Ivory carving was a popular art form from the 4th to 15th centuries, especially in Western Europe. Artists used tools like axes and chisels to sculpt ivory into religious figures, secular objects, and personal items. The most common subject was the Virgin and Mary, though ivory was also used for diptychs, caskets, chess sets, and sculptures depicting courtly love or literature. Major workshops producing ivory sculpture were located in Paris, Venice, and the Netherlands. By the 15th century, diminished economies and conflicts in Europe reduced the demand for ivory artwork.