This document reviews the environmental liabilities and life-cycle management issues related to used lubricating oils. It finds that understanding ownership transfer of used oils is critical for any company in this business. Such companies are responsible for training staff and contractors on best practices for managing used oils. They should also audit contractors to ensure proper performance. The document describes hypothetical situations to illustrate potential liabilities at different stages, from advice to disposal. It concludes that companies getting into this business must provide accurate guidance and have a well-documented system for managing environmental issues associated with used oils.
This document discusses an investigation into how processing conditions and material properties affect the particle size distributions of oil-in-water emulsions created using high shear rotor-stator homogenization. It examines how variables like viscosity of the dispersed phase, mixing time, and rotational speed impact mean particle size. The researcher attempts to condense these variables into a single term "D" to allow prediction of particle size under different conditions. While results were as expected, not all variables could be condensed into a single term due to difficulties relating rotational speed. The time and viscosity variables could be condensed, but D values only provided a rough estimate of predicted particle size.
This document is the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, which provides information on producing, handling, and using biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It defines biodiesel as a non-petroleum, renewable fuel produced from domestic, sustainable resources such as plant oils or animal fats. The guide discusses biodiesel's benefits and properties, quality specifications, low-temperature properties, stability, and compatibility with engines and infrastructure. It also covers topics like the BQ-9000 quality program, engine warranties, taxes and incentives, safety considerations, and frequently asked questions about biodiesel.
This document provides guidance on the handling and use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It discusses biodiesel basics including its composition as a non-petroleum, renewable fuel derived from plant or animal fats. The document also covers biodiesel properties including energy content, low-temperature properties, stability, and compatibility with engine systems. It provides specifications and considerations for using pure biodiesel (B100) as well as blends with petroleum diesel from B5 to B20. The guidance aims to support safe and effective use of biodiesel and adherence to fuel quality standards.
This document outlines the design of an active temperature controlled shipping container for laboratory mice. It discusses the current passive shipping containers that can expose mice to unsafe temperatures during transit. The proposed design will use active cooling and humidity control to maintain stable and safe conditions for mice. Various materials and components are considered, including a thermoelectric cooling system, humidity sensors, and phase change materials for thermal regulation. Testing will evaluate the design's ability to keep temperatures within a safe range for mice being transported.
Ethylbenzene capstone project senior project_chemical engineering_port said ...MigbBassyouni
Ethylbenzene Capstone Project, Mass balance, Energy balance, Equipment design, Heat exchanger, distillation column, Pump, Cost estimation & Process control
This document discusses the responsibilities and innovative thinking required at Grundfos. It states that:
1) Being responsible is the foundation at Grundfos, which includes responsibility towards employees, maintaining the innovative spirit, and considering the external world.
2) Thinking ahead enables innovations by encouraging foresight and new ideas from employees to create the best solutions.
3) Innovation is the essence and soul of Grundfos, which allows the company to constantly develop new solutions and meet changing demands through initiative and renewal.
This document provides instructions for setting up a new ASUS Fonepad device. It describes installing micro-SIM cards and memory cards, charging the device, turning it on and off, understanding the home screen interface, making calls, sending messages, accessing emails and photos, using apps like the calendar, browser and more. Setup instructions are provided in detail with pictures to guide the user through the initial configuration and use of their new Fonepad.
This document discusses an investigation into how processing conditions and material properties affect the particle size distributions of oil-in-water emulsions created using high shear rotor-stator homogenization. It examines how variables like viscosity of the dispersed phase, mixing time, and rotational speed impact mean particle size. The researcher attempts to condense these variables into a single term "D" to allow prediction of particle size under different conditions. While results were as expected, not all variables could be condensed into a single term due to difficulties relating rotational speed. The time and viscosity variables could be condensed, but D values only provided a rough estimate of predicted particle size.
This document is the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, which provides information on producing, handling, and using biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It defines biodiesel as a non-petroleum, renewable fuel produced from domestic, sustainable resources such as plant oils or animal fats. The guide discusses biodiesel's benefits and properties, quality specifications, low-temperature properties, stability, and compatibility with engines and infrastructure. It also covers topics like the BQ-9000 quality program, engine warranties, taxes and incentives, safety considerations, and frequently asked questions about biodiesel.
This document provides guidance on the handling and use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It discusses biodiesel basics including its composition as a non-petroleum, renewable fuel derived from plant or animal fats. The document also covers biodiesel properties including energy content, low-temperature properties, stability, and compatibility with engine systems. It provides specifications and considerations for using pure biodiesel (B100) as well as blends with petroleum diesel from B5 to B20. The guidance aims to support safe and effective use of biodiesel and adherence to fuel quality standards.
This document outlines the design of an active temperature controlled shipping container for laboratory mice. It discusses the current passive shipping containers that can expose mice to unsafe temperatures during transit. The proposed design will use active cooling and humidity control to maintain stable and safe conditions for mice. Various materials and components are considered, including a thermoelectric cooling system, humidity sensors, and phase change materials for thermal regulation. Testing will evaluate the design's ability to keep temperatures within a safe range for mice being transported.
Ethylbenzene capstone project senior project_chemical engineering_port said ...MigbBassyouni
Ethylbenzene Capstone Project, Mass balance, Energy balance, Equipment design, Heat exchanger, distillation column, Pump, Cost estimation & Process control
This document discusses the responsibilities and innovative thinking required at Grundfos. It states that:
1) Being responsible is the foundation at Grundfos, which includes responsibility towards employees, maintaining the innovative spirit, and considering the external world.
2) Thinking ahead enables innovations by encouraging foresight and new ideas from employees to create the best solutions.
3) Innovation is the essence and soul of Grundfos, which allows the company to constantly develop new solutions and meet changing demands through initiative and renewal.
This document provides instructions for setting up a new ASUS Fonepad device. It describes installing micro-SIM cards and memory cards, charging the device, turning it on and off, understanding the home screen interface, making calls, sending messages, accessing emails and photos, using apps like the calendar, browser and more. Setup instructions are provided in detail with pictures to guide the user through the initial configuration and use of their new Fonepad.
The document discusses implementing a new system using mobile devices to improve inventory control and reduce downtime at a pharmaceutical plant. It describes current issues with locating spare parts and controlling inventory levels. The objectives are to reduce time handing out and receiving work orders, decrease spare part retrieval times, and accurately track job times. A new storage system and mobile tablets will be introduced for employees to receive work orders, book out parts, and record job times to better control inventory and costs. Standard operating procedures will also be developed and training provided on the new systems.
This thesis describes the design of an instant noodle vending machine. It includes 3D proposals for the mechanical design with detailed descriptions of each component. It also covers the sequence of operation using a diagram, comparisons of different types of microcontrollers that could be used to control the machine, and surveys of different motor options. The thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor's degree in Mechatronics Engineering at a university in Egypt.
This document is a seminar report on the RFB (Remote Framebuffer) protocol. It provides an introduction to the basic parts and features of the RFB protocol, which allows remote access to graphical user interfaces. The report is organized into chapters that describe the representation of pixel data, protocol messages, handshaking messages, initialization messages, client-to-server messages, server-to-client messages, encodings, implementation of the protocol, and conclusions. The RFB protocol is used in Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and other remote desktop software to efficiently communicate between clients and servers to enable remote access.
This document reviews recent progress in catalytically converting glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, into value-added chemicals through carboxylation and acetylation reactions. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Catalytic routes for producing glycerol carbonate via transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate and factors that influence this reaction.
2) Pathways for acetylating glycerol into glycerol acetate esters through esterification with acetic acid and how reaction parameters impact this process.
3) Challenges with catalyst deactivation and the need for further studies on catalyst reusability and structure-performance relationships to enable more effective utilization of heterogeneous catalyst
Metashape is a photogrammetry software that processes digital images to generate 3D spatial data and models. It aligns photos, builds dense point clouds and textured meshes, and creates orthomosaics and DEMs. The manual describes Metashape's installation, activation, workflow, tools for referencing, measurements, editing, automation, and distributed processing. It provides guidance on tasks like camera calibration, model optimization, and automation using Python scripting.
The Design and Build of Biodigester Toilet Natasha Rayan
Preventable diseases caused by unsafe sanitation practices, and respiratory issues created by burning solid fuels for cooking, heating and lighting kill millions of people in developing communities every year. Providing improved sanitation facilities, and replacing solid fuels (such as wood and dung) with clean burning modern fuels can improve the quality of life for billions of people around the globe, and save millions of lives each year.
A biodigester toilet is a single solution to both of these major issues; it provides an integrated waste management facility that will convert human excreta into clean-burning biogas, which can be used for cooking, heating, and lighting. Extensive research was conducted to obtain the background knowledge required to design a biodigester system that would be capable of successfully producing biogas while also providing an alternative to unsafe sanitation practices.
A dual tank digester design was chosen, to provide a clarification tank as a precursor to effluent post-treatment. A thorough risk assessment was performed before construction and testing of a prototype was conducted.
Sponsorship from Barrow and Bench Mitre 10 Malvern, Caroma and Lynair Logistics enabled the project team to source parts within the project budget and construct the prototype.
Testing was undertaken at Urrbrae Agricultural High School to determine whether the system was capable of effectively isolating waste and producing biogas. The prototype effectively separated feedstock from human contact and harnessed the anaerobic digestion process to produce biogas. As methane is the primary constituent of biogas, its concentration was measured throughout the testing period.
Results showed an increase in methane concentration, however, the testing period was concluded before flammable biogas was produced. All data indicated that the anaerobic digestion process was progressing as expected, and it is likely that flammable biogas would have been produced, given a longer testing period.
This document is a schedule for claiming the Wisconsin dairy and livestock farm investment credit. It instructs taxpayers to provide costs for qualifying property additions made in 2008, such as freestall barns, fences, watering facilities, and more. Taxpayers calculate a 10% credit based on qualifying expenditures. The credit is limited to $50,000 over an 8-year period and any unused amounts can be carried forward for up to 15 years. The schedule provides instructions on how the credit flows through to partners, shareholders, and beneficiaries of pass-through entities.
Here are some tips for capturing HDR images:
- Take a series of exposures of the same scene at different shutter speeds or apertures. Typically 3 images is enough - one at 0 EV, one underexposed by 2 EV, and one overexposed by 2 EV.
- Use a tripod to keep the camera steady between shots. Moving objects will cause ghosting in the final HDR image.
- Make sure the middle exposure captures a good range of tones without blown highlights or blocked shadows. Overly bright or dark areas won't have detail for the HDR merge.
- Scenes with high contrast lighting, like landscapes with clouds, night scenes, or interiors with windows work best for
This document is a user guide for Dekart Private Disk MultiFactor software. It discusses how the software protects confidential data and workplaces using multiple authentication factors. It also outlines the software's installation process, components, hardware and software requirements, settings that can be configured, and getting started with the software.
The document provides an executive summary of Telstra Corporation Limited's 2008 Corporate Responsibility Report. Some of the key highlights include:
1) Telstra invested $4.9 billion to expand its Next GTM wireless broadband and Telstra Next IP networks, and launched a report quantifying potential carbon and cost savings from using telecommunications networks.
2) Telstra achieved high scores on corporate responsibility indexes and increased employee engagement to 74% based on a survey.
3) Telstra contributed over $29 million to community activities through initiatives like the Telstra Foundation and disaster relief efforts.
4) Telstra assisted over 1 million low-income customers and aims to expand assistance programs to cover mobile and internet bills
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
This document summarizes constraints to the adoption of innovations in agricultural research and environmental management based on a review of literature. The major constraints identified are: the complexity of the new technology for farmers to comprehend; how observable the outcomes are; the financial cost; farmers' beliefs, opinions, and level of motivation towards the technology; farmers' perception of the relevance; and farmers' attitudes towards risk and change. The classical adoption-diffusion model and modifications are discussed, as well as methodologies in extension research and the roles of extension personnel and scientists in technology adoption. Constraints to adopting innovations in natural resource management are also examined.
Carbon pricing and small to medium sized businessesTurlough Guerin
This document provides a summary of business news and events in Greater Dandenong, Victoria from June to September 2011. It discusses the success of several recent business events in the region, including the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival and the Greater Dandenong Chamber of Commerce Platinum Regional Business Awards. It also promotes upcoming events, such as the Shortest Lunch on June 22nd. The document addresses the issue of carbon pricing and its potential impacts and opportunities for small to medium businesses. An expert article encourages businesses to understand how carbon flows through their operations in order to identify risks and opportunities from a future carbon price.
For a telco to claim to be "green", it must do more than just offset carbon emissions or improve energy efficiency. It can leverage its network to enable remote work and video conferencing, reducing the need for travel. Examples at Telstra show these applications increasing workforce productivity by 13% while reducing empty vehicle travel and office space needs. By enabling more flexible work arrangements, the ICT sector has potential to significantly reduce emissions across the economy.
This document summarizes a presentation by Telstra about developing green products in the ICT sector. It discusses how Telstra is quantifying the environmental benefits of products like video conferencing and online billing using tools like life cycle analysis. Telstra aims to strengthen its environmental commitment company-wide and better understand customer needs to validate green product offerings. By measuring emissions reductions from product use, Telstra can demonstrate additional value to customers through cost savings and productivity benefits.
Environmental liability and life-cycle managementTurlough Guerin
This document discusses the environmental liabilities and life-cycle management of used lubricating oils. It finds that companies handling used oils need an extensive understanding of potential environmental liabilities throughout the supply chain. Key responsibilities for used oil handlers include clearly documenting the transfer of used oil ownership, providing training to employees and contractors on best practices for handling used oils, and auditing contractors. The document also describes hypothetical situations to illustrate the range of liabilities a company may face when entering the used oil market and handling different types of petroleum waste throughout the life cycle from collection to disposal.
Used oil handling, as a business, requires an extensive understanding by management that environmental
liabilities exist through its supply chain. Findings from a review of the legal requirements of operating a
used oil handling business were: understanding the transfer of ownership of used petroleum hydrocarbons
is critical to any such business and how this is documented; used oil handlers are responsible for
providing training to their staff, including site personnel and any third party waste contractors, and for
communicating best practice procedures relating to the management of used petroleum hydrocarbons
to all those individuals and organisations involved in business relationships that the used oil handling
companies have; used oil handlers should audit the performance of any third party contractors that it
engages to conduct work on behalf of its customers. Hypothetical situations of a company planning to
enter the used oil handling market are described in relation to petroleum hydrocarbon wastes it handles
to illustrate the range of potential liabilities. Companies proposing to establish a used oil handling business
should ensure that they provide accurate advice to its employees, its customer’s employees and to
its third party contractors, all of which may be responsible for handling used petroleum hydrocarbons
as part of the service it intends to provide, and that it has a well documented system addressing how
environmental issues are managed.
This document discusses safety guidelines for bitumen and is from the Energy Institute. It is subject to a single-user license agreement. The document provides guidance on health management, fire prevention, firefighting, environmental protection, and other safety aspects of bitumen manufacture, storage, distribution, handling and use.
This document reviews the use of microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications. It discusses how microalgae are a viable feedstock for biodiesel due to their high lipid content and growth rates. The document outlines the various stages of the microalgae to biodiesel process, including algae cultivation methods, harvesting, lipid extraction, and biodiesel production. It also describes other potential uses of microalgae, such as CO2 sequestration from flue gases, wastewater treatment, production of fine chemicals, and applications in human health and aquaculture.
This document reviews the process of converting biomass to liquid transportation fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. It discusses the FT reaction mechanism and catalysts used, including iron and cobalt. Low and high temperature FT reactors are also described. The document examines factors that influence the FT product distribution and reviews the environmental impacts and economics of biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes. Several commercial-scale BTL installations are also discussed. In conclusion, the review finds that producing liquid fuels from biomass-derived syngas using FT synthesis promises a sustainable energy source for transportation but that there are still relatively few large-scale BTL plants utilizing this technology.
The document discusses implementing a new system using mobile devices to improve inventory control and reduce downtime at a pharmaceutical plant. It describes current issues with locating spare parts and controlling inventory levels. The objectives are to reduce time handing out and receiving work orders, decrease spare part retrieval times, and accurately track job times. A new storage system and mobile tablets will be introduced for employees to receive work orders, book out parts, and record job times to better control inventory and costs. Standard operating procedures will also be developed and training provided on the new systems.
This thesis describes the design of an instant noodle vending machine. It includes 3D proposals for the mechanical design with detailed descriptions of each component. It also covers the sequence of operation using a diagram, comparisons of different types of microcontrollers that could be used to control the machine, and surveys of different motor options. The thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor's degree in Mechatronics Engineering at a university in Egypt.
This document is a seminar report on the RFB (Remote Framebuffer) protocol. It provides an introduction to the basic parts and features of the RFB protocol, which allows remote access to graphical user interfaces. The report is organized into chapters that describe the representation of pixel data, protocol messages, handshaking messages, initialization messages, client-to-server messages, server-to-client messages, encodings, implementation of the protocol, and conclusions. The RFB protocol is used in Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and other remote desktop software to efficiently communicate between clients and servers to enable remote access.
This document reviews recent progress in catalytically converting glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, into value-added chemicals through carboxylation and acetylation reactions. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Catalytic routes for producing glycerol carbonate via transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate and factors that influence this reaction.
2) Pathways for acetylating glycerol into glycerol acetate esters through esterification with acetic acid and how reaction parameters impact this process.
3) Challenges with catalyst deactivation and the need for further studies on catalyst reusability and structure-performance relationships to enable more effective utilization of heterogeneous catalyst
Metashape is a photogrammetry software that processes digital images to generate 3D spatial data and models. It aligns photos, builds dense point clouds and textured meshes, and creates orthomosaics and DEMs. The manual describes Metashape's installation, activation, workflow, tools for referencing, measurements, editing, automation, and distributed processing. It provides guidance on tasks like camera calibration, model optimization, and automation using Python scripting.
The Design and Build of Biodigester Toilet Natasha Rayan
Preventable diseases caused by unsafe sanitation practices, and respiratory issues created by burning solid fuels for cooking, heating and lighting kill millions of people in developing communities every year. Providing improved sanitation facilities, and replacing solid fuels (such as wood and dung) with clean burning modern fuels can improve the quality of life for billions of people around the globe, and save millions of lives each year.
A biodigester toilet is a single solution to both of these major issues; it provides an integrated waste management facility that will convert human excreta into clean-burning biogas, which can be used for cooking, heating, and lighting. Extensive research was conducted to obtain the background knowledge required to design a biodigester system that would be capable of successfully producing biogas while also providing an alternative to unsafe sanitation practices.
A dual tank digester design was chosen, to provide a clarification tank as a precursor to effluent post-treatment. A thorough risk assessment was performed before construction and testing of a prototype was conducted.
Sponsorship from Barrow and Bench Mitre 10 Malvern, Caroma and Lynair Logistics enabled the project team to source parts within the project budget and construct the prototype.
Testing was undertaken at Urrbrae Agricultural High School to determine whether the system was capable of effectively isolating waste and producing biogas. The prototype effectively separated feedstock from human contact and harnessed the anaerobic digestion process to produce biogas. As methane is the primary constituent of biogas, its concentration was measured throughout the testing period.
Results showed an increase in methane concentration, however, the testing period was concluded before flammable biogas was produced. All data indicated that the anaerobic digestion process was progressing as expected, and it is likely that flammable biogas would have been produced, given a longer testing period.
This document is a schedule for claiming the Wisconsin dairy and livestock farm investment credit. It instructs taxpayers to provide costs for qualifying property additions made in 2008, such as freestall barns, fences, watering facilities, and more. Taxpayers calculate a 10% credit based on qualifying expenditures. The credit is limited to $50,000 over an 8-year period and any unused amounts can be carried forward for up to 15 years. The schedule provides instructions on how the credit flows through to partners, shareholders, and beneficiaries of pass-through entities.
Here are some tips for capturing HDR images:
- Take a series of exposures of the same scene at different shutter speeds or apertures. Typically 3 images is enough - one at 0 EV, one underexposed by 2 EV, and one overexposed by 2 EV.
- Use a tripod to keep the camera steady between shots. Moving objects will cause ghosting in the final HDR image.
- Make sure the middle exposure captures a good range of tones without blown highlights or blocked shadows. Overly bright or dark areas won't have detail for the HDR merge.
- Scenes with high contrast lighting, like landscapes with clouds, night scenes, or interiors with windows work best for
This document is a user guide for Dekart Private Disk MultiFactor software. It discusses how the software protects confidential data and workplaces using multiple authentication factors. It also outlines the software's installation process, components, hardware and software requirements, settings that can be configured, and getting started with the software.
The document provides an executive summary of Telstra Corporation Limited's 2008 Corporate Responsibility Report. Some of the key highlights include:
1) Telstra invested $4.9 billion to expand its Next GTM wireless broadband and Telstra Next IP networks, and launched a report quantifying potential carbon and cost savings from using telecommunications networks.
2) Telstra achieved high scores on corporate responsibility indexes and increased employee engagement to 74% based on a survey.
3) Telstra contributed over $29 million to community activities through initiatives like the Telstra Foundation and disaster relief efforts.
4) Telstra assisted over 1 million low-income customers and aims to expand assistance programs to cover mobile and internet bills
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
This document summarizes constraints to the adoption of innovations in agricultural research and environmental management based on a review of literature. The major constraints identified are: the complexity of the new technology for farmers to comprehend; how observable the outcomes are; the financial cost; farmers' beliefs, opinions, and level of motivation towards the technology; farmers' perception of the relevance; and farmers' attitudes towards risk and change. The classical adoption-diffusion model and modifications are discussed, as well as methodologies in extension research and the roles of extension personnel and scientists in technology adoption. Constraints to adopting innovations in natural resource management are also examined.
Carbon pricing and small to medium sized businessesTurlough Guerin
This document provides a summary of business news and events in Greater Dandenong, Victoria from June to September 2011. It discusses the success of several recent business events in the region, including the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival and the Greater Dandenong Chamber of Commerce Platinum Regional Business Awards. It also promotes upcoming events, such as the Shortest Lunch on June 22nd. The document addresses the issue of carbon pricing and its potential impacts and opportunities for small to medium businesses. An expert article encourages businesses to understand how carbon flows through their operations in order to identify risks and opportunities from a future carbon price.
For a telco to claim to be "green", it must do more than just offset carbon emissions or improve energy efficiency. It can leverage its network to enable remote work and video conferencing, reducing the need for travel. Examples at Telstra show these applications increasing workforce productivity by 13% while reducing empty vehicle travel and office space needs. By enabling more flexible work arrangements, the ICT sector has potential to significantly reduce emissions across the economy.
This document summarizes a presentation by Telstra about developing green products in the ICT sector. It discusses how Telstra is quantifying the environmental benefits of products like video conferencing and online billing using tools like life cycle analysis. Telstra aims to strengthen its environmental commitment company-wide and better understand customer needs to validate green product offerings. By measuring emissions reductions from product use, Telstra can demonstrate additional value to customers through cost savings and productivity benefits.
Environmental liability and life-cycle managementTurlough Guerin
This document discusses the environmental liabilities and life-cycle management of used lubricating oils. It finds that companies handling used oils need an extensive understanding of potential environmental liabilities throughout the supply chain. Key responsibilities for used oil handlers include clearly documenting the transfer of used oil ownership, providing training to employees and contractors on best practices for handling used oils, and auditing contractors. The document also describes hypothetical situations to illustrate the range of liabilities a company may face when entering the used oil market and handling different types of petroleum waste throughout the life cycle from collection to disposal.
Used oil handling, as a business, requires an extensive understanding by management that environmental
liabilities exist through its supply chain. Findings from a review of the legal requirements of operating a
used oil handling business were: understanding the transfer of ownership of used petroleum hydrocarbons
is critical to any such business and how this is documented; used oil handlers are responsible for
providing training to their staff, including site personnel and any third party waste contractors, and for
communicating best practice procedures relating to the management of used petroleum hydrocarbons
to all those individuals and organisations involved in business relationships that the used oil handling
companies have; used oil handlers should audit the performance of any third party contractors that it
engages to conduct work on behalf of its customers. Hypothetical situations of a company planning to
enter the used oil handling market are described in relation to petroleum hydrocarbon wastes it handles
to illustrate the range of potential liabilities. Companies proposing to establish a used oil handling business
should ensure that they provide accurate advice to its employees, its customer’s employees and to
its third party contractors, all of which may be responsible for handling used petroleum hydrocarbons
as part of the service it intends to provide, and that it has a well documented system addressing how
environmental issues are managed.
This document discusses safety guidelines for bitumen and is from the Energy Institute. It is subject to a single-user license agreement. The document provides guidance on health management, fire prevention, firefighting, environmental protection, and other safety aspects of bitumen manufacture, storage, distribution, handling and use.
This document reviews the use of microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications. It discusses how microalgae are a viable feedstock for biodiesel due to their high lipid content and growth rates. The document outlines the various stages of the microalgae to biodiesel process, including algae cultivation methods, harvesting, lipid extraction, and biodiesel production. It also describes other potential uses of microalgae, such as CO2 sequestration from flue gases, wastewater treatment, production of fine chemicals, and applications in human health and aquaculture.
This document reviews the process of converting biomass to liquid transportation fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. It discusses the FT reaction mechanism and catalysts used, including iron and cobalt. Low and high temperature FT reactors are also described. The document examines factors that influence the FT product distribution and reviews the environmental impacts and economics of biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes. Several commercial-scale BTL installations are also discussed. In conclusion, the review finds that producing liquid fuels from biomass-derived syngas using FT synthesis promises a sustainable energy source for transportation but that there are still relatively few large-scale BTL plants utilizing this technology.
This document is a chapter from a book about using biodiesel in diesel engines. It discusses diesel engine characteristics related to injection processes, fuel sprays, and engine performance, ecology and economy. It explores how these characteristics are affected by biodiesel usage through experimental and mathematical modeling techniques. The chapter also examines guidelines for improving engine characteristics, such as through engine management systems, exhaust gas treatment and use of alternative fuels like biodiesel.
A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancements in pipe exchangersMohamed Fadl
This document reviews experimental and numerical works on passive heat transfer enhancement techniques in pipe heat exchangers published since 2004. The most popular and researched technique is the use of twisted tape inserts, which can strengthen heat transfer efficiency. Various twisted tape designs are discussed, including tapes with alternate axes, varying lengths and pitches, multiple tapes, rods/spacers, attached fins/baffles, and slots/holes/cuts. Other techniques analyzed include coiled wires, swirl generators, conical rings, and ribs. Twisted tape inserts generally perform better in laminar flow, while techniques like ribs are more efficient for turbulent flow. The review concludes various passive techniques can significantly improve the overall thermal performance of heat exchangers
A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancementsMohamed Fadl
This document reviews experimental and numerical works on passive heat transfer enhancement techniques in pipe heat exchangers published since 2004. The most popular and researched technique is the use of twisted tape inserts, which can strengthen heat transfer efficiency. Other techniques reviewed include coiled wire, swirl generators, conical rings, and ribs. While twisted tape inserts perform better in laminar flow, techniques like ribs are generally more efficient in turbulent flow. The review finds that passive enhancement techniques can significantly improve the overall thermal performance of heat exchangers.
A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancements in pipe exchangersMohamed Fadl
Enhancing heat transfer surface are used in many engineering applications such as heat exchanger, air
conditioning, chemical reactor and refrigeration systems, hence many techniques have been investi-
gated on enhancement of heat transfer rate and decrease the size and cost of the involving equipment
especially in heat exchangers. One of the most important techniques used are passive heat transfer
technique. These techniques when adopted in Heat exchanger proved that the overall thermal
performance improved significantly. This paper reviews experimental and numerical works taken by
researchers on this technique since 2004 such as twisted tape, wire coil, swirl flow generator, y etc. to
enhance the thermal efficiency in heat exchangers and useful to designers implementing passive
augmentation techniques in heat exchange. The authors found that variously developed twisted tape
inserts are popular researched and used to strengthen the heat transfer efficiency for heat exchangers.
The other techniques used for specific work environments are studied in this paper. Twisted tape
inserts perform better in laminar flow than turbulent flow. However, the other several passive
techniques such as ribs, conical nozzle, and conical ring, etc. are generally more efficient in the
turbulent flow than in the laminar flow.
Environmental Impact Assessment of Prototype Greenhouse Installation_draftAntonis Antoniou
Recent intensification of agriculture, and the prospects of future intensification, will have major impacts on the nonagricultural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the world (Tilman, 1998). The doubling of agricultural food production during the past 35 years was associated with a 6.87-fold increase in nitrogen fertilization, a 3.48-fold increase in phosphorus fertilization, a 1.68-fold increase in the amount of irrigated cropland, and a 1.1-fold increase in land cultivation (Tilman, 1998).
Around half the EU's land is farmed. Farming is important for the EU's natural environment. Farming and nature influence each other (EC, 2012):
Farming has contributed over the centuries to creating and maintaining a unique countryside. Agricultural land management has been a positive force for the development of the rich variety of landscapes and habitats, including a mosaic of woodlands, wetlands, and extensive tracts of an open countryside.
The ecological integrity and the scenic value of landscapes make rural areas attractive for the establishment of enterprises, for places to live, and for the tourist and recreation businesses.
The links between the richness of the natural environment and farming practices are complex (EC, 2012). Many valuable habitats in Europe are maintained by extensive farming, and a wide range of wild species rely on this for their survival (EC, 2012). However, inappropriate agricultural practices and land use can also have an adverse impact on natural resources, such as (EC, 2012):
pollution of soil, water and air,
fragmentation of habitats and
loss of wildlife.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has identified three priority areas for action to protect and enhance the EU's rural heritage (EC, 2012):
Biodiversity and the preservation and development of 'natural' farming and forestry systems, and traditional agricultural landscapes;
Water management and use;
Dealing with climate change.
The document discusses Essar Oil Limited, which operates India's second largest oil refinery located in Vadinar, Gujarat with a capacity of 20 MMTPA. It describes the various process units at the refinery including crude distillation, vacuum distillation, reforming, cracking, and treating units. The refinery aims to reduce India's reliance on imports for middle distillates, LPG and lead free gasoline.
This document provides guidelines for managing the integrity of bolted joints in pressurized systems. It discusses bolted joint technology, criticality assessment of joints, training requirements, record keeping, and procedures for addressing leaks. The document is published by the Energy Institute and intended for BP employees working with pressurized piping systems.
The overall objective of the Helicopter Safety Study 3 (HSS-3) is to contribute to improved safety in helicopter transport of personnel to, and from, fixed and floating oil- and gas installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). The project is named Helicopter Safety Study 3 (HSS-3) and is a follow-up of the previous HSS-1 and HSS-2 studies. HSS-1 and HSS-2 cover the periods 1966–1990 and 1990–1998 respectively and are available in English. HSS-3 covers the period 1999–2019. The HSS-3 report is so far only in Norwegian language with an English executive summary. The main report describes a method for risk quantification, development for the periods 1999–2009 and trends 2010–2019, plus statistical/historical data and the estimation of risk levels. In addition, the study includes an analysis of passengers' risk perception regarding offshore helicopter transport, and a proposalon how the safety can be followed by a set of lagging and leading indicators to monitor safety.
Finally, recommendations are given for a number of measures about how safety can be improved or, as minimum, be maintained at the present level.
This document provides guidance on implementing IBM Tivoli Service Request Manager V7.1 Service Catalog. It introduces service concepts and the IBM Tivoli Service Catalog. It describes the Service Catalog architecture and lifecycle. It includes scenarios for searching offerings, accessing external sources, and creating workflows. It also covers using the Migration Manager tool.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas production processes and facilities. It was compiled by Håvard Devold from various sources to serve as an introduction for new engineers. The document describes the main sections of the production process including wellheads, manifolds, separation, compression, and storage. It also covers reservoir characteristics, exploration and drilling, artificial lift methods, and utility systems like control and safety systems. While not a complete technical reference, it aims to give readers an appreciation of the key aspects and design issues involved in upstream oil and gas production.
This document provides environmental guidelines for the textile dyeing and finishing industry in Victoria, Australia. It was developed by the Environment Protection Authority in consultation with the industry and endorsed by it. The guidelines cover statutory requirements, waste minimization, and environmental elements to consider like siting facilities, air and water quality, chemical storage, solid waste handling, and noise reduction. The goal is to define best practice environmental management for the industry to improve its environmental performance.
The document discusses a study comparing the energy consumption and operating costs of water washing versus dry washing (ion exchange) in biodiesel production at different solvent to oil molar ratios. Both processes were simulated in HYSYS at ratios from 6:1 to 20:1. Preliminary results found energy consumption was 3390 MJ/h for water washing and 1024 MJ/h for dry washing at a 6:1 ratio. Operating costs were estimated at $53.08 million and $52.16 million respectively. Dry washing was preferred due to lower equipment costs from not needing to recover methanol-water and reduced energy consumption.
Chemical Engineering Design II Final Project - Optimization of Heavy Oil Stri...Ryan Dinn
This document summarizes an optimization project for a heavy oil stripper unit at Shell Canada's Scotford Upgrader. Eleven cases were considered to reduce operating pressure and improve production quality. Ultimately, a $2 million modification to the heat exchanger network and overhead piping was suggested, with an internal rate of return of 78% over 10 years. The solution will be implemented during a 2019 turnaround. The report provides detailed process descriptions, equipment specifications, economic analysis, and recommendations.
A review of emerging technologies for food refrigeration applicationsYaniraCParedes
This document reviews emerging refrigeration technologies that have the potential to reduce environmental impacts in the food industry. It discusses several technologies including sorption refrigeration systems, ejector refrigeration, air cycle refrigeration, tri-generation, Stirling cycle refrigeration. For each technology, it describes the concept, current state of development, potential applications in food sectors, barriers to adoption, drivers for uptake, and needed research areas. The review aims to highlight promising low-carbon refrigeration technologies and research needs to facilitate their development and adoption in commercial food applications.
This document provides an overview of an FCC unit process. It describes the key components and functions of the reaction section including the feed injection zone, riser, disengager, and stripper. It also describes the regeneration section including the air blower, first and second stage regenerators. The document discusses process variables that affect the FCC unit performance such as feed temperature, riser outlet temperature, contact time, and catalyst activity. It provides details on catalyst characteristics and how catalyst is regenerated in the unit.
Development Of High Vigour Oat Varieties In AustraliaTurlough Guerin
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book about the development of high-vigour oat varieties in Australia. It discusses the author's breeding of oat varieties like Blackbutt using a new plant breeding system called Isolection. The book discusses the evolution and value of oats as a crop in Australia, emphasizing its versatility. It also contains endorsements from professors and farmers praising the author's work and the performance of varieties like Blackbutt and Carbeen in various climates and for grazing or grain production.
Sustainable Development in the Resource SectorTurlough Guerin
The document discusses sustainable development mechanisms implemented in the Australian mining industry based on case studies. Key points:
1. Case studies show environmental and social improvements at mine sites and in communities can provide short and long term economic benefits.
2. Commonly used mechanisms included cleaner production like technology modifications and on-site recycling, as well as stakeholder engagement.
3. Sustainable development in mining means investments are profitable, appropriate, environmentally sound and socially responsible.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Adding organic matter did not enhance removal under test conditions designed to minimize volatilization. Biodegradation was estimated to account for 90% of chlorobenzene removal. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils.
An Assessment and Ranking of Barriers to Doing Business in ChinaTurlough Guerin
The survey assessed barriers to transferring environmental goods and services to China as perceived by environmental professionals. It identified the highest priority barriers according to respondents: (1) protection of intellectual property, (2) limitations of the rule of law in China, (3) fragmentation and bureaucracy of the Chinese government, and (4) establishing appropriate levels of ownership for environmental goods and services providers in China. The barriers did not appear to be unique to environmental transfers and were generally applicable to transferring technology to China. Examples from Australian experience confirmed these barriers to providing needed environmental technology and innovation to China.
The document describes the design, construction, and initial operation of a funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier system used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater. A spill had contaminated shallow groundwater near a factory, threatening a nearby river. The system directed groundwater through an air sparging unit and then a peat mixture to remove contaminants before reaching the river. Initial monitoring over 10 months showed the peat-based gate was effectively reducing contaminant concentrations in groundwater to below regulatory limits and preventing further pollution of the river. The funnel and gate approach provided an efficient and cost-effective means of passive remediation.
The document discusses lessons learned from incorporating environmental benefits into offerings for enterprise and government customers. It outlines three key points to consider when "greening" a product or service:
1) Ensure there is customer pull or demand for the environmentally-friendly offering. Ask customers what issues they face and how a greener option could help meet their needs.
2) Practice transparency by allowing customers visibility into the entire supply chain to build confidence in environmental claims.
3) Provide credible evidence to back up any environmental claims about the product or service. Get claims verified by a third party before presenting to customers.
1. The study monitored the degradation of two major metabolites (endosulfan diol and endosulfan sulfate) of the insecticide endosulfan in soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions.
2. It found that both metabolites degraded to CO2, demonstrating they are not ultimate degradation products of endosulfan in soil. Endosulfan diol degraded to a greater extent than endosulfan sulfate.
3. Of the originally applied endosulfan diol, 6.5% was mineralized to CO2 over the 9 week study period under non-sterile conditions, approximately 20 times greater than for endosulfan sulfate.
The document describes a soil remediation program at a contaminated site in southeastern Australia. Approximately 4,300 cubic meters of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons above 1,000 mg/kg was treated via co-composting. The contaminated soil was stockpiled into four windrows with green waste, manure, gypsum and nutrients added. After 6 months, the average hydrocarbon level had been reduced to 730 mg/kg, meeting cleanup criteria. Co-composting successfully remediated the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the soil.
Archives Of Agronomy Soil Science (49) 333 345Turlough Guerin
This document summarizes a survey of yield differences between transgenic and non-transgenic crops. The survey found no clear evidence that genetically modified (GM) crops yield more than conventionally bred crops. Additionally, there were no valid comparative trials of yield. The document then discusses GM crop technology and conventional plant breeding methods, highlighting the importance of hybrid vigor and environmental factors for plant breeding. Conventional breeding aims to combine desirable genes from two parents to produce hybrid crops with increased yields, while GM crops contain foreign genes inserted from other organisms.
This document summarizes a trial conducted by Telstra to quantify the carbon, cost, and productivity savings from using video conferencing rather than business travel. The trial found that for 8 video conferencing endpoints over 3 months, 305 individuals avoided 1,420 hours of travel, saving $62,362 and reducing carbon emissions by around 100 tonnes. Extrapolating to Telstra's 89 high definition video conferencing units indicates potential annual savings of $1.47 million. The trial identified opportunities to increase utilization rates and issues to address. Key recommendations include implementing utilization tracking software across Telstra and incorporating these capabilities into video conferencing product offerings.
The Expanding Role of Telecommunications in Enabling Customers to Achieve the...Turlough Guerin
Telstra has shown the possibility for its business to deliver emissions reductions across the economy. We are now using our own products and services to help our customers reduce their own emissions. And we are using these solutions ourselves and quantifying the environmental benefits.
Mining companies are increasingly adopting sustainable development practices to address environmental and social concerns. A survey of 13 Australian mining case studies found that cleaner production technologies, when combined with stakeholder engagement, can provide significant financial, environmental and social benefits. Technological modifications and stakeholder engagement were the most common sustainable development tools used. Adopting these practices can help mining companies operate profitably while minimizing environmental impacts.
Communicating The Message Telstra & The EnvironmentpdfTurlough Guerin
Telstra is taking a broad, multi-faceted approach to addressing climate change by focusing on real reductions rather than just offsets. It has formed a Climate Change Review Group to coordinate its climate change strategy. Telstra aims to reduce its carbon emissions through initiatives like increasing energy efficiency, expanding telecommunications infrastructure, and enabling remote working. It has achieved a total carbon savings of 174,000 tonnes from 2006-2007 through programs focused on energy use, transport efficiency, waste management and more. Telstra plans further assessments and improvements to continue reducing its environmental footprint.
Relative Significance of Biodegradation and Physico-chemical Processes on the...Turlough Guerin
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being transformed into a drink by the Spanish in Mexico in the 16th century. The document then explains how chocolate spread across Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries and became widely popular, eventually evolving into the candy and confections we know today.
Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 - Full reportTurlough Guerin
Telstra recognizes ethics and governance, the impact of telecommunications, and customer service as material issues given its role in Australia. For ethics, Telstra established a Corporate Responsibility Council and adheres to governance policies. For telecommunications impact, Telstra delivers broadband networks and supports social issues. Regarding customer service, Telstra aims to reduce complaints and improve the customer experience.
Telstras Published Carbon Disclosure Project 2009 SubmissionTurlough Guerin
Telstra is Australia's leading telecommunications company providing phone, internet, and TV services. It owns infrastructure across Australia including 14,000 sites that could be exposed to risks from climate change. This document discusses several risks to Telstra from climate change including increased regulation, physical risks to infrastructure from extreme weather and natural disasters, and other economic risks. It also outlines Telstra's processes for identifying these risks and the actions it is taking to manage them such as monitoring infrastructure, disaster planning, investing in more efficient and resilient networks, and engaging in policy discussions.
2. T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264 257
2.2.3. Supply and installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
2.2.4. Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2.2.5. Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2.2.6. Storage and handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
2.2.7. Reprocessing and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.2.8. Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.3. Other environmental legal issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.3.1. Extent of compliance with legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.3.2. Ownership issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.3.3. Corporate initiatives, industry standards and codes of practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2.3.4. Role of local government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
2.3.5. Reprocessing technologies for used oil management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
1. Introduction 1.2. Scope of study
Used oil handling can impact a wide range of stakeholders as 1.2.1. Petroleum hydrocarbon wastes types considered
well as the environment. This is especially important in terms of The used petroleum hydrocarbon streams considered as part
corporate responsibility, in particular, not only how the companies of the scope of this study were classified as either liquids or
that produce or handle used oil, are perceived by other indus- solids/semi-solids. All the wastes referred to contained used oil.
tries, communities, and investors, but also in terms of the director’s
fiduciary duties for governing those companies. Furthermore, used 1.2.2. Scope of legal review
oil stewardship is increasingly becoming important from a cost A limited scope legal review was undertaken. Much of the dis-
perspective with crude oil approaching $US 100 per barrel in cussion refers to a company considering establishing a used oil
2008. In Australia approximately 500 ML of used oil is collected handling business and it is directed specifically at lubricant suppli-
annually. ers who are already. These were the broader legal issues rather than
Used petroleum hydrocarbons are an environmental and a specific laws and regulations pertaining to particular jurisdictions.
human health hazard if not disposed off correctly. If put into The review pertains to the following activities in setting up and
stormwater drains or sewers, they can affect waterways and coastal operating a used petroleum hydrocarbon management business in
waters [1,2]. When dumped in soil or sent to landfill, they can Australia:
migrate into ground and surface waters though numerous land-
farming (land treatment) processes for used oil management have • re-use, waste minimisation and recycling,
demonstrated that controlled placement, proper management and • storage and handling,
monitoring can limit pollution [3–6]. Used petroleum hydrocarbons • transportation,
are a threat to plant and animal life, which can further result in • treatment and disposal,
economic losses, for example, recreation and fishing industries. As • recycled product standards/issues, and
a particular case, used oil from internal combustion engines gen- • transfer of ownership of waste.
erally accumulates a variety of contaminants, which increase the
oil’s toxicity [7–12]. Furthermore, from a regulatory perspective, A discussion of the Australian federal government’s Oil Steward-
there are large fines for individuals and companies whose activities ship Scheme was excluded from the review to enable a thorough
result in environmental pollution from used petroleum hydrocar- discussion of the contractual issues and state regulations in relation
bons. The life-cycle of lubricants in industry supply chains, and how to used oil handling.
they are managed, is increasingly being recognised as an essential
element of good environmental management by both suppliers and 1.3. Methodology
their customers [13–15].
It is therefore important that used oil generators, handlers, Information was sourced from legal databases, consultants, and
transporters and reprocessors understand the issues of liability and practicing legal professionals. The following databases were used
used oil, and manage their activities to minimise their liability and in the study: LexisNexis, Lawlex, AusLit and various academic
at the same time protect the environment. The life-cycle of lubri- databases [16]. Federal and state legislation was examined as part
cants is shown in Fig. 1. of this review. The role of local government was not identified on
a specific, but rather on a general basis, highlighting trends only
1.1. Objective at the local government level. Meetings with environmental reg-
ulators were also conducted. A listing of the principal pieces of
The objective in this study has been to address the following environmental legislation and policies, for selected states in Aus-
question: What are the applicable legal and governance issues tralia, which are applicable to the regulation of used petroleum
that companies should be aware of that will impact the successful hydrocarbons, is given in Tables 1–3. The relevant provisions of
establishment of a used petroleum hydrocarbon management these pieces of legislation were not considered in detail as part
business in Australia? This review will therefore set an important of this review. Commonwealth environmental legislation (Table 4)
context for used oil businesses (and other companies considering was also considered concurrently with the principal environmen-
entering into the used oil handling market) so that they can tal legislation for particular state jurisdictions in which the used
appreciate the extent of legislation in this area of environmental petroleum hydrocarbon business was to be conducted.
management in Australia and beware of potential environmental The Section 2.2 in the review have been discussed as a series of
issues that could impact the success of their businesses. questions and answers relating to environmental liability through
3. 258 T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264
Fig. 1. Lubricant life-cycle.
the lubricant life-cycle. The questions posed reflect the practical environmental laws regulating activities with the potential to cause
scenarios a used oil handling company may face in the day-to- “environmental harm”.
day operations of their business. Professional legal services were The general outline and assumptions have been divided into the
obtained to review the legal arguments put forward in this section following subsections:
of the study.
The review considered environmental legislative requirements • advice,
in relation to the following used petroleum hydrocarbon activities: • supply and installation,
• collection,
• advice, • transportation,
• supply and installation, • storage and handling,
• collection, • reprocessing and recovery, and
• transportation, • disposal.
• storage and handling, and
• reprocessing and recovery. 2.1.1. Advice
Used oil handlers provide technical advice to customers in rela-
tion to their waste management practices for fuels, oils, grease and
2. Findings
other petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated material.
This review outlines the statutory environmental requirements 2.1.2. Supply and installation
relating to the broad activities of advice, supply and installation, For some companies planning to enter into the used oil man-
collection, transportation, storage and handling, reprocessing and agement market in Australia, their current core activity may be the
recovery, under the following headings: supply of fuel, oil and grease to customers for use in the customer’s
plant and equipment. Such companies may also supply and install
• proposed used petroleum hydrocarbon activities, systems for a customer to enable tracking of petroleum hydrocar-
• significant environmental legal issues, and bon use (that the company supplies) and its recovery.
• other environmental legal issues.
2.1.3. Collection
2.1. Proposed used petroleum hydrocarbon activities The role of collectors is to pick up used petroleum hydrocarbons
from generators and to transport the material to reprocessors and
The management of environmental protection in Australia is recyclers, or to other sites for temporary storage prior to recycling,
shared across jurisdictions, that is, across State, Territory and Local reprocessing or disposal.
Governments. The state and territory governments have primary
responsibility for the environmental regulation of used petroleum 2.1.4. Transportation
hydrocarbon generation, collection, transport, storage, handling, The role of transporters is to safely move used petroleum hydro-
reprocessing and recovery. Both solid and liquid used petroleum carbons from the point of collection to either a storage and handling
hydrocarbons are “controlled” or “regulated” wastes in several facility or a reprocessing and recycling facility or a disposal facility.
jurisdictions, and cannot be disposed of to sewer as a liquid waste, Primary used oil handlers may use their own vehicles to trans-
or in an uncontrolled manner to landfill. In some jurisdictions, port the used petroleum hydrocarbons or may arrange, on behalf of
used petroleum hydrocarbons are not specifically controlled or the customer, for a licensed waste contractor to transport the used
regulated, although inappropriate disposal is often addressed by petroleum hydrocarbons.
4. T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264 259
Table 1 2.1.7. Disposal
Regulations applicable to handling used oil in New South Wales
Not all used petroleum hydrocarbon material can be recycled
Environmental protection and Protection of the Environment Operations Act and reprocessed, and must be disposed of in a lawful and environ-
approvals 1997 mentally appropriate manner. A fuel and lubricant supplier may be
Protection of the Environment Operations
involved in arranging, on behalf of a customer, for the disposal of
(General) Regulation 1998
Protection of the Environment Operations
the used petroleum hydrocarbon material by a licensed contractor.
(Waste) Regulation 1996
Protection of the Environment Operations 2.2. Significant environmental legal issues
(Control of Burning) Regulation 2000
Clean Air (Plant and Equipment) Regulation
2.2.1. Overview of legislation
1997
NEPM (National Environmental Protection There are numerous acts and regulations in Australia governing
Measure) for the National Pollutant Inventory used oil generation and reprocessing. In NSW, there are more than
1998 25 separate pieces of legislation that regulate used oil. Three out of
Waste Minimisation and Management Act 1995
Australia’s 8 states and territories, NSW, Victoria and Queensland,
Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act
2001
have their own regulations in relation to used oil and environmen-
Waste Recycling and Processing Corporation tal protection and these are listed in Tables 1–3 as an example.
Act 2001 The other states and territories have a similar range of regulations.
Contaminated Land Management Act 1997 Table 4 lists the relevant commonwealth (or federal) legislation.
Unhealthy Building Land Act 1990
Across the Australian jurisdictions, the majority of regulations
Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act
1985 are for environmental protection and approvals, dangerous goods
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act handling and trade wastes, and public and environmental health
1979 (Tables 1–4). All the legislation impact on the handling, use, collect-
Environmental Planning and Assessment
ing, and supply of used oil. In summary, a high level of regulation
Regulation 2000
exists which impacts the used oil handling industry. These were all
Dangerous goods Dangerous Goods Act 1975 considered in the development of the remainder of this section of
Dangerous Goods (General) Regulation 1999
the paper.
AS 1940:2004 The Storage and Handling of
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Road and Rail Transport (Dangerous Goods) Act Table 2
1997 Regulations applicable to handling used oil in Victoria
Road and Rail Transport (Dangerous Goods)
(Road) Regulation 1998 Environmental protection and Environment Protection Act 1970
Road and Rail Transport (Dangerous Goods) approvals
(Rail) Regulation 1999 Environment Protection (Scheduled Premises
Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous and Exemptions) Regulations 1996
Goods by Road and Rail (6th edition) Environment Protection (Prescribed Waste)
Fire Brigades Act 1989 Regulations 1998
NEPM Movement of Controlled Wastes Industrial Waste Management Policy (Waste
between States and Territories 1998 Minimisation)
Industrial Waste Management Policy (National
Trade waste Sydney Water Act 1994 Pollutant Inventory)
Sydney Water Trade Waste Policy and SEPP (Control of Noise from Commerce
Management Plan Industry and Trade)
Hunter Water Act 1991 SEPP (Groundwaters of Victoria)
Hunter Water Corporation Trade Waste Policy SEPP (Waters of Victoria)
and Management Plan SEPP (The Air Environment)
Public and environmental Local Government Act 1993 Planning and Environment Act 1987
health NEPM (National Environmental Protection
Public Health Act 1991 Measure) for the National Pollutant Inventory
1998
Planning and Environment Regulations 1988
Dangerous goods Dangerous Goods Act 1985
2.1.5. Storage and handling Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling)
The storage of flammable solids and liquids (such as used Regulations 2000
AS 1940:2004 The Storage and Handling of
oils and other used petroleum hydrocarbons) are activities which Flammable and Combustible Liquids
potentially involve the storage and handling of Class 3 and Class 4 Road Transport Dangerous Goods Act 1995
dangerous goods. Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Act
1995 (Cth)
Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods)
Regulations 1997 (Cth)
2.1.6. Reprocessing and recovery
Dangerous Goods (Transport by Rail)
Recovery and reprocessing activity can be undertaken by a Regulations 1998
used oil handler themselves or a third party and not by a pri- Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous
mary fuel or lubricant supplier to convert the used petroleum Goods by Road and Rail (6th edition)
hydrocarbons into a useable product. However, it is necessary to NEPM Movement of Controlled Wastes
between States and Territories 1998
determine whether the primary fuel or lubricant supplier will
retain any liability for any emissions and/or pollution incidents Trade waste Water Industry Act 1994
Water Industry Regulations 1995
that may occur during the recycling and reprocessing of used
petroleum hydrocarbon material which was originally supplied to Public and environmental Local Government Act 1989
the customer by this supplier, or which was managed by this sup- health
Health Act 1958
plier.
5. 260 T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264
Table 3 advising the customer as to the procedure to be implemented.
Regulations applicable to handling used oil in Queensland
During the work a spill occurs. Who is legally responsible?
Environmental protection and Environmental Protection Act 1994
approvals
Company X’s liability in this scenario will depend upon whether
Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 Company X was negligent in the provision of the advice. In other
Environmental Protection (Interim Waste) words, if the spill occurred as a result of the customer’s employee
Regulation 1996 or employees following the procedure advised by Company X, and
Environmental Protection (Waste
Company X had provided inaccurate or inappropriate advice, then
Management) Regulation 2000
Environmental Protection (Waste Company X could be liable in negligence. However, if the proce-
Management) Policy 2000 dure advised by Company X was correct and appropriate in the
Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 circumstances, and the spill occurred as a result of a failure on
Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 the part of the employee to follow the procedure, then liability
Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997
Petroleum Act 1923
would rest with the customer. Company X must ensure that its
Petroleum Regulation 1966 personnel who are providing advice and designing procedures or
Integrated Planning Act 1997 systems for customers are appropriately qualified to provide the
Integrated Planning Regulation 1998 relevant advice. Company X must also ensure that the advice is
NEPM (National Environmental Protection
effectively communicated to the customer and the employees of
Measure) for the National Pollutant Inventory
1998 the customer who will be undertaking the relevant work. Com-
pany X may be providing training to a customer’s personnel on used
Dangerous goods Building (Flammable and Combustible Liquids)
petroleum hydrocarbon management practices. In some cases, this
Regulation 1994
Fire and Rescue Authority Act 1990 may involve the formation of a petroleum hydrocarbon manage-
AS 1940:2004 The Storage and Handling of ment team, comprised of the customer’s employees, who would
Flammable and Combustible Liquids undertake used petroleum hydrocarbon activities. It is important
Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995
that Company X retains written documentation of any training pro-
Workplace Health and Safety (Miscellaneous)
Regulation 1995
vided, perhaps coupled with written confirmation from attendees
Transport Operations (Road Use Management) of the training courses, that they have understood the content of
Act 1995 the training. This will protect Company X in the event of a pollu-
Transport Operations (Road Use tion incident, from any claims that the training was deficient or not
Management—Dangerous Goods) Regulations
properly communicated.
1998
Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous
Goods by Road and Rail (6th edition) 2.2.3. Supply and installation
Liquid Fuel Supply Act 1984 A petroleum hydrocarbon supplier (referred to as Company X) is
NEPM Movement of Controlled Wastes supplying oil, grease and fuel to a customer. Is Company X legally
between States and Territories 1998
responsible for any pollution incident involving the petroleum
Trade waste Sewerage and Water Supply Act 1949 hydrocarbons it supplies?
Standard Sewerage Law
In some jurisdictions, including New South Wales, the range of
Public and environmental Local Government Act 1993
health parties who can be responsible in the event of a leak, spill or escape
Health Act 1937 is very broad and can include the owner of the substance which
Health Regulation 1996 leaks, spills or escapes. In the scenario outlined above, this could
include Company X as the owner of the petroleum hydrocarbons
supplied to the customer, if the spill or escape occurred prior to the
2.2.2. Advice
customer taking delivery and thereby assuming ownership or the
A used oil handler is managing waste for a customer such as a
material. It is often extremely difficult to determine legal owner-
mining company. The customer’s employees are doing the actual
ship, and hence, legal liability, in relation to substances which are
work and the used oil handler (referred to as Company X) is
subject to a progressive chain of custody. Whilst it is possible to
Table 4
contractually allocate ownership, some legal obligations cannot be
Commonwealth legislation applicable to handling used oil contractually transferred and will be retained by the party attempt-
ing to pass on ownership, unless that party can demonstrate that it
Environmental protection and Environment Protection and Biodiversity
has exercised “due diligence”.
approvals Conservation Act 1999
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Company X designs and installs a system for removing used oil
Conservation Regulations 2000
Diesel and Alternative Fuels Grants Scheme Act
from machines. During the removal of the used oil from the
1999 machine by the customer’s employees, a spill or leak occurs.
Industrial Research and Development Who is legally responsible?
Incentives Act 1976
Product Stewardship (Oil) Act 2000 If it could be established that the development or installation
Product Stewardship (Oil) Regulations 2000 of the system was performed negligently, and the leak or spill
Excise Tariff Amendment (Product Stewardship occurred as a result of the negligent design or installation, then
for Used oil) Act 2000
Company X could be held liable for any damage, injury or loss
Dangerous goods Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods) Act suffered as a result. However, if the leak or spill resulted from
1995 negligence on the part of the customer in removing the oil, then
Road Transport Reform (Dangerous Goods)
Regulations 1997
Company X is unlikely to be held liable. Company X should ensure
Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports) Act that appropriate training and instruction in relation to the opera-
1989 tion of the system is provided to the customer, so as to avoid the
Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and likelihood of a spill or escape occurring. It is also important that the
Imports) (Fees) Regulations 1990
contract of supply or installation between Company X and the cus-
6. T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264 261
tomer contains an indemnity and release by the customer to ensure Each State and Territory in Australia has legislation which can
that it will not hold Company X liable for any incidents occurring as render a principal vicariously liable for the actions of its contrac-
a result of the negligent operation of the system by the customer. tors. In other words, Company X may be liable for the actions of its
contractors in the same way as it would be liable for its employee’s
2.2.4. Collection actions. In these circumstances, it is essential for Company X to
Company X is managing waste for a customer. Company X’s ensure that contractors are adequately trained and/or supervised
employees are collecting the used oil from the customer’s plant in the appropriate collection procedures. It will only be in circum-
and equipment. During the collection process, a spill or leak stances where the contractor is acting wholly outside the range of
occurs. Who is legally responsible? duties which could be expected to form part of the contract, that
If a pollution incident such as a spill, leak or escape of used Company X, as principal, would be absolved from any vicarious lia-
petroleum hydrocarbons occurs during the collection process, allo- bility. Even if the contractor acts in an unexpected fashion, if the
cation of liability between Company X and the customer may be action occurred in the course of collection activities, Company X
difficult to ascertain. Under legislation in all States and Territories, would generally remain liable. The only defence which would be
penalties apply for willfully or negligently causing or permitting available to Company X in these circumstances would be for Com-
any substance to leak, spill or escape in a manner that harms or pany X to demonstrate that it had taken all reasonable precautions
is likely to harm the environment. The party liable for the pollu- to ensure that the contractor acted in an appropriate manner. This
tion incident would generally be the person responsible for causing would require evidence that appropriate training and communi-
the incident. However, in a number of States, including New South cation of safe work practices had been provided. It is necessary to
Wales, the category of persons who may be found liable in these ensure that an appropriate contract is drafted between Company X
circumstances, also includes the owner of the substance, the owner and any independent contractors used for collection activities.
of the container from which the substance spilt or escaped, and the If Company X is collecting used petroleum hydrocarbons from a
owner of the premises upon which the leak or spill occurred. This customer’s site, how can Company X ensure that the substances
would mean that, if a leak, spill or escape occurred on a particu- it is collecting are in fact the used petroleum hydrocarbons of
lar customer’s premises, and it occurred as a result of negligence the type contracted for?
by Company X, then both Company X and the customer could be An issue which may give rise to some practical difficulties is the
found liable—Company X as the party who caused the incident, extent to which Company X, as collector in this scenario, is able to
and the customer as the owner of the substance, the container in confirm that the material being collected at a particular customer’s
which the substance was stored and the premises on which the site is in fact the material which Company X believes it is receiving.
incident occurred. Given the broad net of potentially liable parties, If material is not in accordance with the expected composition, this
it is essential that Company X, as the collector, is in a position to may give rise to a number of potential risks, including a pollution
establish a defence if an incident occurred on a customer’s site. In incident caused by inappropriate mixing of materials in Company
most States and Territories, the only defence available is that of “due X’s vehicle. It will not be practicable to test each container before
diligence”. This would require Company X to establish that it had it is collected. To ensure that Company X’s liability is minimised,
taken all reasonable precautions and exercised all due care to limit the collection contract should clearly require the customer to dis-
the possibility of an incident occurring during collection. close the nature of the materials which will be collected during
the course of the contract, and to warrant that the material will
Can a used oil handler (referred to as Company X) determine
always correspond with this description. In circumstances where
or modify the allocation of liability by entering into appropriate
there is a possibility of variations, there should be an obligation on
contractual arrangements?
the customer to disclose these variations as and when they occur.
The contractual arrangements between Company X and a cus- Even in circumstances where the contract expressly places the
tomer will be important in determining the appropriate allocation obligation to disclose the nature of the material to be collected on
of liability for incidents occurring during the collection process. the customer, there will also be an obligation on the collector to
Whilst legislative obligations cannot be contracted out of, exist- ensure that, in circumstances where there is reason to believe or
ing contractual arrangements may influence the outcome and/or suspect that the material being collected is not in accordance with
penalties imposed in the event that proceedings are instituted for contractual expectations, the collector makes appropriate enquiries
a pollution incident. The contract will also be important to deter- to determine the identity of the material. This will require Com-
mine responsibility for any third party injuries or property damage pany X to ensure that personnel undertaking collection activities
caused by a pollution incident. are sufficiently trained and/or supervised so as to be in a position
A certified used oil contractor is buying used oil from the cus- to make the appropriate enquiries. This obligation will extend to
tomer. The contractor is using their own truck and hoses to independent contractors who may be engaged by Company X on
transfer used oil from the storage tank to the truck. During the the customer’s behalf, to undertake collection activities.
transfer of the used oil a spill occurs. Who is legally responsible? In some States, the obligation to ensure that there is no mixing
of wastes rests with the driver of the vehicle into which the waste
is conveyed. For example, in Western Australia, an offence is com-
In this scenario, if the contractor has been engaged directly by
mitted by a driver who fails to ensure that more than one category
the customer, then it is possible that the customer may be vicar-
of liquid waste is placed in any tank used by the driver, unless the
iously liable for the contractor’s actions unless the customer can
driver is expressly permitted to mix the relevant wastes.
demonstrate that it has adequately instructed and supervised the
contractor in relation to the collection of the used oil. This would 2.2.5. Transportation
require, for example, evidence that the contractor was aware of the A petroleum hydrocarbon supplier (referred to as Company X)
nature of the substance being collected, and that the customer had is managing waste for a customer. A certified waste contractor
satisfied itself, as far as reasonably practicable, that the collector is buying used oil from the customer. The contractor is using
was licensed and qualified to undertake the collection activity. If their truck and is transporting the used oil to their reprocessing
the contractor is engaged by Company X on the customer’s behalf, facility. During the journey the truck overturns and spills the
then the same obligations will be incumbent upon Company X. used oil. Who is legally responsible?
7. 262 T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264
If there is a spill, leak or other pollution incident in transit, lia- enforceable in states where state legislation has been enacted to
bility will generally be allocated in accordance with principles of give force to the NEPM.
negligence. For example, if the spill or leak arises as a result of the
driver’s negligence in failing to ensure that the goods were properly 2.2.6. Storage and handling
A petroleum hydrocarbon supplier (referred to as Company X)
secured or failing to properly maintain the vehicle used to transport
owns an off-site location (e.g. a former fuel depot) and Com-
the used petroleum hydrocarbons, then liability will be retained by
pany X uses this location as a place for temporary storage of
the driver and the company which employs the driver. If the third
petroleum hydrocarbon wastes to make it more feasible for a
party contractor was engaged by Company X as part of Company
third party waste contractor to collect and dispose of these
X’s waste management activities undertaken on behalf of the cus-
wastes. What obligations would Company X be subject to in this
tomer then, provided the contractors were acting within the scope
scenario?
of their contracted duties, any incident which occurs in the course
of the transportation of the used petroleum hydrocarbons, may be There are a number of obligations which will be incumbent
the responsibility of Company X, in accordance with principles of upon Company X in relation to any used petroleum hydrocarbon
vicarious liability. The only defence which would be available to materials stored on site at any of Company X’s facilities. These stor-
Company X in these circumstances would be the defence of due age obligations will vary depending upon whether the material is
diligence. This would require Company X to be able to demon- classified as a “dangerous good” or as general “waste”.
strate that the contractor was appropriately trained and instructed
2.2.6.1. Dangerous goods. The storage of used petroleum hydro-
in the safe working practices associated with the transportation of
carbons generally requires a licence under dangerous goods
the used petroleum hydrocarbons. In circumstances where Com-
legislation, unless only minor quantities are stored. Generally
pany X will be engaging the contractor on behalf of the customer, it
speaking, occupiers of premises where dangerous goods are stored
would be advisable for Company X to obtain written confirmation
must ensure that any risk associated with the storage and handling
from the contractor, confirming that the driver understands their
of those goods at the premises is eliminated or, if it is not practi-
obligations and is familiar with the relevant legislation applying
cable to eliminate the risk, then the risk must be reduced insofar
to them, including the obligations contained in the transportation
as it is practicable to do so. Occupiers of premises where danger-
of dangerous goods by road and rail legislation. If a spill or leak
ous goods are stored and handled must also generally ensure that
occurs in transit as a result of a failure to properly label, identify or
the goods and any structural plant associated with the storage and
pack the used petroleum hydrocarbons in the relevant container,
handling of the goods, are protected against damage from impact
then liability will either rest with the customer, if the customer
of vehicles and mobile plant. In relation to the transfer of danger-
was responsible for the labelling identification and packaging
ous goods into a container used for the storage of dangerous goods
of the goods, or with Company X, if Company X has under-
in bulk, it will generally be the duty of the occupier (i.e. Company
taken the labelling, identification and packaging on behalf of the
X in the scenario outlined above) to ensure that engineering con-
customer.
trols are used to manage the risk associated with the overfilling of
If a used oil handler (referred to as Company X) is transport- containers holding dangerous goods.
ing the used petroleum hydrocarbons, are there any statutory There are also a number of obligations contained in the legis-
obligations upon it to track the waste? lation of all States and Territories to ensure that dangerous goods
are properly labelled. Storers of dangerous goods must also ensure
There are different requirements depending on whether the
that dangerous goods are not mixed or stored in close proximity to
material is transported outside or inside of the state.
other dangerous goods, in circumstances which could give rise to
Intrastate Waste Tracking. In most States and Territories, legisla-
chemical reactions or other potentially harmful incidents.
tive schemes have been established to ensure that the movement
There are a number of safety standards and guidelines issued by
of certain types of waste is tracked. Nevertheless, tracking require-
the various Australian safety authorities dealing with the handling
ments may be imposed as licence conditions in these jurisdictions.
of different categories of dangerous goods.
The types of waste which are required to be tracked are gener-
ally categories of “hazardous” and “industrial” wastes, including
2.2.6.2. Waste. If the material being stored is not classified as dan-
used petroleum hydrocarbons. The assessment and classification
gerous goods, most States and Territories nevertheless impose
of the waste is usually the obligation of the generator (referred to
licensing obligations on the storage of large quantities of “waste”.
as the “consignor”), who must complete a waste data form, identi-
For example, under New South Wales legislation, premises will
fying and describing the waste to be consigned. Copies of the waste
be required to obtain a licence from the Environment Protection
data form must be signed by the consignor before the waste is dis-
Authority if they fall within the definition of a “waste facility”. This
patched, and copies of the form must be retained by the consignor
is defined as any premises used for the storage, treatment, repro-
and the transporter. As noted above, the waste consignor is respon-
cessing, sorting or disposal of waste, including premises used to
sible for completing the form and Company X, as the transporter,
store more than 30,000 tonnes of waste per year.
must check that the form is completed, sign it and ensure that
Most other States and Territories require a licence for waste
the waste data form is carried in the waste transportation vehicle.
facilities with varying threshold levels triggering the licensing obli-
Waste tracking obligations apply whether or not the transportation
gation. It should be noted that the fact that the waste is to be
activity or the waste facility to which the waste is being transported,
recycled does not generally exempt the operator from obtaining a
is required to be licensed.
licence. It should be noted that, in all States and Territories, offences
Interstate Waste Tracking. In June 1998, the National Envi-
are created for breaching the terms and conditions of a dangerous
ronment Protection Council developed a National Environment
goods licence or failing to hold a licence where one is required. Sim-
Protection Measure (NEPM) relating to the movement of “con-
ilar offences are created for carrying out a waste activity, such as
trolled waste” between States and Territories. Used petroleum
the operation of a waste facility, without the appropriate licence or
hydrocarbons fall within the definition of “controlled waste” and
in breach of the terms or conditions of any such licence.
hence fall within the scope of the NEPM. The NEPM provides a
national system for tracking the movement of controlled waste A petroleum hydrocarbon supplier or used oil handler (referred
across state and territory borders. However, the NEPM is only to as Company X) is storing used hydrocarbons on one of its
8. T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264 263
facilities. A spill or leak occurs from the storage container. Who used oil to be disposed of. In other words, liability could extend to
is legally responsible? the customer and Company X, if Company X was responsible for
arranging the transportation and disposal of the used oil. In these
Unless the contract provides for the customer to retain owner-
circumstances, the only way in which the customer and Company
ship of the used petroleum hydrocarbon material until such time as
X could ensure that they were not liable for the illegal dumping,
it is reprocessed or recovered, any spills or escapes which occur dur-
would be if they could establish that they had exercised “due dili-
ing the storage phase are likely to be the responsibility of Company
gence”. This would require evidence that they had ensured that the
X. However, the contract between Company X and the customer
contractor was appropriately qualified and licensed to transport the
should contain an indemnity in respect of any used petroleum
material. Enquiries should also be made as to where the waste is to
hydrocarbons which were improperly stored, identified or labelled
be disposed, to ensure that the relevant location was appropriately
by the customer. If the used petroleum hydrocarbons are stored at a
licensed for that disposal. Waste tracking legislation which is now
Company X owned site in the containers in which they were placed
in place in most States and Territories will generally ensure that
prior to collection by Company X, and a leak, spill or other pollution
this information is provided.
incident occurs as a result of the improper labelling, identification
or packaging by the customer, then the indemnity would be avail- 2.3. Other environmental legal issues
able to protect Company X from liability or to enable it to claim
from the customer, any losses or damage suffered. 2.3.1. Extent of compliance with legislation
As part of the current review of liability issues and used oil han-
2.2.7. Reprocessing and recovery dling in Australia, a brief assessment was made of the extent of
A petroleum supplier (referred to as Company X) undertakes compliance of the used oil management industry to existing Aus-
the total used petroleum hydrocarbon management for a cus- tralian federal, state and local government legislation. The extent
tomer. As part of this role, Company X arranges for a used oil of non-compliance to the relevant legislation regulating used oil
handler to collect the material from the customer’s site or from management activities are relatively low in Australia even with the
Company X’s temporary storage facility. The used oil handler is wide ranging laws and regulations. In the 10-year period leading up
required to hold a licence for the relevant recycling activity and to January 2008, 8 cases related to the mis-handling of used oil were
fails to obtain such a licence or, if he or she has obtained such a brought to the courts in Australia [16]. A summary of these cases are
licence, breaches its conditions by exceeding the emission limits described below. Half of these were in relation to spills into water-
contained in the licence. Who is legally responsible? ways and three related to spills to soil. Of the 8, only 5 cases led
The recycler, as the party undertaking the recycling activities, is to fines. The maximum penalties for the breaches under the laws
primarily liable to obtain a licence if required, or to comply with ranges from AUD 125k to 250k. The size of the fines actually given
the conditions of the licence. Any breach of the licence will be the ranged from AUD 10k to 27k. These fines, therefore, were relatively
responsibility of the recycler. However, in addition to prosecution low and closely matched the cost of remedial works required by the
and liability for licence breaches and associated offences, there is polluter to restore damage incurred and prevent future breaches
also potential for prosecution for general air and water pollution occurring. The volume of used oil involved in the breaches ranged
offences under environmental legislation in all States and Territo- from 2.1 kL to 38 kL. Loss of containment of the used oil from ineffec-
ries. In some jurisdictions, the offence can be committed not only tive bunding or inadvertent discharges during handling, were the
by the person undertaking the activity (i.e. the used oil handler), main causes of the spills. These 8 cases only represent a sample of all
but also the owner of the substance involved. It would therefore be violations (including those that did not make it to court) neverthe-
important to determine ownership of the used petroleum hydrocar- less they provide an insight into the effectiveness of the legislation
bon material. Assuming the contract between the used oil handler in minimising environmental impacts from used oil management
and the customer and/or Company X was silent on this point, or that and that the industry is actively monitored by the relevant environ-
there was no contract, the general legal position would be that own- mental regulators. There are numerous marine oil spills reported
ership would rest with the used oil handler once they implemented in the legal databases but these were outside of the scope of the
procedures to reprocess or recycle the material for commercial current review and are not discussed here.
purposes. However, if a spill or escape occurred on the used oil
2.3.2. Ownership issues
handler’s site prior to commencement of recycling or reprocessing,
The question of ownership and hence responsibility for used
it would be arguable that ownership was still retained by the cus-
petroleum hydrocarbons will be crucial in a determination of liabil-
tomer. It is therefore crucial to ensure that a contract is in place
ity for any environmental incidents that occur. Whilst it is possible
which expressly states that, in circumstances where the used oil
to denote ownership contractually, this will not necessarily enable
handler collects the material from the customer’s premises, own-
all legal obligations to be contracted out of. Generally speaking, con-
ership passes immediately upon collection. In circumstances where
tractual notions of ownership will need to be supported by evidence
the material is being delivered to the used oil handler by Company X
that due diligence has been exercised in the relevant circumstances.
or a third party, ownership should pass to the recycler immediately
The type of evidence which will be required in this regard will gen-
upon delivery at the used oil handler’s facility.
erally involve proof that appropriate enquiries have been made to
ensure that the person into whose custody the waste passes, is
2.2.8. Disposal
equipped to manage the waste in an environmentally appropriate
A petroleum hydrocarbon supplier (referred to as Company X)
manner.
supplies technical advice to the customer, collects the used oil,
manages the used oil consolidation process and arranges for a 2.3.3. Corporate initiatives, industry standards and codes of
licensed contractor to dispose of the used oil and related wastes. practice
The contractor dumps the used oil and related wastes on the side Whilst this review focuses on the applicable legislative require-
of the road. Who is legally responsible? ments in the various jurisdictions reviewed, there are also a number
Liability for the unlawful dumping of waste generally rests with of industry codes of practice and standards which will be highly
the person carrying out the dumping activity. It may also be the relevant in the establishment and operation of a used petroleum
owner of the used oil or the person who caused or permitted the hydrocarbon recycling facility. It should also be noted that a num-
9. 264 T.F. Guerin / Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 256–264
ber of pieces of environmental and occupational health and safety re-refined lubricating oils) have higher energy requirements, pro-
legislation expressly refer to standards and codes of practice. Evi- duce greater amounts of heavy bottoms and waste water. It is noted
dence of compliance or failure to comply with these standards and here that the major used oil handling facilities in Australia oper-
codes of practice can affect the outcome of any proceedings arising ate under site-specific environmental licenses which are regulated
from a breach of environmental or occupational health and safety and administered by state governments. These licenses set strict
legislation. Of critical importance is the Australian Standard for emission guidelines for discharge of emissions to soil, air or water.
the Storage and Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
(Tables 1–3), which provides specific guidance on various aspects 3. Conclusions
of facility design and operation in which used oils are handled. In
Australia, this particular standard has in effect become legislation as When considering the establishment of a used oil handling busi-
it is a requirement in numerous state laws that this code be adhered ness in Australia, the lubricant’s life-cycle must be considered and
to in relation to the storage and handling of flammable and com- how it is handled at each stage. The findings illustrate the complexi-
bustible liquids including used oil. Another important standard is ties in determining liabilities from handling and mis-handling used
ISO 14001 for environmental management. Based on the author’s oil, which arises partly from the fact that Australia is highly regu-
assessment of all major used oil handling facilities in Australia, lated in this area of environmental management. Furthermore, the
more than 50% of these facilities have environmental management liability issues become increasingly complex because of contrac-
systems that follow or are certified to this standard. Furthermore, tual issues, as the number of activities and sub-contractors involved
particular industries, including the mining and minerals industry increase along the lubricant life-cycle or supply chain. Businesses
have their owns codes for environmental management or adher- seeking to establish themselves in used oil handling need to be
ence to sustainable development principles and good governance fully aware of these liability issues and ensure they have manage-
of used oil management is either specified or implied by these prin- ment and governance controls in place so they can demonstrate
ciples, either through environmental management responsibilities due diligence in the case of a used oil spill or leak.
in the supply chain or through product stewardship commitments.
References
2.3.4. Role of local government
Local councils in Australia may accept inert solid wastes but [1] R. Vazquez-Duhalt, Environmental impact of used motor oil, Sci. Total Environ.
79 (1) (1989) 1–23.
most do not have the capability of being able to dispose of [2] P. Mercurio, K. Burns, A. Negri, Testing the ecotoxicology of vegetable ver-
petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated wastes which will either be sus mineral based lubricating oils: 1. Degradation rates using tropical marine
industrial or hazardous wastes. Selected local councils may have the microbes, Environ. Pollut. 129 (2) (2004) 165–173.
[3] T.F. Guerin, Long term performance of a land treatment facility for bioremedia-
capability of being able to store particular petroleum hydrocarbon
tion of non-volatile oily wastes, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 28 (1) (2000) 105–120.
contaminated wastes at their facilities on a temporary basis. How- [4] T.F. Guerin, Bioremediation of dissolved and free phase oil in wastewater from
ever, it is possible that specific local governments may have more equipment maintenance activities, Remediation 11 (3) (2001) 129–144.
stringent disposal requirements for used petroleum hydrocarbons [5] T.F. Guerin, Co-composting of residual fuel contamination in soil, Soil Sediment
Contam. 10 (6) (2001) 659–673.
than do the state governments which they reside within. Therefore, [6] T.F. Guerin, S.H. Rhodes, B.C. Kelley, P.C. Peck, The application of bioremediation
it is critical that used oil handlers ensure that local government to the clean-up of contaminated sites: the potential and limitations, in: Con-
requirements in a particular area are identified. taminated Soil, Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) Industrial Chemist
Commercial Services Group in conjunction with the University of Newcastle,
Newcastle, 1994.
2.3.5. Reprocessing technologies for used oil management [7] B. Wilson, Used oil reclamation processes, Ind. Lubricat. Tribol. 49 (4) (1997)
Reprocessing technologies also have environmental impacts and 178.
[8] I. Makkonen, Collection of waste oil from forestry machines, in: Field Note:
therefore can contribute to environmental liability in the used oil General, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, 1994.
management industry. This will not be dealt with in detail in this [9] R.K. Hewstone, Health, safety and environmental aspects of used crankcase
paper though an overview of the relative impacts of the major lubricating oils, Sci. Total Environ. 156 (3) (1994) 255–268.
[10] C. Erpenbeck, Mineral oil pollution of a clayey marsh—evaluation and recla-
reprocessing technologies available in Australia are discussed in mation, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 63 (1991)
this section. 87–90.
The major used oil reprocessor in Australia uses a chemical pre- [11] T.F. Guerin, Heavy equipment maintenance wastes and environmental manage-
ment in the mining industry, J. Environ. Manage. 66 (2) (2002) 185–199.
treatment, a propane solvent extraction and de-asphalting process
[12] T.F. Guerin, Maintenance wastes, in: V. Rajaram, S. Dutta, K. Parameswaran
followed by atmospheric and vacuum distillation for producing (Eds.), Sustainable Mining Practices, A.A. Balkema Publishers (Francis & Taylor
base oil. Other reprocessors in Australia predominantly deploy thin Group Plc), London, 2005, pp. 209–230.
film and wiped film evaporation and thermal cracking at their facil- [13] T.F. Guerin, F. Guerzoni, G. Mullarky, The role of a major supplier to the
Australian forestry and timber industry, in: Future Forests & Timber, Abacus
ities to produce their reprocessed oil products (including diesel, Management Pty Ltd, Sydney, 2003, p. 53.
diesel extender, burner fuel and re-refined lubricating oil). Each [14] T.F. Guerin, S.H. Rhodes, C. Leiner, K. Hammerschmid, S. Roden, P.J. McAllister,
reprocessing technology has specific environmental impacts and P.C. Peck, B.C. Kelley, Management and treatment of wastes from maintenance
operations in the mining industry, in: A. Hargreaves, J. Montegner (Eds.), Main-
these must be managed by the used oil reprocessor. The simplest tenance in the Mining and Metallurgical Industries, The Australasian Institute
used oil re-use processes including direct combustion, filtering and of Mining and Metallurgy and The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 1994,
dewatering and demineralisation have relatively low environmen- pp. 255–266.
[15] T.F. Guerin, O. Turner, J. Tsiklieris, Moving towards sustainable development
tal impacts due to the relatively low energy input required and in the minerals industry—the role of a major supplier, in: Proceedings of the
the absence of generation of heavy bottom petroleum hydrocar- Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, New Zealand Branch, Nelson, New
bon fractions to produce these products. The reprocessed products Zealand, 2004.
[16] Anonymous, Various academic and legal databases including LexisNexis, Auslit
produced from these processes are of relatively low value (i.e. used & Lawlex, Date Accessed 1 February 2008.
for combustion purposes). The reprocessing technologies for pro-
ducing the higher value base oil products (including fuels and