The document discusses the history and definitions of graffiti. It begins with a definition of graffiti as words or drawings on public surfaces. It then outlines the origins and evolution of modern graffiti, tracing it from political protests in 1960s US to its emergence in Philadelphia in the late 1960s. Graffiti blossomed as both an art form and culture in 1970s-80s New York, spreading from subway cars to street canvases. The document examines different types of graffiti and provides images to illustrate examples.

1. Graffiti

2. Graffiti What is it? What are the issues?

3. What is graffiti? A definition: Words or drawings, especially humorous, rude or political, on walls, doors, etc. in public places. City-Region Studies Centre

4. What is graffiti? A modern timeline There are many histories of “modern” graffiti But many people see the immediate precursors in the various dynamic social changes of 1960s US urban life. In particular: Political activism and protest (e.g. hippies) (Re-)emergence of gangs (i.e. their territorial markers) City-Region Studies Centre

5. What is graffiti? A modern timeline In the late 1960s, “tagging” began to emerge in the streets of Philadelphia. City-Region Studies Centre

6. What is graffiti? Modern Tag the writer's logo, his/her stylized personal signature. City-Region Studies Centre

7. What is graffiti? A modern timeline 1970s-1980s: Graffiti as both a form and a culture blossomed in New York. Graffiti writers began by tagging subways. City-Region Studies Centre

8. What is graffiti? A modern timeline Graffiti became a key element in the expression of emerging sub-cultural music scenes, including rap/hip hop and punk. City-Region Studies Centre

9. What is graffiti? A modern timeline At the same time, the ‘legitimate’ art world started taking notice of this street art and the skills involved. Art galleries began showing graffiti exhibits. Famously, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring City-Region Studies Centre

10. What is graffiti? A modern timeline Since 1980s Graffiti artists moved out of subways onto ‘street canvases’ There has been increasing appreciation of graffiti as an art-form Graffiti has an increasing presence in commercial media City-Region Studies Centre

11. What is graffiti? Modern: Types of graffiti Applying marks directly onto a surface Commonly used material: spray paint, paint, marker, chalk, etc. Can be done freehand or using pre-made stencils. City-Region Studies Centre

12. What is graffiti? Is this an early example? City-Region Studies Centre

13. Discuss similarities and differences of modern graffiti and Lascaux cave paintings in Discussion 3. City-Region Studies Centre

14. City-Region Studies Centre

15. Image Credits All images listed in order of appearance on slide (first to last or clockwise from top left). Images from Flickr and wikimedia are attributed to contributor's username. Images may have been edited for presentation purposes. Where they exist, copyrights remain with original holders. Slide 2. (1) Ondine Park; (2) raptortheangel http://www.flickr.com/photos/raptortheangel/35500986/; (3) contessak http://flickr.com/photos/tree-tangled/3760617425/; (4) peterjohnchen http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjohnchen/2616726869/; (5) MTO http://www.fatcap.com/artist/mto.html; (6) Andre http://www.fatcap.com/artist/andre.html; (7) Edina Tokodi http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/05/23/eco-art-mosstika-gathers-more-moss/; (8) Invader http://www.fatcap.com/artist/space-invaders.html ;(9) Orticanoodles http://www.fatcap.com/artist/orticanoodles.html; (10) OH http://www.fatcap.com/article/oh-interview.html; (11) Jef Aerosol http://www.fatcap.com/artist/jef-aerosol.html; (12) Os Gemeos http://www.fatcap.com/artist/os-gemeos.html Slide 3. Definition from Cambridge Dictionaries Online Slide 4. Adapted from Online Etymology Dictionary © 2001 Douglas Harper; see also other histories listed in References. (1) http://arthistorymadness.blogspot.com/2007/10/graffiti-from-pompeii.html; (2) Vincent Ramos http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graffiti_politique_de_Pompei.jpg Slide 5. (1) MatthiasKabel http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reproduction_cave_of_Altamira_01.jpg; (2) HTO http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux,_replica_05.JPG City-Region Studies Centre

16. Image credits (cont’d) Slide 6. (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg; (2) Barbara McKenzie http://mayaruins.com/tikal/graffiti.html; (3) Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, University of Oxford http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/csad/Newsletters/Newsletter6/Newsletter6b.html Slide 7. (both) Royal Alberta Museum http://www.royalalbertamuseum.ca/human/archaeo/faq/rockart.htm Slide 8. Adapted from Online Etymology Dictionary © 2001 Douglas Harper Slide 10. (1) http://freshlyeducatedmen.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/hip-hop-graffiti-part-1-of-2/ Slide 11. A dapted from The Words: A Graffiti Glossary www.graffiti.org. (1) Martha Cooper http://www.studionemo.com/2008/12/martha-coopers-tag-town/ Slide 12. (both) Subway Outlaws http://www.subwayoutlaws.com/history/history.htm Slide 16. Midnite Run http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/graffiti/midniterun/flix/ny/ Slide 19. Keith Haring http://ahappyplace.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/keith-haring-guaranteed-to-send-you-to-a-happy-place/ Slide 21. (1) Fat Cap http://www.fatcap.com/article/43.html; (2) http://blog.sellsiusrealestate.com/business/guerilla-marketing-with-graffiti-style-ads/2006/09/08/; (3) http://sarahleey.wordpress.com/2009/01/19/stephen-sprouse-triubte-collection/ Slide 24. (1-3, 5) Ondine Park; (4) peterjohnchen http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjohnchen/2578100116/in/photostream/; (6) Banksy http://www.indymedia.ie/article/90538; (7) http://www.graffiti.org/war/war_18.html City-Region Studies Centre

17. Image credits (cont’d) Slide 25. (1, 3-5, 8, 9) Ondine Park; (2) Noah Sussman http://www.flickr.com/photos/thefangmonster/141590736/; (6, 7) peterjohnchen http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjohnchen/2568434123/; http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterjohnchen/2571110751/ Slide 26. (1) Noah Sussman http://www.flickr.com/photos/thefangmonster/1123146758/; (2) Edina Tokodi http://www.woostercollective.com/2008/11/the_as_to_our_qs_edina_tokodi_aka_mossti.html; (3) Alexandre Orion http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/01/11/reverse-graffiti/; (4) Noah Sussman http://www.flickr.com/photos/thefangmonster/1353101148/ Slide 27. (1) Ministère de la Culture et Communication, France, Enluminures http://www.enluminures.culture.fr ; (2) Schmoo http://www.graffiti.org/la/la_10.html; (3) from The British Library http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg Slide 28. Jinks http://www.fatcap.com/graffiti/6322-jinks-nantes.html Slide 37. (all) City of Vancouver Graffiti Management Program http://vancouver.ca/engsvcs/streets/graffiti/ Slide 38. Banksy http://www.fatcap.com/graffiti/13622-banksy-london.html City-Region Studies Centre