishment project for
Kahana Bay.
Community organizer Tiare Lawrence, also a candidate for the Upcountry 12th
House district seat held by Rep. Kyle Yamashita, said construction of the
seawall could start a domino efect when other owners of shoreline properties
would need to convert from sandbag revetments to permanent seawalls to
protect their property.
8. Also, the Hololani owners have a measure pending before state lawmakers this
session, which ends May 3. Senate concurrent resolution 63 would authorize
the issuance of an easement covering 6,128 square feet, a portion of which
would be state submerged lands of of the Hololani for the seawall’s rock
revetment.
Land board Chairwoman Suzanne Case submitted testimony in favor of the
measure to the Senate Ways and Means Committee.
In it, she told lawmakers the Hololani property owners had obtained a
conservation district use permit from the board for the steel sheet pile
seawall and rock revetment.
But, as a condition of that permit, the owners were required to obtain a
nonexclusive easement for the structure from the state, approval of which
must be obtained by the governor and the Legislature by a concurrent
resolution, Case said.
The property owners will pay fair market value of the easement, based on the
fnal easement area, and as determined by an independent appraisal, she said.
[Emphasis Supplied]
Written testimony from Association of Apartment Owners of Hololani
Condominium President Stuart Allen and board director Michelle Staford
sought approval of the concurrent resolution for what they called a hybrid
shore protection structure.
They said the property owners concurred with a Senate Committee on Water
and Land amendment with additional safeguards to ensure unrestricted public
beach access, to remove the revetment if a regional beach nourishment project
proceeds and to provide liability protection for the state.
They testifed that the Hololani project has been designed to not increase
erosion to neighboring properties.
9. “While some testifers advocate allowing the erosion to continue without any
shoreline structures, if erosion is allowed to continue, the resulting shoreline
will consist of a clif and very poor water quality — high turbidity due to the
landward red soils and darker material washing into the ocean — which would
be damaging to the marine life, such as the coral colonies that are presently
fourishing ofshore,” they said. “The turbidity would also make the bay
undesirable for human use.”
Allen and Staford said the condominium association is required by its
shoreline management area permit to participate in and pay its share of a
regional beach nourishment study; and, if and when such a project is
completed, to remove the seawall.
Meanwhile, “the present conditions at Kahana Bay are dire,” they said. “The
erosion has become increasingly damaging since the inception of the
project.”
A timeline provided by Allen and Staford showed that the beginning of a
“long-term solution” and the hiring of consultant Sea Engineering were in 2010.
Preparation of a draft environmental assessment began in 2011, and a fnal
assessment was published and accepted in October 2013. A conservation
district use permit was granted with conditions in November 2013, and a
special management area permit was approved in June 2016.
The Senate concurrent resolution was passed April 5 and sent to the
House, where it was referred to Water and Land; Ocean, Marine Resources
and Hawaiian Afairs; and Finance committees.
Voluminous testimony was submitted to the land board and state lawmakers
from Maui by residents opposed to the Hololani seawall project. They said
seawalls prevent natural erosion processes and harm neighboring beaches,
near-shore ecosystems and water quality.
In December, the 304-page “Sea Level Rise Vulnerability & Adaptation Report”
by the state Ofce of Conservation and Coastal Lands identifed West Maui,
Waihee, Hana and Kihei as communities susceptible to rising ocean waters.
10. A projected 3.2-foot rise in sea level by 2100 would result in chronic fooding,
submerged lands, coastal erosion and new wetlands. The greatest economic
loss would be in West Maui because of the concentration of high-value
residential property, commercial land and structures, the report said.
A sea-level rise of more than 3 feet would wreak economic losses in the billions
and destroy 760 structures on the island, including hotels in West Maui, the
report warned.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS NATIONAL SHORELINE MANAGEMENT STUDY
AUGUST 2017
Prepared By: Craig Vogt, Inc. Ocean & Coastal Environmental Consulting, Hacks Neck, Virginia;
CSRA Inc., Arlington, Virginia; Eastern Research Group, Inc.; Lexington, Massachusetts.
Prepared for: Institute of Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, Virginia;
Honolulu District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Shafter, Hawaii.
Accessed April 16, 2018
fle:///Users/iMac/Downloads/Hawaiian-Islands-Shoreline-Assessment_nsms_080417.pdf
West Maui
West Maui is dominated by rocky headlands and narrow calcareous sandy
beaches. Key features of West Maui include numerous pocket beaches between
Napili and Kahana/north Kaanapali, extensive beaches at Kaanapali (main
tourism center on Maui), and narrower low-lying beaches, cobble, and seawalls
from Lahaina to the south.
This region is known for its favorable weather conditions and attractive
beaches so it has become a well-developed tourist destination, including the
historic town of Lahaina and the Kaanapali resort area.
Overall, this region is highly developed with condos and hotels, the most
developed tourism area of Maui, second only to Waikiki on Oahu.
11. The generally west facing coastline receives wave exposure from northwest
swells in the winter that wrap into the region, south swells in the summer, and
occasional Kona storms that approach from the south. This region is partially
shielded from the full energy of northwest swells by the islands of Molokai and
Lanai. With wave exposure from two directions (north and south), the sandy
beaches exhibit high seasonal variations. The region overall is considered sand
starved, owing partly to a limited sand supply in the upper part of the coastal
plain where the geology transitions from sand to volcanic sediment types. As a
result, while fringing reef in many areas provides protection from wave energy,
chronic erosion and narrowing beaches have led to shoreline armoring to
protect the extensive tourist and commercial facilities. This armoring is
associated with loss of beaches along parts of the region, including Lahaina and
Honokowai. Many beaches have eroded to expose beach rock and seawalls
(particularly north of Kaanapali). Seawall failure has been rampant in this
area in the past decade due to improperly built structures. [Emphasis
Supplied] In addition to widespread chronic erosion, beaches from Kaanapali to
Napili are particularly prone to seasonal changes with sand typically driven to
the north end of beaches from southerly swell in summer months and toward
the south end of beaches from northerly swell in winter months. The coastal
highway south of Lahaina is a critical transit corridor that was built directly
behind low-lying beaches and is prone to erosion and overwash during high
waves.
The Three-Year Swim Club
The Untold Story of Maui's Sugar Ditch Kids and Their Quest for Olympic Glory
By Julie Checkoway. Grand Central Publishing, New York, NY. July 2016
ISBNS: 978-1-4555-2345-0 (trade pbk.), 978-1-455-2343-6 (ebook)
Each man has his own vocation. The talent is the call. There is one direction in
which all space is open to him. He has faculties silently inviting him thither to
endless exertion. He is like a ship in a river; he runs against obstructions on every
side but one, on that side all obstruction is taken away and he sweeps serenely
over a deepening channel into an infnite sea ... He has no rival. For the more truly
he consults his own powers, the more diference will his work exhibit from the work
of any other. — Ralph Waldo Emerson