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Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, bounded by a double nuclear membrane. It contains DNA in the form of chromatin or condensed chromosomes, as well as the nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is produced. The nucleolus builds ribosomal subunits which exit through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes for protein production. Ribosomes are structures composed of rRNA and proteins that exist freely in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they synthesize proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins and manufactures membranes throughout the cell. It includes rough ER where bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for export, and smooth ER which performs metabolic functions and membrane production. The Golgi apparatus finishes
Nuclear ppt3
The nuclear lamina is a protein meshwork lining the inner nuclear membrane that is composed of lamin proteins. It helps maintain the structure of the nucleus and is involved in processes like chromatin organization and DNA replication. The nucleoplasm is the semi-solid material within the nucleus but outside the nucleolus and nuclear envelope. It contains DNA, RNA, proteins and other molecules. The nucleolus is a spherical structure that forms around regions of DNA coding for ribosomal RNA and is the site of ribosome assembly.
Atomic Physics and photoelectric effect
1. Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The strength of this electrostatic force depends on the magnitude of the charges and the distance between them, similar to the formula for gravitational force.
2. At the nuclear scale, the strong nuclear force is required to overcome the repulsion between positively charged protons and hold the nucleus together. This force only operates at very short ranges of 10-15 meters or less.
3. The photoelectric effect provided evidence that light behaves as particles called photons, with a frequency-dependent energy described by Planck's constant. Each material has a minimum photon energy threshold required to eject electrons from its surface.
Microscope basics
Microscopes are tools that magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye. They have various parts including objectives, an eyepiece, stage, and light source. There are three main types - simple, compound, and electron microscopes. Compound microscopes use two sets of lenses to magnify objects up to 200 times, while electron microscopes can magnify objects up to 300,000 times using electrons rather than lenses. Microscopes are used by scientists to study living and non-living tiny specimens.
Refractive index
The document discusses refractive index, Snell's law, and total internal reflection as they relate to how light travels through different mediums. Refractive index is a measure of how much light slows down when moving between mediums. Snell's law describes how light bends when moving between mediums of different densities. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two mediums at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to be fully reflected rather than refracted.
Refractive index
The document discusses refractive index, which is a measure of how much light slows down when passing through a medium. It is represented by the symbol n and is calculated as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the medium. Examples of refractive index values are provided and Snell's Law is introduced, which describes how a light ray bends when moving between media of different densities.
2016 cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Plants are autotrophs that perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced. Glucose is used by plants and is the starting material for cellular respiration in animals and fungi to release energy, with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between photosynthesis and respiration.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the phospholipid bilayer, separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings and controls the movement of substances in and out. It is composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. The phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer with the heads facing out and tails shielded inside. This structure allows for selective transport of molecules. Transport can occur passively via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, or actively against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP. Active transport is required for ions like sodium and potassium. Larger substances use endocytosis to enter and exocytosis to exit the cell enclosed in vesicles.
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Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, bounded by a double nuclear membrane. It contains DNA in the form of chromatin or condensed chromosomes, as well as the nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is produced. The nucleolus builds ribosomal subunits which exit through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes for protein production. Ribosomes are structures composed of rRNA and proteins that exist freely in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they synthesize proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins and manufactures membranes throughout the cell. It includes rough ER where bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for export, and smooth ER which performs metabolic functions and membrane production. The Golgi apparatus finishes
Nuclear ppt3
The nuclear lamina is a protein meshwork lining the inner nuclear membrane that is composed of lamin proteins. It helps maintain the structure of the nucleus and is involved in processes like chromatin organization and DNA replication. The nucleoplasm is the semi-solid material within the nucleus but outside the nucleolus and nuclear envelope. It contains DNA, RNA, proteins and other molecules. The nucleolus is a spherical structure that forms around regions of DNA coding for ribosomal RNA and is the site of ribosome assembly.
Atomic Physics and photoelectric effect
1. Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The strength of this electrostatic force depends on the magnitude of the charges and the distance between them, similar to the formula for gravitational force.
2. At the nuclear scale, the strong nuclear force is required to overcome the repulsion between positively charged protons and hold the nucleus together. This force only operates at very short ranges of 10-15 meters or less.
3. The photoelectric effect provided evidence that light behaves as particles called photons, with a frequency-dependent energy described by Planck's constant. Each material has a minimum photon energy threshold required to eject electrons from its surface.
Microscope basics
Microscopes are tools that magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye. They have various parts including objectives, an eyepiece, stage, and light source. There are three main types - simple, compound, and electron microscopes. Compound microscopes use two sets of lenses to magnify objects up to 200 times, while electron microscopes can magnify objects up to 300,000 times using electrons rather than lenses. Microscopes are used by scientists to study living and non-living tiny specimens.
Refractive index
The document discusses refractive index, Snell's law, and total internal reflection as they relate to how light travels through different mediums. Refractive index is a measure of how much light slows down when moving between mediums. Snell's law describes how light bends when moving between mediums of different densities. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two mediums at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to be fully reflected rather than refracted.
Refractive index
The document discusses refractive index, which is a measure of how much light slows down when passing through a medium. It is represented by the symbol n and is calculated as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the medium. Examples of refractive index values are provided and Snell's Law is introduced, which describes how a light ray bends when moving between media of different densities.
2016 cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Plants are autotrophs that perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced. Glucose is used by plants and is the starting material for cellular respiration in animals and fungi to release energy, with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between photosynthesis and respiration.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the phospholipid bilayer, separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings and controls the movement of substances in and out. It is composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. The phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer with the heads facing out and tails shielded inside. This structure allows for selective transport of molecules. Transport can occur passively via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, or actively against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP. Active transport is required for ions like sodium and potassium. Larger substances use endocytosis to enter and exocytosis to exit the cell enclosed in vesicles.
7.3 cell transport
This document discusses different types of cell transport mechanisms, including passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport involves the diffusion of substances across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure. Active transport requires cellular energy and transports substances against their concentration gradient using transmembrane protein pumps and channels. Osmosis, a type of facilitated diffusion, allows for the diffusion of water across the cell membrane through water channel proteins. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these transport mechanisms.
Movement in and out of cells
The document discusses diffusion and related transport processes. It defines diffusion as the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration. Active transport is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. Key examples discussed include gas exchange in the lungs, nutrient absorption in the small intestine and placenta, and ion regulation in cells.
Ess Chapter 3 Rocks
Rocks are composed of minerals and come in three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediment. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions. These three rock types are continuously transforming into one another through geological processes in the rock cycle.
Six kingdoms
Biological classification and taxonomy began with Aristotle's system of grouping organisms by physical similarities like size and habitat. Carl Linnaeus later established binomial nomenclature using genus and species names written in Latin. Modern evolutionary classification is based on evolutionary relationships and descent rather than just physical traits. Cladograms illustrate how different lineages evolved from common ancestors over time. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla and other taxonomic ranks based on shared derived characteristics.
Cell wall
The plant cell wall provides mechanical support and protection for the plant cell. It is composed principally of the polysaccharide cellulose. Adjacent plant cells are held together by a thin middle lamella composed of pectic substances that acts as glue. The cells are also interconnected by plasmodesmata, which are fine strands of cytoplasm that pass through pores in the cell walls and middle lamella, forming continuous cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells.
Flagella
Cilia are tiny hairs protruding from cells that wave mucus and remove toxins from the respiratory tract. Cigarette smoke damages cilia, preventing mucus clearance and causing smoker's cough. Flagella are tails powered by molecular motors that propel some prokaryotes by alternating between forward movement and tumbling, while others have a single rotating flagellum for locomotion. Chemotaxis is cellular movement toward or away from chemicals, with positive chemotaxis referring to movement toward a liked chemical.
Vacuoles and Lysosomes
Vacuoles and vesicles function to move material around plant and animal cells through membrane-bound sacs. Plant cell vacuoles are large central structures that contain cell sap and help regulate water flow via osmosis. They aid in food and water storage. Animal cells contain smaller vacuoles and vesicles, as well as lysosomes, which are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that function as the cell's "cleanup crew" and digest macromolecules and old organelles. Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to digest polymers into monomers for use as cell nutrients. They are also involved in programmed cell death processes.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They have an outer and inner membrane and are the site of aerobic respiration where glucose and oxygen are used to generate ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes and have a folded inner membrane with cristae that increases surface area for enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. They transform energy from food sources into ATP that cells can use for work.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, which allows them to carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane, as well as internal structures called thylakoids that are stacked to form grana. Within the chloroplast is the stroma, which contains enzymes and DNA, allowing the chloroplast to divide itself. Chloroplasts are able to convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane and inner membranes that are folded into stacks called grana, with a fluid interior called the stroma. Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes and are the site where photosynthesis takes place to produce food for the plant.
Cell history and structure
The 6 main scientists responsible for discovering the cell and cell theory, along with all the parts of a cell labelled.
Motion graphs practice
The document discusses position-time graphs and velocity-time graphs. It explains that a flat line on a position graph represents an object that is stopped, a sloping line represents constant speed, and a curved line represents changing speed or acceleration. It provides similar explanations for velocity graphs. The document asks questions about interpreting and constructing graphs, determining speed and velocity from graphs, and calculating displacement from a velocity graph.
Introduction to Earth Science
1) Earth science studies Earth and its place in the universe, including geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. It views Earth as an interconnected system.
2) The formation of Earth is explained by the nebular hypothesis where the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. As Earth formed, radioactive decay caused heating and differentiation into layers.
3) Science uses observation, experimentation and hypotheses to build theories that describe patterns in nature. Theories must withstand examination and modification.
Periodic table ess
This document discusses elements, compounds, and states of matter. It defines elements and their atomic structure, including atomic number and isotopes. The most abundant elements in the universe and on Earth are identified. Atoms are described as having electrons in energy levels surrounding a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Compounds such as ionic and covalent compounds are formed via electron transfer or sharing. States of matter like solids, liquids, and gases are differentiated based on particle structure and movement. Important applications of isotopes like carbon dating are also summarized.
Lab Safety - Rules and Symbols
The document outlines safety rules and symbols for a science lab. It emphasizes that safety is the top priority and everyone is responsible for following the rules. General safety guidelines include being responsible, following instructions, no food/drink, and notifying the teacher of any accidents. A signed safety contract is required. Safety symbols depict proper eye, skin, clothing protection and safety procedures for hazards like flames, chemicals, broken glass and more. Students are quizzed on safety and what to do in an emergency.
Macro molecules
Carbon is a versatile element that forms the backbone of biomolecules in living things. It has four electrons in its outer shell that allow it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. The four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are all made primarily of carbon chains and contain other common elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These biomolecules consist of monomers like amino acids or sugars that polymerize to form larger macromolecules through condensation reactions.
Speed and acceleration
Speed is defined as the distance an object travels over a period of time. It can be calculated by dividing the distance by the time. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time and can be calculated by dividing the change in speed by the time taken. Maintaining safe speeds is important for road safety as higher speeds increase the distance required to stop, known as the stopping distance. Speed limits aim to prevent unsafe speeds based on road conditions.
Motion intro
This document discusses key concepts related to motion, including distance, speed, time, acceleration, and how to analyze and calculate these quantities using graphs. It defines motion as a change in position and introduces the four main quantities - distance, speed, time, and acceleration. It then provides examples of how to calculate average speed, instantaneous speed, and acceleration using equations. Graphs including distance-time graphs and speed-time graphs are also introduced as a way to analyze motion.
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More from Greg Scrivin
7.3 cell transport
This document discusses different types of cell transport mechanisms, including passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport involves the diffusion of substances across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure. Active transport requires cellular energy and transports substances against their concentration gradient using transmembrane protein pumps and channels. Osmosis, a type of facilitated diffusion, allows for the diffusion of water across the cell membrane through water channel proteins. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these transport mechanisms.
Movement in and out of cells
The document discusses diffusion and related transport processes. It defines diffusion as the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration. Active transport is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. Key examples discussed include gas exchange in the lungs, nutrient absorption in the small intestine and placenta, and ion regulation in cells.
Ess Chapter 3 Rocks
Rocks are composed of minerals and come in three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from solidified magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediment. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions. These three rock types are continuously transforming into one another through geological processes in the rock cycle.
Six kingdoms
Biological classification and taxonomy began with Aristotle's system of grouping organisms by physical similarities like size and habitat. Carl Linnaeus later established binomial nomenclature using genus and species names written in Latin. Modern evolutionary classification is based on evolutionary relationships and descent rather than just physical traits. Cladograms illustrate how different lineages evolved from common ancestors over time. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla and other taxonomic ranks based on shared derived characteristics.
Cell wall
The plant cell wall provides mechanical support and protection for the plant cell. It is composed principally of the polysaccharide cellulose. Adjacent plant cells are held together by a thin middle lamella composed of pectic substances that acts as glue. The cells are also interconnected by plasmodesmata, which are fine strands of cytoplasm that pass through pores in the cell walls and middle lamella, forming continuous cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells.
Flagella
Cilia are tiny hairs protruding from cells that wave mucus and remove toxins from the respiratory tract. Cigarette smoke damages cilia, preventing mucus clearance and causing smoker's cough. Flagella are tails powered by molecular motors that propel some prokaryotes by alternating between forward movement and tumbling, while others have a single rotating flagellum for locomotion. Chemotaxis is cellular movement toward or away from chemicals, with positive chemotaxis referring to movement toward a liked chemical.
Vacuoles and Lysosomes
Vacuoles and vesicles function to move material around plant and animal cells through membrane-bound sacs. Plant cell vacuoles are large central structures that contain cell sap and help regulate water flow via osmosis. They aid in food and water storage. Animal cells contain smaller vacuoles and vesicles, as well as lysosomes, which are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that function as the cell's "cleanup crew" and digest macromolecules and old organelles. Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to digest polymers into monomers for use as cell nutrients. They are also involved in programmed cell death processes.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They have an outer and inner membrane and are the site of aerobic respiration where glucose and oxygen are used to generate ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes and have a folded inner membrane with cristae that increases surface area for enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. They transform energy from food sources into ATP that cells can use for work.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, which allows them to carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane, as well as internal structures called thylakoids that are stacked to form grana. Within the chloroplast is the stroma, which contains enzymes and DNA, allowing the chloroplast to divide itself. Chloroplasts are able to convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane and inner membranes that are folded into stacks called grana, with a fluid interior called the stroma. Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes and are the site where photosynthesis takes place to produce food for the plant.
Cell history and structure
The 6 main scientists responsible for discovering the cell and cell theory, along with all the parts of a cell labelled.
Motion graphs practice
The document discusses position-time graphs and velocity-time graphs. It explains that a flat line on a position graph represents an object that is stopped, a sloping line represents constant speed, and a curved line represents changing speed or acceleration. It provides similar explanations for velocity graphs. The document asks questions about interpreting and constructing graphs, determining speed and velocity from graphs, and calculating displacement from a velocity graph.
Introduction to Earth Science
1) Earth science studies Earth and its place in the universe, including geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. It views Earth as an interconnected system.
2) The formation of Earth is explained by the nebular hypothesis where the solar system condensed from a giant cloud of gas and dust. As Earth formed, radioactive decay caused heating and differentiation into layers.
3) Science uses observation, experimentation and hypotheses to build theories that describe patterns in nature. Theories must withstand examination and modification.
Periodic table ess
This document discusses elements, compounds, and states of matter. It defines elements and their atomic structure, including atomic number and isotopes. The most abundant elements in the universe and on Earth are identified. Atoms are described as having electrons in energy levels surrounding a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Compounds such as ionic and covalent compounds are formed via electron transfer or sharing. States of matter like solids, liquids, and gases are differentiated based on particle structure and movement. Important applications of isotopes like carbon dating are also summarized.
Lab Safety - Rules and Symbols
The document outlines safety rules and symbols for a science lab. It emphasizes that safety is the top priority and everyone is responsible for following the rules. General safety guidelines include being responsible, following instructions, no food/drink, and notifying the teacher of any accidents. A signed safety contract is required. Safety symbols depict proper eye, skin, clothing protection and safety procedures for hazards like flames, chemicals, broken glass and more. Students are quizzed on safety and what to do in an emergency.
Macro molecules
Carbon is a versatile element that forms the backbone of biomolecules in living things. It has four electrons in its outer shell that allow it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. The four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are all made primarily of carbon chains and contain other common elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These biomolecules consist of monomers like amino acids or sugars that polymerize to form larger macromolecules through condensation reactions.
Speed and acceleration
Speed is defined as the distance an object travels over a period of time. It can be calculated by dividing the distance by the time. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time and can be calculated by dividing the change in speed by the time taken. Maintaining safe speeds is important for road safety as higher speeds increase the distance required to stop, known as the stopping distance. Speed limits aim to prevent unsafe speeds based on road conditions.
Motion intro
This document discusses key concepts related to motion, including distance, speed, time, acceleration, and how to analyze and calculate these quantities using graphs. It defines motion as a change in position and introduces the four main quantities - distance, speed, time, and acceleration. It then provides examples of how to calculate average speed, instantaneous speed, and acceleration using equations. Graphs including distance-time graphs and speed-time graphs are also introduced as a way to analyze motion.