This document provides examples of rewriting adverb clauses of time and reason as adverb phrases. It shows adverb clauses rewritten as shorter adverb phrases by removing subordinate conjunctions like "while", "before", and "because" and modifying the verbs. Rewriting clauses as phrases makes the writing more concise and reduces complexity. Examples are given of changing clauses like "While they were in Italy" to the phrase "While in Italy".

2. Reducing Adverb Clauses of Time
to Adverb Phrases
Adverb Clause Adverb Phrase
While they were in Italy,
they had trouble.
While in Italy, they had
trouble.
While I was in Italy, they
had trouble.
When I am traveling, I
keep a journal.
When traveling, I keep a
journal.
When Sue is traveling, I
keep a journal.

3. Changing Adverb Clauses of Time
to Adverb Phrases
Adverb Clause Adverb Phrase
Before we left, we visited
Rome.
Before leaving, we visited
Rome.
Before Ann left, we visited
Rome.
After they (had)
investigated, the police
identified the killers.
After investigating, the police
identified the killers.
After having investigated, the police
identified the killers.
When they heard Reg
speak, many Italians were
moved.
When/On/Upon hearing Reg
speak, many Italians were
moved.

4. Changing Adverb Clauses of Time
to Adverbial Phrases
Adverb Clause Adverbial Phrase
While they waited at
the hospital, they
were deeply troubled.
Waiting at the
hospital, they were
deeply troubled.
When they heard the
news, they decided
what to do.
Hearing the news,
they decided what to
do.

5. Changing Adverb Clauses of Reason
to Adverbial Phrases
Adverb Clause Adverbial Phrase
As he saw the guns, he chose to
flee.
Seeing the guns, he chose to flee.
Because they were unable to
catch him, the pursuers fired
several shots.
Being unable to catch him, the
pursuers fired several shots.
Unable to catch him, the pursuers
fired several shots.
Because I’ve been to Bari, I hope
to return.
Having been to Bari, I hope to
return.
Because I’d been to Bari, I hoped
to return.
Having been to Bari, I hoped to
return.
Since they were accused by the
police, they had to appear in
court.
Accused by the police, they had to
appear in court.