HAEMORRHAGE .pptx
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Hemorrhage is an acute loss of blood from damaged blood vessels that can range from minor skin bleeding to massive blood loss. It can be caused by trauma, underlying medical conditions, or infections. The World Health Organization provides information on hemorrhage prevention and treatment.
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CNE.pptx
This document provides information on continuing nursing education (CNE). It defines CNE and discusses its purposes, aims, need, functions, features, principles, elements, forms, process and evaluation. The key points are:
- CNE helps nurses maintain and improve skills and knowledge to provide better patient care. It includes educational activities after initial training.
- The purposes of CNE include gaining new knowledge/skills, professional growth, relicensure requirements, and better job performance.
- CNE needs to be developed by nurses and conducted within nursing education to ensure it meets community health needs.
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LECTURE METHOD.pptx
This document provides an overview of effective lecturing techniques. It defines a lecture as a pedagogical method where the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned address on a topic. The purposes of lecturing include providing structured knowledge, motivating students, introducing new areas of learning, and clarifying difficult concepts. Effective lecturing requires planning objectives, organizing material, delivering content engagingly, and evaluating outcomes. Key aspects include maintaining student interaction, using supportive media, obtaining feedback, and having a lesson plan to stay on track and relate learning to teaching activities.
GVHD.pptx
GVHD is a serious complication that can occur after allogeneic stem cell transplantation where donor cells attack the host's tissues and cells. There are two main types: acute GVHD, which primarily affects the skin, liver, and GI tract within 100 days; and chronic GVHD, which can last for months or years and commonly affects the skin, mouth, eyes, liver, lungs, and joints. Risk factors include HLA mismatch between donor and recipient, older age, gender disparity, and prior acute GVHD. Treatment involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and other drugs depending on whether it is acute or chronic GVHD.
Chest Trauma .pptx
This document discusses chest injuries and their management. It begins by introducing chest trauma as life-threatening due to injuries to the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the chest. It then defines chest injury and provides epidemiological data showing thoracic trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths. Specific injuries discussed in detail include rib fractures, flail chest, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. For each injury, the document covers causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including analgesics, ventilator support, chest tube insertion, and surgery. Nursing assessments and interventions are also reviewed.
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Chris, a diabetic patient, began experiencing decreased urine output and increased lethargy. His doctor diagnosed him with acute kidney injury secondary to his uncontrolled diabetes. Acute kidney injury is a sudden decrease in kidney function that can be caused by factors like decreased blood flow, nephrotoxic drugs, or urinary obstruction. Chris's symptoms and elevated creatinine and potassium levels on lab tests confirmed the diagnosis.
Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty is a plastic surgery procedure used to correct and reconstruct the nose. There are two types: reconstructive surgery restores form and function, while cosmetic surgery improves appearance. The rhinoplasty procedure involves anesthesia, incisions to access the nasal structure, reshaping bones and cartilage, correcting deviations, and closing incisions. Post-operative care requires head elevation, medication, limited activity, and avoiding extreme facial expressions. Risks include infection, breathing issues, and an unsatisfactory result.
Skin grafting
Skin grafts and skin flaps are surgical procedures used to repair skin defects and promote wound healing. In a skin graft, healthy skin is removed from a donor site and transplanted to a recipient site, but does not maintain its original blood supply. A skin flap retains part or all of its original blood supply after being moved from a donor to recipient site. Common donor sites include the thigh, arm, and buttocks. Skin grafts and flaps are used to treat burns, wounds, and reconstructive procedures. Care of the graft and donor site is needed to promote healing.
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Plastic and reconstructive surgery aims to restore form and function to damaged or missing tissues through procedures like reconstructive surgery following tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, and cleft lip and palate surgery. Reconstructive surgery after burns focuses on wound closure, preventing infection, and re-establishing skin function and properties while reducing scarring and contractures. The timing of burn reconstructive surgery can be immediate, early, or late depending on whether the procedure is urgent, essential for rehabilitation, or desirable for aesthetic purposes. A variety of reconstructive techniques are used depending on factors like scar severity and maturation stage.
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CNE.pptx
This document provides information on continuing nursing education (CNE). It defines CNE and discusses its purposes, aims, need, functions, features, principles, elements, forms, process and evaluation. The key points are:
- CNE helps nurses maintain and improve skills and knowledge to provide better patient care. It includes educational activities after initial training.
- The purposes of CNE include gaining new knowledge/skills, professional growth, relicensure requirements, and better job performance.
- CNE needs to be developed by nurses and conducted within nursing education to ensure it meets community health needs.
- Evaluation of CNE programs is important to assess the impact on nurses' learning, behavior, and patient outcomes
LECTURE METHOD.pptx
This document provides an overview of effective lecturing techniques. It defines a lecture as a pedagogical method where the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned address on a topic. The purposes of lecturing include providing structured knowledge, motivating students, introducing new areas of learning, and clarifying difficult concepts. Effective lecturing requires planning objectives, organizing material, delivering content engagingly, and evaluating outcomes. Key aspects include maintaining student interaction, using supportive media, obtaining feedback, and having a lesson plan to stay on track and relate learning to teaching activities.
GVHD.pptx
GVHD is a serious complication that can occur after allogeneic stem cell transplantation where donor cells attack the host's tissues and cells. There are two main types: acute GVHD, which primarily affects the skin, liver, and GI tract within 100 days; and chronic GVHD, which can last for months or years and commonly affects the skin, mouth, eyes, liver, lungs, and joints. Risk factors include HLA mismatch between donor and recipient, older age, gender disparity, and prior acute GVHD. Treatment involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and other drugs depending on whether it is acute or chronic GVHD.
Chest Trauma .pptx
This document discusses chest injuries and their management. It begins by introducing chest trauma as life-threatening due to injuries to the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the chest. It then defines chest injury and provides epidemiological data showing thoracic trauma is a leading cause of trauma deaths. Specific injuries discussed in detail include rib fractures, flail chest, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. For each injury, the document covers causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including analgesics, ventilator support, chest tube insertion, and surgery. Nursing assessments and interventions are also reviewed.
Acute kidney injury
Chris, a diabetic patient, began experiencing decreased urine output and increased lethargy. His doctor diagnosed him with acute kidney injury secondary to his uncontrolled diabetes. Acute kidney injury is a sudden decrease in kidney function that can be caused by factors like decreased blood flow, nephrotoxic drugs, or urinary obstruction. Chris's symptoms and elevated creatinine and potassium levels on lab tests confirmed the diagnosis.
Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty is a plastic surgery procedure used to correct and reconstruct the nose. There are two types: reconstructive surgery restores form and function, while cosmetic surgery improves appearance. The rhinoplasty procedure involves anesthesia, incisions to access the nasal structure, reshaping bones and cartilage, correcting deviations, and closing incisions. Post-operative care requires head elevation, medication, limited activity, and avoiding extreme facial expressions. Risks include infection, breathing issues, and an unsatisfactory result.
Skin grafting
Skin grafts and skin flaps are surgical procedures used to repair skin defects and promote wound healing. In a skin graft, healthy skin is removed from a donor site and transplanted to a recipient site, but does not maintain its original blood supply. A skin flap retains part or all of its original blood supply after being moved from a donor to recipient site. Common donor sites include the thigh, arm, and buttocks. Skin grafts and flaps are used to treat burns, wounds, and reconstructive procedures. Care of the graft and donor site is needed to promote healing.
Reconstructive &plastic surgery
Plastic and reconstructive surgery aims to restore form and function to damaged or missing tissues through procedures like reconstructive surgery following tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, and cleft lip and palate surgery. Reconstructive surgery after burns focuses on wound closure, preventing infection, and re-establishing skin function and properties while reducing scarring and contractures. The timing of burn reconstructive surgery can be immediate, early, or late depending on whether the procedure is urgent, essential for rehabilitation, or desirable for aesthetic purposes. A variety of reconstructive techniques are used depending on factors like scar severity and maturation stage.
Brachioplasty
The document discusses brachioplasty, also known as an arm lift procedure. It begins by explaining how excess skin can develop in the arms and surrounding areas after significant weight loss. It then defines brachioplasty as a surgical procedure to reshape and contour the upper arms and chest wall. Various techniques for brachioplasty are described, including traditional excision of skin, liposuction, minimal incision, and modifications for large amounts of excess skin. Preparation, the surgical procedure, post-operative care, and potential complications are outlined.
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Blepharoplasty is a type of eyelid surgery to repair droopy eyelids by removing excess skin, muscle, and fat from the upper lids, lower lids, or both. Good candidates are healthy nonsmokers with realistic goals and no eye conditions. Preparation includes exams and photos. The procedure involves anesthesia, incisions within eyelid creases or below lash lines to remove skin and fat, and sutures. Post-operative care consists of cold compresses, sunglasses, soft foods, and head elevation for healing. Complications can include infection, dry eyes, and scarring.
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This document outlines several theories of social and psychological aging:
- Disengagement theory proposes it is natural for older adults to withdraw from society. Activity theory argues that successful aging occurs through staying active and maintaining social interactions. Continuity theory states that older adults try to maintain the same lifestyle as they age.
- Psychological theories discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's theory of individualism and personality development across eight stages, the life course paradigm of predictable life stages, and selective optimization with compensation theory about coping with losses through selection, optimization, and compensation.
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The document discusses various theories of aging, including biological, psychological, and sociological theories. Under biological theories, it describes stochastic theories like the free radical, error, wear and tear, and connective tissue theories which see aging as random damage accumulating over time. It also describes non-stochastic theories like the programmed, gene, neuroendocrine, and immunological theories which view aging as a predetermined process regulated by biological clocks, genes, hormones, or the immune system.
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1) The National Policy on Older Persons was announced in 1999 to ensure the well-being of elderly Indians. It aims to encourage family support, financial security, healthcare and protection from abuse for the elderly.
2) Several government ministries and departments provide services and concessions for senior citizens, such as healthcare programs, tax exemptions, discounted rail fares, and priority queues.
3) Insurance policies and medical coverage are also available to assist elderly Indians with healthcare costs from 50-75 years of age.
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INDICATIONS FOR VALVULAR SURGERIES
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Brachioplasty
The document discusses brachioplasty, also known as an arm lift procedure. It begins by explaining how excess skin can develop in the arms and surrounding areas after significant weight loss. It then defines brachioplasty as a surgical procedure to reshape and contour the upper arms and chest wall. Various techniques for brachioplasty are described, including traditional excision of skin, liposuction, minimal incision, and modifications for large amounts of excess skin. Preparation, the surgical procedure, post-operative care, and potential complications are outlined.
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Blepharoplasty is a type of eyelid surgery to repair droopy eyelids by removing excess skin, muscle, and fat from the upper lids, lower lids, or both. Good candidates are healthy nonsmokers with realistic goals and no eye conditions. Preparation includes exams and photos. The procedure involves anesthesia, incisions within eyelid creases or below lash lines to remove skin and fat, and sutures. Post-operative care consists of cold compresses, sunglasses, soft foods, and head elevation for healing. Complications can include infection, dry eyes, and scarring.
Social and psychologialtheory of aging
This document outlines several theories of social and psychological aging:
- Disengagement theory proposes it is natural for older adults to withdraw from society. Activity theory argues that successful aging occurs through staying active and maintaining social interactions. Continuity theory states that older adults try to maintain the same lifestyle as they age.
- Psychological theories discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Jung's theory of individualism and personality development across eight stages, the life course paradigm of predictable life stages, and selective optimization with compensation theory about coping with losses through selection, optimization, and compensation.
Theories of ageing
The document discusses various theories of aging, including biological, psychological, and sociological theories. Under biological theories, it describes stochastic theories like the free radical, error, wear and tear, and connective tissue theories which see aging as random damage accumulating over time. It also describes non-stochastic theories like the programmed, gene, neuroendocrine, and immunological theories which view aging as a predetermined process regulated by biological clocks, genes, hormones, or the immune system.
Provision & programme for elderly
1) The National Policy on Older Persons was announced in 1999 to ensure the well-being of elderly Indians. It aims to encourage family support, financial security, healthcare and protection from abuse for the elderly.
2) Several government ministries and departments provide services and concessions for senior citizens, such as healthcare programs, tax exemptions, discounted rail fares, and priority queues.
3) Insurance policies and medical coverage are also available to assist elderly Indians with healthcare costs from 50-75 years of age.
Disaster management
Disasters have negatively impacted human health and development since ancient times. This document discusses disaster nursing and management. It defines disasters, their classification, and their health effects. The goals of disaster nursing are to achieve the best health outcomes and meet survivors' basic needs. Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from emergencies through coordinated response efforts. Triage is critical to efficiently allocate limited healthcare resources to those with the most urgent needs during mass casualty events.
Cardiac surgeries
Cardiac surgeries can be open-heart or closed-heart depending on whether a heart-lung machine is used. Open-heart surgeries involve opening the chest wall to access the heart directly while closed-heart surgeries work on external structures. Common types of heart surgery include valvular surgeries to repair or replace faulty heart valves, coronary artery bypass grafting to reroute blood flow around blockages, and treatments for congenital defects. Valve repairs and replacements are the most common adult cardiac surgeries.
INDICATIONS FOR VALVULAR SURGERIES
Open heart surgery involves opening the chest wall and directly operating on the heart muscles, valves or arteries. It requires a heart-lung machine. Closed heart surgery works on structures outside the heart without a heart-lung machine. Common valvular heart surgeries discussed include mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation repairs/replacements, and tricuspid valve regurgitation repairs/replacements. Signs, causes, evaluations and treatments are provided for each procedure.
Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness is an abnormal state resulting from disturbance of sensory perception such that the patient is unaware of their surroundings. It can be momentary or last for months. Levels of unconsciousness include excitatory, somnolent, and stuporous. Causes include structural brain lesions, metabolic disorders, and psychogenic factors. Diagnostic assessments include Glasgow Coma Scale, CT, MRI, lumbar puncture, and blood tests. Management focuses on ABCs - airway, breathing, circulation, oxygen, IV access, stabilizing the cervical spine, checking blood glucose, controlling seizures, and considering IV treatments like glucose, thiamine, naloxone or flumazenil. Further examination, history,
Planning process
The document discusses India's national five-year plans from 1951 to 2017. It provides details on the objectives, focus areas, budgets and outcomes of each five-year plan. The key focus of the early plans was industrialization and development of the public sector. Later plans emphasized agriculture, poverty alleviation, employment generation and making economic growth more inclusive. Health, education, infrastructure, rural development, population control, and improving living standards were consistent areas of focus across multiple plans.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
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we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- 2. INTRODUCTION… Hemorrhage is an acute loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel. The bleeding can be minor, such as when the superficial vessels in the skin are damaged, leading to petechiae and ecchymosis.
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- Massive Heamorrhage