The document discusses the concept of globalization, defining it as the expansion of economic and social ties between countries through the spread of corporations and capitalist philosophy. It describes how globalization leads to the integration of economies through increased trade, technology, and economic cooperation. While trade can increase growth and opportunities, it also risks widening inequality and exploiting workers. The document also examines the expansion of multinational corporations and issues of their dominance, accountability, and potential negative social and environmental impacts.

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Globalisation
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Globalisation
• Definition:
– An economic phenomenon?
– A social phenomenon?
– A cultural phenomenon?
• The movement towards the expansion
of economic and social ties between
countries through the spread of
corporate institutions and the capitalist
philosophy that leads to the shrinking
of the world in economic terms.
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Globalisation
Globalisation
could involve
all these
things!
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Integration of Economies
• The increasing reliance of
economies on each other
• The opportunities to be
able to buy and sell in
any country in the world
• The opportunities for
labour and capital to
locate anywhere in the
world
• The growth of global
Stock Markets are now accessible markets in finance
from anywhere in the world!
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Integration of Economies
• Made possible by:
– Technology
– Communication networks
– Internet access
– Growth of economic cooperation –
trading blocs (EU, NAFTA, etc.)
– Collapse of ‘communism’
– Movement to free trade
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Trade versus Aid?
• Benefits of Trade:
– Increased choice
– Greater potential
for growth
– Increase
international
economies of
scale
– Greater
employment Trade has led to massive increases in wealth
opportunities for many countries.
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Trade versus Aid?
• Disadvantages
of trade:
– Increase in gap
between the rich and
the poor
– Dominance of global
trade by the rich,
northern hemisphere
countries
– Lack of opportunities
for the poor to be able
to have access to How far does trade help children like
markets these?
– Exploitation of Copyright: clesio, stock.xchng
workers and growers
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Corporate Expansion
• Multi-national
or trans-national
corporations
(MNCs or TNCs) –
businesses with
a headquarters
in one country but
with business
No matter where you go in the world, certain operations in a
businesses will always have a presence.
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number of others.
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Corporate Expansion
• Characteristics:
– Expanding revenue
– Lowering costs
– Sourcing raw
materials
– Controlling key
supplies
– Control of
processing
– Global economies
Controlling supplies may be one reason of scale
for global expansion.
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Corporate Domination
• Key Issues:
– Damage to the
environment?
– Exploitation of labour?
– Monopoly power
– Economic degradation
– Non-renewable
resources
– Damage to cultures Shell and Nike’s activities have
come under severe criticism
in some quarters.
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Other Issues:
• Accountability
of Global businesses?
• Increased gap
between rich and
poor fuels potential
terrorist reaction
• Ethical responsibility
of business?
There are plenty of people who believe that
globalisation is a negative development,
protests at the G8 summits, pollution, poverty
• Efforts to remove
and concern over GM crops are just some of
the issues.
trade barriers
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