Media in Information Technology

1. CREATORS OF MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
Media and Information Literacy

2. 3. Instant messaging. Through instant
messaging (IM), a user can interact with
another user through online chat in real
time. Facebook Messenger and Google
Hangouts have features that are capable of
instant messaging. An IM can transmit in
real time a text, image, emoji, document,
and video file, among others.

3. 4. E-mail. Through an e-mail

4. As a student in senior high school,
have you already chosen what course you
would like to take in college? Perhaps some
of you are interested to work in the
publishing industry where you can get to
work with writers. Others way want to join
the entertainment industry where they can
meet TV personalities.
Creators of media and information are
some of the people which you might want to
work with when you graduate from college.
Below is a list.

5. 1. Writers and journalist. They work in
publishing houses, news agencies, or
advertising firms. Their primary role is to
translate relevant and meaningful
information into printed materials, such as
books, newspapers, and magazines. They
generally posses a good command of
grammar. Writers and journalist make sure
that the readers will obtain important
information about the story or article they
are writing.

6. 2. Editors. Writers and journalists work hand in
hand with editors to ensure that the manuscript
or articles submitted by the former are high in
standard and are fit to print. Editors also make
sure that the material to be published is free
from factual or grammatical errors.
3. Directors. Also known as filmmakers,
directors create movies, shows or programs,
and plays that are seen on theaters, television
channels, or theaters, respectively. A director
sees to it that the message of a show is made
clear to the audience.

7. 4. Performers. The actors who portray the
characters in movies, shows, and plays are called
performers in general. Directors guide the
performers so they can deliver their portrayals
effectively. Some performers who are visible on
television or movies are considered as celebrities
too. A person is considered a celebrity if he is a well-
known public figure and is always seen in the news
or other television programs. At times, advertisers
hire known performers to do commercials because
their popularity could attract consumers to buy the
product they will endorse.
5. Visual artist. Paintings and sculptures are some
of the masterpieces that visual artists create.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD MEDIA
PRACTITIONER
Media practitioners should exhibit good
values and observe the proper code of
conduct when carrying out their job.
Primarily, people trust media practitioners
because they provide information and
deliver powerful messages to the public.
Responsible and competent media
practitioners should possess the following
characteristics:

9. 1. Truthfulness. Media practitioners should convey
a message or information that is accurate, factual,
and truthful. Erroneous or false information can harm
the reputation of others or it may cause them danger.
For example, if the weather bureau fails to release a
reliable advisory, a lot of people may not be able to
prepare ahead of time for possible evacuation due to
heavy flooding or immediate harvesting of crops. Let
us take another example. If a journalist writes an
article claiming that the president is involved in
corruption without presenting sufficient evidence, the
act may affect the president’s integrity and he may
lose the public’s trust.

10. 2. Fairness and objectivity. The information or
message disseminated by media practitioners should be
objective and based on grounded evidence. If the
information is biased or opinionated, it will deceive the
public of the truth. As the public gives their complete trust
to media practitioners, it is only fair that the latter only
present stories that are real and accurate.
3. Responsibility and integrity. Media practitioners are
expected to show professionalism regardless of the
situation they are in. They should not compromise their
integrity by showing partiality or partisanship. They
should also possess a sense of responsibility and
accountability when acquiring information. Media
practitioners should not compromise their reputation and
credibility just for the sake of popularity or power.

11. 4. Empathy and sympathy. Being in the media
does not give practitioners the right to use their job
for personal gains. Media practitioners should be
sensitive to the needs of others. They should show
their respect to the privacy of others too. For
example, a journalist should refrain from writing
about the private affairs of celebrities because they
have their right to privacy too.
Since media practitioners do press works,
many people who encounter misfortune rely on them
for social welfare services such as seeking
assistance for medical treatment or finding a missing
person. Media practitioners empathize when they put
themselves in the shoes of those who are in need,
and sympathize when they feel the sorrow of those
who experience adversities.

12. 5. Hard working. The public depends on
the information media practitioners deliver
that is why they are expected to work hard in
sourcing accurate information. They should
give their best effort for their work, whether
writing an article, making a film, or
composing a song. The public regards
media practitioners highly, so they must not
compromise the public’s interest.

13. A. True or False. Write True if the statement is
correct. Write False if otherwise.
_________ 1. A visual artist paints to convey a
message.
_________ 2. A responsible journalist must
write a biased article for a politician.
_________ 3. Facebook is an example of print
media.
_________ 4. A literate person can read and
write.
_________ 5. Journalist should write articles
that interest the public.

14. B. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that best describes the
type of literacy in each situation. Answer maybe be repeated.
a. Information literacy
b. Media literacy
c. Technology literacy
1. James found erroneous facts in the newspaper he is
reading. B
2. Peter uses his tablet to read his e-books, which he
downloaded using an app. C
3. Charlene, an exchange student, tells her mother that she
misses her through e-mail. C
4. The teacher told the student to go the library for their
research activity. A
5. A mother bought an alphabet chart for her four-year-old
daughter. B

15. The Official Gazatte Website
If you want to know the latest
information from the Office of the President
and other departments of the government,
you should check out the Official Gazette
(www.gov.ph).
Visit the official journal of the Philippine
government and read the most recent press
releases, statement, reports, documents,
and speeches.

16. Charles Holland Duell
Charles Holland Duell was the commissioner
of the United States Patent and Trademark Office
from 1898 up to 1901, and later on became a US
federal judge. In 1902, he cited in Volume 26 of The
Friend that all previous advances in the various
kinds of inventions will appear totally insignificant
when compared with those which the present
century will witness
In the books of facts and Fallacy by Chris
Morgan and David Langford published in 1981, they
cited that Duell said “Everybody that can be invented
has been invented.” In 1989, librarian Samuel Sass
traced the writings and found out that Morgan and
Langford misquoted Duell.

17. Information Bits
• Cave painting from the Prehistoric Age can be
considered as the oldest form of media.
• During the Industrial Age, the invention of the
steam press allowed the faster printing of
newspapers, which became an important source
of information about the disputes in old factories.
Some news about the plight of workers regarding
unjust wages were also exposed.
• Technology was primarily used to assist experts
on how to process figures and data accurately
during the Electronic Age.
• The Information Age gave ordinary citizens the
opportunity to become instant reporters by posting
current issues on their social media accounts.

18. The Angono Petroglyphs
The petroglyphs in Angono, Rizal, which is some
30 kilometers away from Manila, are believed to be the
oldest known artwork in the Philippines. It dated back to
the third millennium BC. The petroglyphs show a
collection of 127 stone figural carvings on a cave wall.
The National Artist for Painting, Carlos “Botong”
Francisco discovered the artwork in 1965 while on a field
trip with a troop of Boy Scouts.
This Neolithic (New Stone Age) artwork shows
how early Filipinos lived, just like the cave paintings in
Spain that were previously mentioned. The Angono
petroglyphs prove that our ancestors have a rich heritage
and concrete source of historical information.

19. ENIAC
In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the first
mechanical computer. It was created to assist humans
with their computations. Hence, the first computer was
actually an automatic computing machine.
Meanwhile, Thomas “Tommy” Flowers
demonstrated the first electric programmable computer
in 1943 called the Colossus. With the help of the
Colossus, British code breakers were able to crack and
read the encrypted message from the Germans during
World War II.
Additionally, the first digital computer that was fully
functional is the ENIAC, which J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly completed in 1946. ENIAC stands for
“Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.” As an
electronic computer, it can solve numerical problems.

20. Group 4 Topic
Other sources of Information
Apart from books, magazines, and journals, a researcher can
also access reliable information through other sources such as the
following examples.
1. These and Dissertations. A thesis refers to a scholarly or
academic research of either an undergraduate or a master’s
degree student. Meanwhile, a dissertation refers to the scholarly
work of a doctoral student. If you would like to check previous
research works, browse theses or dissertations.
2. Interviews. Interviewing a resource person who is an expert in a
specific field is another way of getting accurate and reliable
information. A reporter making a documentary on juvenile
delinquency, for example, can ask a lawyer’s objective opinion on
how the law interprets cases involving minors. The people who
have survived historical events like World War II and talk about
their experience are good sources of information, too.

21. Below are some guidelines which a researcher
should remember before conducting an interview.
a. Prepare the questions ahead of time and skim
thorough them before commencing the interview.
b. Observe professionalism by setting an appointment
at your interviewee’s convenience.
c. Be punctual to show courtesy to the interviewee
d. Ask for the interviewee’s consent before taking
photos or recording the interview so as not to invade
his privacy.
e. If the interviewee is a minor, ask for parental consent
before conducting the interview.
f. During the interview, pay attention and listen carefully
to the interviewee.
g. Thank your interviewee for his time. You may
consider giving him a token of appreciation.

22. 3. Museum. A researcher can go to a museum to find
resources for his study. Primary sources are original
materials that were produced during a particular period in
history. Examples of these are relics, artifacts,
documents or recordings, and other original sources of
information. The original copy of Jose Rizal’s Noli Me
Tangere found in the National Library is considered a
primary source. Museums house sculptures and
paintings too.
Secondary sources are documents made after
an event has occurred. These are second-hand accounts
about an event, a person, or a topic. Secondary sources
may render different perspectives from another person,
who can also be the researcher. Teodoro Agoncillo’s
History of the Filipino People is considered a secondary
source since it retells the events from the past although
he did not personally witness some of the events.

23. 4. Internet. Nowadays, searching
information on the Internet is easier and
more convenient than going to the library.
Instead of browsing several books, the
researcher can just type the key word on the
search engine. The search engine will
provide a list of websites where the
information can be accessed for the key
word entered. One should be familiar with a
search engine to access information using
the Internet.

24. TYPES OF MEDIA
Newspaper, magazine, television, radio, and the
Internet are some types of media that we use to
complete our daily activities.
PRINT MEDIA
What comes to your mind when you hear the
term print media? You woul probably imagine them
as any material written or printed on paper. But what
exactly are print media?
Print media refers to paper publications such
as books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
newsletters, and other materials that are physically
printed on paper. At present, some forms of print
media have digital versions and are available for
download through applications or websites.

25. 1. Book. It is a reading material that can
either be fictional or nonfictional. In the
past, texts are written on parchment
paper using a quill, then the pages are
sewn together to form a book. Today,
texts are encoded and laid out using a
computer, then sent to the printing press
for mass production.
Students use books in school as
reference materials, such as almanac,
dictionary, and atlas, which are commonly
found in the library,

26. Published every year, the almanac
contains detailed information about topics of
special interests like the countries around
the world. It also highlights statistical,
tabular, and general facts and figures.
A dictionary is a reference material
used to find the word’s definition, etymology,
pronunciation, forms, and its syntactical and
idiomatic uses. Words in the dictionary are
arranged alphabetically. Merriam-Webster,
Random House, and Oxford Dictionary are
some famous examples of dictionaries.

27. Similar with a dictionary is the thesaurus.
The word entries in a thesaurus are also
arranged alphabetically, each containing the
meaning based on its synonyms and antonyms.
An atlas is a collection of maps showing
geographic features, political boundaries,
including the climatic, social, and economical
statistics of a specific area. It also contains
informative tables, charts, or plates. The word
atlas is derived from Greek mythology. Atlas is
a Titan who revolted against the gods. As
punishment, Atlas has to carry the world on his
shoulders.

28. 2. Newspaper. Printed on a daily or weekly
basis, a newspaper contains a wide range of
articles which appear on the different sections,
such as news, business, lifestyle, sports, and
entertainment sections. It also has an editorial
page where editors of the newspaper share
their views and opinions on relevant and
current issues. Most newspapers also have a
comic page.
Publishers allow advertisers to post
classified ads, job opening, and other
announcements to help finance their
publication needs.

29. A newspaper has two types: the broadsheet
and the tabloid. The target readers of a broadsheet
are usually the professionals who prefer reading
formal news and in-depth analysis of issues. On the
other hand, a tabloid is pegged for those who prefer
reading condensed news and entertainment articles
that uses informal language.
3. Magazine. A magazine is also a periodical
publication released weekly, monthly, or quarterly. It
contains articles on various topics depending on the
subject or area the magazine covers. For example,
an entertainment magazine features articles about
celebrities while a health magazine contains tips on
how to live a healthy lifestyle. A magazine looks
more attractive than a newspaper in terms of its
cover, design, layout, and quality of paper used.

30. 4. Journal. Similar to a newspaper, a journal contains
informative articles and provides accurate reports on
specific topics, such as medicine. It can also be
compared to a magazine as it targets a particular type of
audience. For example, a medical journal is intended for
medicine students or medical practitioners.
5. Newsletter. Organizations or companies release
newsletters for special purposes. A newsletter is
published either weekly or monthly. It can be a bulletin
where a company or an organization informs its readers
about the updates and happenings in their institution or
community. A newsletter can also contain special
features on topics which might be of interest or value to
its targeted readers.
6. Gazette. A gazette pertains to the official publication
of a government organization or an institution, which is
intended for public notices or listing of appointments.

31. 7. Pamphlet. A pamphlet can be a small booklet, a
leaflet, or a primer. It contains a detailed, yet easy to
understand, text with images. It is released by an
organization or company to inform the public
regarding special topics or issues.
8. Brochure. It is a small book or magazine that
contains pictures and information about the products
or services offered by a company.
9. Leaflet and flyer. A leaflet and a flyer refer to a
printed sheet of paper which contains information
about a product for advertising purposes. A leaflet is
a small flyer. Leaflets and flyers are distributed and
given free to targeted customers to promote a
product.

32. BROADCAST MEDIA
Broadcast media consists of programs
produced by television networks and radio stations.
Contrary to print media, broadcast media airs audio
and video materials for the public’s information,
interest, or leisure. Radio, television, and films are
three forms of broadcast media.
1. Radio. The first known radio is attributed to the
Italian Inventor, Guglielmo Marconi, when he
made the wireless telegraph in 1895. Using radio
waves, he was able to transmit Morse code using
the instrument he made.
With the use of a small device called the
transistor, the flow of electricity in radios and other
types of broadcast media can be controlled.

33. Radio announcers or DJs deliver the
news or play music through airwaves. Data
is transmitted by the radio through electric
currents or frequencies between about 3000
hertz to 300 gigahertz. A radio can be set in
an AM or FM mode.
AM stands for amplitude modulation,
while FM stands for frequency modulation.
In an AM mode, the amplitude of the radio
signal encodes information, while the FM
mode uses a change in frequency to encode
information.

34. 2. Television. The television is one of the most
visible appliances at home. It is equipped with
an electronic system capable of sending
images and sounds by a wire or through space.
A television can receive and project transient
images of fixed or moving objects with sound.
Through its complex electronic system
connected by wires, the television is able to
transmit data through the apparatus, which is
capable of converting light and sound into
electrical waves, and reconverts them into
visible light rays and audible sound back to the
viewers through the TV screen and speaker.

35. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, a Russian-born
America inventor, and Philo Taylor Farnsworth from Utah
are credited as the inventors of modern television.
Zworykin is acknowledged as the Father of Modern
Television as he owns the patent rights, but it was
Farnsworth who is credited for the successful
demonstration of the transmission of television signals.
The figure on page 49 shows an older version of a
television set, which is bulky and occupies too much
space. While the television beside it is slim and light in
weight. LCD and LED televisions produce sharp images
in full color, while the older versions display only black
and white pictures. Before cable channels dominated the
home screens, only a few television networks broadcast
shows or programs.

36. 3. Film. A film is similar to a television show
as it offers a variety of themes and genres. It
can be about drama, comedy, horror, action,
an animation, or a documentary. Films, also
called movies or motion pictures, are shown
on theaters. They are a series of still images
captured on film and projected screen. The
first films were the silent movies in black
and white, as color and sound technology
back then were not yet introduced. Some
equipment used in making film are
videocameras and lighting system.

37. TV and Movie Classification Ratings
With cable channels providing a wide
range of shows, most children nowadays
prefer to watch the television during their
leisure time instead of playing outdoors.
However, not all shows are suitable for
children. In the Philippines, the Movie and
TV Ratings Classification Board (MTRCB)
released a classification rating for the
information of parents.

38. G - rating means that the show is for general
patronage.
PG - rating means that the show requires
parental guidance.
SPG - rating means that strict parental
guidance is required as the show may have
themes that involve violence, horror, and
inappropriate language that are not suitable
for young audiences.
R - rating means a show is restricted for a
particular age.

39. NEW MEDIA (INTERNET)
Students of today’s generation are lucky
that they can access information quickly and
easily because of the Internet. When the
Internet was not yet introduced, gathering
information for a research took much effort
as one needs to visit the library to look for
the appropriate reference materials.
Today, the Internet allows user to browse
different websites and communicate with
other people through the web. The Internet
is an electronic communications network

40. that connects computer users through
various networks and organizational
computer facilities around the world. The
following are some features of the Internet.
1. Web page. The Internet is also called the
worldwide communication network of
computers. The web is the most widely used
service on the Internet. It consists of many
web pages joined by hyperlinks. These web
pages contain information about a person or
an organization, and are made available

41. online by any individual, institution, and
organization. Some web pages require the
user to sign up first before gaining access to
the page.
2. Hypertext. The information arranged in a
computer database can easily be accessed
through a hypertext, which allows a user to
get information and go from one document
to another by clicking on highlighted words
or pictures. In short, a hypertext is a list of
information that can be displayed and
accessed directly by users.

42. 3. Instant messaging. Through instant
messaging (IM), a user can interact with
another user through online chat in real
time. Facebook Messenger and Google
Hangouts have features that are capable of
instant messaging. An IM can transmit in
real time a text, image, emoji, document,
and video file, among others.

43. 4. E-mail. Through an e-mail or electronic
message, a user can send information to
other people in any part of the world. The
information can be encoded on the message
area or attached as a document.
Applications like Google Drive and Dropbox
are designed to allow users to link and
synchronize e-mail attachments that have
big files, such as images and videos.

44. 5. Distance education. In the past,
students who live in remote places rarely
had the chance to receive proper education
as there were no schools in their area. With
distance education, students can now study
online in any part of the world. The student
will receive materials from the facilitator or
instructor through e-mail of from a portal
where the student needs to sign up an
account. Once the personal account is
activated, lessons in the virtual classroom
can now be accessed.

45. Coursera.org is a website that provides free
online education in partnership with
universities and organizations around the
world.
6. E-book. An e-book refers to a digital or
electronic version of a printed book, which
can be accessed with the use of a computer
or a gadget. Kindle is a good example of a
hand-held device whose feature allows a
user to read books and connect to the
Internet.

46. 7. Online shopping. In the past, people
need to go to the supermarket or
department store to buy something. but with
the use of the Internet, comsumer can now
shop online. Buying online allows the
consumers to shop at their convenience
because they can purchase while at home
and charge the items to their credit cards.
The purchased products are then delivered
directly to the buyer’s doorstep through
shipment.

47. Online shopping provides consumers more
choices of products with a new or unique
concept. This is beneficial for budding
entrepreneurs as they can advertise their
products easily and reach out to more
comsumers, even to those who live
overseas. Internationally,eBay and
Amazon.com are popular websites for online
shopping. In the Philippines, lazada.com.ph
and sulit.ph are some examples of popular
online shopping sites.

48. Shopping online may be convenient, but
consumers and entrepreneurs alike should
be careful when transacting business online
to ensure that they are dealing with
legitimate persons or entities.

49. 8. Media convergence. It interconnects
information with communication
technologies, computer networks, and
media content. To maximize the features of
the Internet, one needs to have a stable and
reliable Internet connection. In the past,
Internet connection is established by means
of a dial-up where a modem is connected to
a phone line. Nowadays, the Internet is
much faster as there are varied modes of
connection like broadband, cable, and
wireless connection (Wi-Fi).

50. The Influence of Media in the World Wide
Web
Have you tried making a home video and
uploading it in YouTube? Do you ever
wonder how a video or a message becomes
viral or trending?
When we say that something has gone
viral or trending in the Internet, it means
that a video or message has massively and
quickly gained high popularity. A viral video,
for example, should have been viewed,
liked, and shared countless times.

51. A part from videos, a meme can also go viral
or trending. A meme can be a funny image,
video, or text that has been shared, copied,
and tweaked by Internet users and has
spread rapidly on their social media account.
Information becomes trending once it has
spread all over the Internet and becomes
phenomenal among netizens.

52. SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR
HISTORY AND SCIENCE
Through Prehistoric Arts, we get a glimpse
of how our ancestors lived. But where else
can we learn about our past?
Indigenous Source
Through indigenous source of
information, we can learn about our rich
heritage. A material is indigenous when it
exists naturally in a particular region or
environment. When we refer to someone as
indigenous, it connotes that the person

53. Belongs to an ethnic tribe who has
preserved and still practice the culture and
tradition of their ancestors.
Oral Tradition
Our ancestors passed down their
tradition to the next generation in the form of
storytelling, In this way, our ancestors were
able to narrate their beliefs, history, culture,
and tradition. Oral tradition is a form of
narration wherein the elders recount their
culture to their children and grandchildren

54. Through legends, folktales, epics,
mythologies, and folk songs.
When the time comes that these
children become the elders of their
community, it will be their turn to retell these
stories to the young ones. In oral tradition,
the elders serve as the speaker while the
younger people are the listeners. Oral
tradition becomes an avenue of communal
experience as the elders share their stories
and recall their memorable experiences with
their parents and grandparents as well.

55. Although oral tradition can give us a
glimpse of our rich heritage, it cannot be
considered as a reliable source of
information as these stories have been told
and retold many times, and passed down
from different sources and delivered from
one generation to another. The original story
could have been altered over time.
Therefore, these stories are considered
fiction.

56. The following are some examples of
oral tradition that had been told by our
ancestors, and were handed down from one
generation to another.
1. Legend. It is a fiction which tells about
the origin of something. For example, the
Philippine legend about the pineapple tells
that there was once a girl named Pinang,
who always complained that she could not
find the things her mother is asking her to
look for. Already old and sickly, Pinang’s
mother could not find her daughter.

57. What she found instead on their doorstep
was a fruit with skin resembling many eyes.
2. Folktale. Similar to a legend, a folktale is
a narration about the characteristics of the
time and place in which the story is told. The
elders in the village tell these stories to their
children who hand them down to the next
generation to preserve the tales of their
hometown. For example, the story of
Bernardo Carpio is a folktale from
Montalban, Rizal. It is about a giant who
saved the town of Montalban from the

58. Earthquake’s wrath by putting himself in
between the two colliding mountains.
3. Epic. An epic tells a heroic adventure of
a main character that sometimes possesses
extraordinary powers. Like the folktale, an
epic is a narration that has become popular
in a particular place. For example,
Ramayana is a Hindu epic about the
adventurous journey of Rama, a deeply
influential character in India who is revered
for his unending compassion and courage.

59. 4. Mythology. This is a story similar with a
legend and folktale but it focuses more on
creation. Stories of mythology also tell how
the lives of mortals or humans are
influenced by the gods. The Greeks and the
Romans are famous for their mythologies,
where Zeus (Greek) or Jupiter (Roman), is
considered as the most powerful god with
his thunderbolt weapon.

60. Primary Sources
As cited in Lesson 3, primary sources
are original materials such as artifacts,
documents, recordings, and other sources of
information that were produced during a
particular period in history.
Relics or artifacts such as pottery,
ornaments, accessories, and other objects
found on historical burial sites are
considered primary sources of information
as these are concrete evidences of the
things used by people in the past.

61. LAGUNA COPPERPLATE

62. The picture above shows the relic of
the Laguna copperplate. This copperplate,
which dates back to 900 AD, shows that
early Filipinos must have interacted with our
Asian neighbors, as its inscription is similar
with Hindu and Javanese script. The Laguna
copperplate also shows that laws already
existed back then since the message on the
copperplate was about the settlement of
debt.

63. Secondary Sources
As mentioned in Lesson 3, secondary
sources of information are documents made
after an event has taken place. Secondary
sources give second-hand accounts about a
particular event, person, or information.
Unlike the primary sources of information,
which are first-hand accounts, secondary
sources provide another angle and analysis
from the perspective of another person.
Some history books are regarded as
secondary sources of information.

64. If you need to do an extensive
research, it would be best to go to library so
you can choose from a wide range of books,
magazines, and other reference materials.
One has to apply for a library card before he
can borrow a book. A fine has to be paid in
case a book is not returned on time.
Some libraries have Internet access,
while others have online subscriptions of the
latest academic journals and subscriptions
of varied periodicals.

65. One of the renowned libraries is The
Royal Library of Alexandria, which is the
oldest library in the world and believed to be
approximately built in 300 BC located in
Alexandria, Egypt.