The document outlines an instructional continuum that ranges from teacher-centered to learner-centered approaches. At one end are custodial, teacher-centered methods like recitation and lecture that emphasize the teacher's control and presentation of information. At the other end are humanistic, learner-centered methods like projects, inquiry, and cooperative groups that foster active learning, independence, and student responsibility. Effective classroom management is described as shifting along this continuum towards empowering students and strengthening their self-discipline and sense of belonging in the classroom.