The document outlines a research plan to evaluate Pakistan's Punjab Economic Opportunities Programme (PEOP) livestock and dairy interventions. PEOP targets four high poverty districts in Punjab and aims to raise incomes through improving productivity, market linkages, and individual interventions like asset transfers, fodder improvements, and microfinance. Community interventions include veterinary services, infrastructure like milk chillers, and collective bargaining. The research aims to assess the impacts of these individual and community-level interventions on incomes, welfare and growth.
Market Research Report : Pension Fund Market in India 2011Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Netscribes (India) Pvt. Ltd. launches a report on the Pension Fund Market in India 2011 as part of Netscribes’ Financial Services Series
Market Research Report : Pension Fund Market in India 2011Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Netscribes (India) Pvt. Ltd. launches a report on the Pension Fund Market in India 2011 as part of Netscribes’ Financial Services Series
Being a trader it is important to use your brain not your heart because stock market is very risky, you need to play smart. So join the most experienced team who can value your money & provide you the best recommendation which will help you to grow your money in positive manner. Don’t believe on others but learn from your experience. Join Drift Financial Research for more detail visit website www.driftfinancial.in Or Call Us on 919993223007
highlights & Key featuresof budget 2020 pdf- Dr Ajay ShuklaProf. Ajay H Shukla
Highlights & Key features of budget 2020-21 pdf. Presented by Hon FM Nirmala Sitharaman
We are now the fifth largest economy of the world. India’s foreign direct investment got elevated to the level of US$ 284 billion during 2014-19 from US$ 190billioin that came in during the years 2009-14. The Central Government debt that has been the bane of our economy got reduced, in March 2019, to 48.7% of GDP from a level of 52.2%in March 2014.
Sources: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/bh.php
In this issue of #LanguageOfGrowth Series, we bring to you the finer print from the Budget, the opportunities that will arise
and the benefits that start-ups operating in particular sectors can enjoy. Many of these benefits may not be for that particular
Industry directly but the measures indirectly create opportunities.
We hope these insights will help you look at your own Industry as well as allied ones as also identify new areas to work in.
CA Prajakta Shetye-Deo
CA Vinit Vyankatesh Deo
Income under the head of “House property”
2.Income under the head of “profit and gain of business or profession”
3.Income under the head of “Capital Gain”
4.Income under the head of “Income from other sources”
LMP process and its support for the incorporation of livestock in NAIPsILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta during the second consultative workshop on “Supporting Member States to incorporate Livestock in their NAIPS”, Accra, Ghana, 10-12 March 2020
Being a trader it is important to use your brain not your heart because stock market is very risky, you need to play smart. So join the most experienced team who can value your money & provide you the best recommendation which will help you to grow your money in positive manner. Don’t believe on others but learn from your experience. Join Drift Financial Research for more detail visit website www.driftfinancial.in Or Call Us on 919993223007
highlights & Key featuresof budget 2020 pdf- Dr Ajay ShuklaProf. Ajay H Shukla
Highlights & Key features of budget 2020-21 pdf. Presented by Hon FM Nirmala Sitharaman
We are now the fifth largest economy of the world. India’s foreign direct investment got elevated to the level of US$ 284 billion during 2014-19 from US$ 190billioin that came in during the years 2009-14. The Central Government debt that has been the bane of our economy got reduced, in March 2019, to 48.7% of GDP from a level of 52.2%in March 2014.
Sources: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/bh.php
In this issue of #LanguageOfGrowth Series, we bring to you the finer print from the Budget, the opportunities that will arise
and the benefits that start-ups operating in particular sectors can enjoy. Many of these benefits may not be for that particular
Industry directly but the measures indirectly create opportunities.
We hope these insights will help you look at your own Industry as well as allied ones as also identify new areas to work in.
CA Prajakta Shetye-Deo
CA Vinit Vyankatesh Deo
Income under the head of “House property”
2.Income under the head of “profit and gain of business or profession”
3.Income under the head of “Capital Gain”
4.Income under the head of “Income from other sources”
LMP process and its support for the incorporation of livestock in NAIPsILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta during the second consultative workshop on “Supporting Member States to incorporate Livestock in their NAIPS”, Accra, Ghana, 10-12 March 2020
Similar to Growth Week 2011: Country Session 11 - Pakistan (20)
The Country Session on Mozambique was divided into two parts: ‘The Future of Agriculture and Economic Growth in Mozambique’ and ‘Urbanisation and Low Income Housing in Maputo’. The presentations in this slideshare are from Marcelo Chaquisse, Carlos Guanziroli, Catia Batista, Francisco Pereira, Rogerio N'Komo and Verena Andreatta.
The topic of the joint Country Session of Rwanda and Tanzania was 'Toward Monetary Union in East Africa'. It focused on the progress and challenges of progress towards creating an East African monetary union. The presentations in this slideshare are from Christopher Adam and Dick Durevall.
The Country Session on Rwanda comprised three presentations on topics such as agronomy practices amongst coffee farmers and the Land Tenure Regularization programme. The presentations were followed by an open discussion. The presentations in this slideshare are from Marcel Fafchamps and Eliana La Ferrara.
The Country Session on Tanzania focused on the Tanzania National Development Vision and discussed emerging research issues. The presentations in this slideshare are from Christopher Adam, Pantaleo Kessy, Martina Kirchberger and Mujobo Moyo.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
The key differences between the MDR and IVDR in the EUAllensmith572606
In the European Union (EU), two significant regulations have been introduced to enhance the safety and effectiveness of medical devices – the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) and the Medical Device Regulation (MDR).
https://mavenprofserv.com/comparison-and-highlighting-of-the-key-differences-between-the-mdr-and-ivdr-in-the-eu/
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
1. Pakistan Tax Research Agenda
IGC Growth Week
Henrik Kleven, Johannes Spinnewijn and Mazhar Waseem
London School of Economics
September 21, 2011
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 1/8
2. Research Plan
Analyze impact of tax policies and incentives on individuals and …rms
how do tax policies in‡uence the tax base:
) capture e¢ ciency cost of tax policy.
) key for determining revenue-maximizing tax policy.
other responses: tax evasion, registration/incorporation, spill-over
e¤ects.
Preliminary results, but research agenda seems promising.
unique access to administrative tax data.
policy features and changes inducing compelling variation.
largely unexplored, also in developed countries.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 2/8
3. Value-Added Tax
Modern broad-based tax, praised for enforcement and administration
properties
VAT is argued to be self-enforcing. Conjectures have never been tested.
Pakistan introduced VAT-type system in 1990.
expanded gradually to di¤erent sectors.
substantial variation in exemptions, zero-rating and tax rates.
Main goals:
estimate …rms’responses to VAT (tax base, registration, evasion...).
analyze spill-over e¤ect across the VAT chain.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 3/8
4. Spill-over E¤ects: Gradual Expansion
In 1996, VAT was extended to the textile sector. In 2000, VAT was
extended to all services & utilities.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 4/8
5. Tax Base Response: Zero-rating
In 2005 reform, 5 major export sectors became zero-rated, including
the textile sector. However, ginning was already zero-rated.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 5/8
6. Corporate Income Tax
Similar goals as for VAT, analyze …rms’responses to CIT (tax base,
incorporation, ...).
Again, underexplored in the literature. Some recent reforms and
particular features of the Pakistani system provide the required
variation.
In Pakistan, corporate income is taxed at a standard rate of 35%.
However,
(advantageous) minimum tax applies as long as corporate income is
below a threshold.
small corporations are treated di¤erently, depending on the year of
incorporation.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 6/8
7. Notched Schedule: Minimum Tax
If 0.01 turnover > corporate income tax, a minimum-tax applies
equal to 0.005 turnover.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 7/8
8. Cohort-Based Reform: Small Corporations
A tax rate of 20% applies for small corporations who incorporated
after 2005.
Kleven,Spinnewijn&Waseem (LSE) Pakistan Tax Research September 21, 2011 8/8
9. Livestock Related Interventions in
Punjab's High Poverty Districts:
Design and Evaluation
Imran Rasul [UCL]
IGC Growth Week 2011
Pakistan Country Session
10. PEOP
• The Punjab Economic Opportunities Programme
(PEOP) 2010-15
• Worker skills and livestock based interventions
• Targets four of the poorest districts in Punjab:
Population Poverty
Out of which
District (Census, ‘98, Headcount Poor (Total)
Rural Poor
‘03) Ratio
Bahalwalnagar 2,322,116 51.3% 1,249,763 84%
Bahawalpur 2,831,590 55.1% 1,577,479 80%
Muzaffargarh 2,912,319 51.7% 1,762,535 88%
Lodhran 1,172,000 50.4% 627,840 87%
Total 9,238,025 - 5,217,617
IGC countries with similar HCR in these years: Bangladesh, Ghana, Kenya
11. PEOP Organization
Gov. of Punjab DFID
Pak Rs £5 million
Equivalent of £25 £25 million
million
Technical
PEOP Assistance
(£5 million )
Programme Coordination Unit (PCU)
* Baseline, RCT
(by CERP)
£25 million (50% * Advisory
£25 million (50%
GoPunj & 50% support for skills
GoPunj & 50% and L&D
DFID)
DFID)
* Poverty focused
Livestock & Dairy Development research for pro
Department of Gov of Punjab poor policies and
Punjab Skills Development Fund regulations
* Capacity building
and institutional
strengthening for
PSDF and L&D
- Marginalized farmers and non-farmer women and men
- Suppliers of skills, livestock and dairy services and facilities
12. Agriculture in Pakistan
• Sixth most populous country in the world, with annual population growth
of 2%
• Agriculture constitutes 45% of total employment (72 million individuals)
• Yet contributes only 11% of GDP
• Within agricultural sector:
– livestock related production contributes around 50% of total value of
output
– 12 million farming households
• Interventions targeted towards this sector can have large impacts on
welfare and growth: can we asses the potential for growth?
13. Intervention Target 1: Raising Productivity
Potentially large misallocation of resources: better documented for
manufacturing sector comparing US to China/India [Hsieh and Klenow 2009],
potential TFP gains 30-60%
15. Raising Incomes and Wellbeing in the Livestock Sector:
Individual Based Interventions
• Input availability and mix:
– livestock breeds
• provision of livestock (goats) to households without animal assets
• asset transfer: move away from exotic breeds
• more controversially, selective culling of low yielding livestock
– improved knowledge and techniques related to inputs:
• fodder storage, fodder types, tying animals
– microfinance (low levels of penetration to date)
17. Microfinance Penetration
• As of June 30, 2011: % of active borrowers, savers and policy holders from
livestock and dairy sector by PEOP district:
Active Active Savers
Districts
Borrowers (%) (%)
Bahawalpur 27.7 2.3
Bhawalnagar 19.7 2.0
Lodhran 8.9 1.4
Muzaffargarh 0.2 0
• Of those with MF accounts, women more likely than men to be active
borrowers [PEOP has some targeting focus on women]
18. Community Based Interventions
• Common inputs: vetinerary services
• prevalence of bacterial, viral and nutritional diseases that reduce animal
productivity
• improved diagnostic facilities, timely vaccination
• availability of artificial insemination techniques – promotion of cross breeds
• Method of delivery:
• network of vetinerary centres (raises issues for evaluation)
• assignment of trained livestock workers to villages (first stage advertizing
intensity)
• Community level infrastructure for market linkages:
– provision of milk chillers
• potential to compare public, NGO and private providers
• evaluation: different bundles offered by provider types
– collective bargaining of farmers
• requires cooperation across wealth classes
19. Comparison of Cow Breeds
Fatter milk
commands
higher price
Provision of artificial insemination that facilitates production of cross
breeds can help raise productivity
20. PEOP Baseline Survey
• Designed to provide information on
– who should be targeted in interventions
– design of interventions on demand and supply side
– baseline outcomes for RCT evaluation
• Types of surveys
– separate male and female household surveys
– community survey and mapping exercise
– employer and training providers surveys
– livestock supply side survey
• Level of detail achieved by these surveys is far greater than in
existing household data sets for Punjab, or the agricultural census
for example
21. Basic Outcomes for RCT Evaluation
• Core household survey modules cover:
• household demographics
• work and skills
• household assets and consumption
• livestock activities
• skills, expectations and aspirations
• perception of public and private services, health, time
allocations etc.
• anthropometrics
• [60 page + survey]
22. Livestock Module Detail
• Ownership (including Shirikat – akin to sharecropping but for
livestock)
• Rearing (trades/purchased)
• Input availability, practices and prices (feeding, AI, livestock
tying, use of chillers etc.)
• Milk production (morning/evening)
• Egg production
• Income expectations (from milk production, other livestock
rearing)
• Provides detailed descriptive evidence on livestock
productivity, and input related constraints that interventions
might loosen
23. Additional Outcomes for RCT Evaluation
i. perception of public and private sector providers (important
because both the livestock and skills side are going to roll out the
programme through a mix of public and private providers);
ii. attitudes towards community and civic life (important for the
design of community based interventions)
iii. health (anthropometrics) of young children and females
iv. perceptions about gender equality (targeting women is important
for both the skills and livestock interventions)
v. self confidence (important as an outcome but also important for
targeting)
24. Sampling of HH and Community Surveys
• Sampling split into two phases:
• Phase 1 : 6,130 households from 194 PSUs (villages/urban enumeration blocks)
• community and household surveys
• Phase 2: approx 45,955 households from 667 villages/enumeration blocks
• community and household surveys
• Within phase 2 we will have 150 “in-depth” surveyed PSUs. In these PSUs we will
conduct:
• community surveys
• short census to all households (average PSU size 350 hhs)
• detailed household survey to 200hhs per PSU (slightly longer than surveys in Phase 1)
• HH survey will place emphasize on network linkages between households in PSU
– 30,000 hhs in in-depth sample [+Phase 1 hhs panel: 2011-13-15]
– 15,955 households in remaining 517 Phase 2 PSUs [panel: followed six monthly,
short survey instrument]
25. Immediate Timeline
Year Month Activities
2011 Sept Start of baseline HH and community surveys (Phase-I)
Design of training providers’ survey
Oct Completion of baseline HH and community surveys (Phase-I)
Start of baseline employers and training provider surveys
Nov Analysis of data from Phase-I
Start of baseline HH and community surveys (Phase-II; to be
completed by Mar-Apr 2012)
Completion of baseline employers and training provider
surveys
Writing of baseline HH report for PSDF and L&DD partners
Dec (Phase-I)
Intervention design for RCT-based evaluation and re-calibration
Jan Writing of baseline Employers and Training Providers’ report
26. Existing Evidence Base
• What priors do we have on the effectiveness
of the kinds of individual and community
based interventions discussed?
• Livestock research team have been involved in
the evaluation of another large-scale RCT in
livestock sector in Bangladesh
• IGC has facilitated knowledge transfer across
these settings
27. Program Interventions
• Bangladesh, we evaluated the Ultra-Poor programme, operated by
BRAC
• Targets poorest 10% of households in rural Bangladesh
– recall HCR in Punjab of 50%
• RCT evaluation including 25,000 households (2007-9-11), with a
small number of in-depth villages
• Intervention design:
– Asset transfer (unlike in Pakistan, many HHs without livestock at
baseline)
– Intense two year training period: training provided by BRAC workers
– proposed alternative for Pakistan: assignment of trained livestock
workers to villages
– No interventions related to market linkage in Bangladesh: in Pakistan
we want to try and compare different provider types
30. Lessons Learned 2
• Increase in annual hours worked
• Household income rises significantly
• Increase in scale of livestock related activities: either
thought land rented/owned, or purchase of animal
sheds etc.
• PCE increases by 10%, price per calorie rises by 5%
• CBA analysis reveals program yields a high RR than
equivalent cash transfer
• Program replication in 10 countries yielding cautiously
optimistic results in short run
31. Factors To Build into
PEOP Design and Evaluation
• Heterogeneous effects across HHs depending on the activities they
specialized in at baseline
– Optimal set of households to be targeted
– Interplay with skills interventions
• Detailed intervention design:
– separating importance of assets, from other input uses/practices, from output
prices
• Spillover effects onto other poor non-beneficiary households
– Changes in occupational structure of other poor households
• Do networks matter (in-depth PSUs) and what is the role of the
community (identifying the poor, conflict resolution) in making effective
interventions?
32. Organisation of Production and
Innovation in Pakistan’s Electrical
Fan Sector
Theresa Thompson Chaudhry And
Christopher Woodruff
33. The Fan Sector
• Nearly all firms located in Gujrat and Gujranwalla
(Punjab)
• 450 firms
– Of which only are 4-6 large scale
• Industry output of around 10 million units/year
• Exports have more than doubled over last 5
years, to around $40 million
- Markets include: Bangladesh and Middle East
• Fan quality generally superior to Chinese fans:
Metal vs. plastic; New vs. recycled metal
34. Organisation of production
• Production in even the largest firms in Pakistan is
organised as batch production rather than
assembly lines.
– A series of steps, with inventories of semi-finished
goods held between each step.
• A Coasian factory: A significant role for the
ustaad, or foreman.
– All work performed at factory, using equipment
owned by the firm.
– Contracts:
• Payment to Ustaad: Payment per piece for packing, winding assembly,
painting; contract given to ustaad who puts together teams and pays
them. (Determines rate? Hiring / firing?)
• Payment to Team Members (based on pre-decided shares): Again
piece rate – fixed shares to people on a team. Ex. 15% to ustaad, etc.
35. In the largest firms:
• For each part of the production process, there are two
or three teams.
– Number of units assigned to team depends on team size
(which can vary for same process), experience of ustaad,
etc.
• Apparent advantages:
– Foremen, ustaads, and production workers mostly
originate from same village. Foremen use these
relationships to try and reduce absenteeism
• Question: Does the decentralisation limit
managements capacity to provide incentives to
workers?
36. Quality Control
• Re-work rates are fairly high in some processes
– winding of the motor
– painting
• Piece-rate quality control workers (firm’s own,
not part of production teams) do quality
checks (for example voltage) at different points
of production process
– Teams not paid for defects, but otherwise no penalties
37. Machinery Breakdown and Rejection
issues
• Breakdown:
– Machinery breaks down excessively
– Team of technicians responsible, but also production
teams are not informing about poor performance
• Rejection:
– The motor is susceptible to damage (particularly the
copper wire) as it moves from workshop to workshop.
– Also, the units are stacked up on top of each other in
front of each worker or on the floor, waiting to be
moved/worked on.
– An assembly line would help with this…
38. Issues with assembly line
• Workers satisfied with piece-rate, like the flexibility of
batch
– Work for a number of days each month, take off other days
to do other jobs
– Can take breaks (tea/smoke) during the work day at their
leisure
– Batch skills are transferable between firms
• Would require re-building of factory, which is currently
a series of rooms or process specialized “workshops”
• Electricity - frequent outages
– In batch work, workers can switch to manual processes
during outages
– In the summer, when outages frequent and long,
electricity may be rationed between shops
39. Changing habits
• Thinking about an RCT which would Increase
measurement, provide stronger incentives for
quality, attendance, etc.
– Are just beginning to assemble and analyse the
data on quality and production by work group.
• We should be optimistic that improvements
can be made
40. Step by step, or a leap?
• But…will the incremental improvements be
sufficient?
– Production lines vs. batch production
– Vertical integration vs. standardisation
• Will these large transitions be required to
remain productive?
– If so, green field or brown field?