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1. The document discusses a gene therapy trial for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) where a retrovirus was used to insert the gamma chain gene into patients' cells. 2. However, in subsequent years some patients developed leukemia due to insertional mutagenesis of the retrovirus activating the LMO2 oncogene, which blocks T-cell differentiation and promotes proliferation. 3. The success of gene therapy depends on transduced cells gaining a growth advantage, but the PEG-ADA therapy for ADA-SCID succeeded because extra ADA expression did not provide an advantage.
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The role of DNA methylation in mediating the effects of estrogens in oysters
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 17α ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen, on DNA methylation patterns in oysters. The study found that while EE2 treatment did not affect sex ratios in oysters, it did lead to larger female oysters. Additionally, differentially methylated regions were identified within genes related to growth, immunity, and reproduction after one week of EE2 exposure. The results suggest that DNA methylation may mediate responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals in bivalves and could provide early indicators of chemical exposure in aquatic species.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in hereditary diseaes
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If there is any mutation in this enzyme , it will adversely affects the cell.
Progretion of tumors and other diseases occurs consecutively.
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Imaginal discs1
The document summarizes a study on gene expression during regeneration of Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Microarray analysis found over 1,000 genes differentially expressed between cut and intact discs in the first 24 hours after wounding, indicating a strong initial response to injury. Many genes involved in apoptosis, stress response, cytoskeletal activity and JNK signaling showed increased expression. Between 24-72 hours, expression returned toward normal levels as discs resumed activities interrupted by wounding. The study identifies signaling pathways and gene categories important for disc regeneration.
ZhouPoster
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regulatory t cells and gvhd
This document discusses using ex vivo expanded and fucosylated regulatory T cells (Tregs) from third party umbilical cord blood to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation. Experiments in mice show that fucosylated Tregs home more effectively to sites of inflammation, persist longer in vivo, and reduce GVHD symptoms and mortality more than untreated Tregs. The document proposes a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fucosylated Tregs for preventing GVHD in patients receiving double cord blood transplants.
An approach to describing and analysing bulk biological annotation quality: a...
Motivation:
Annotations are a key feature of many biological databases, used to convey our knowledge of a sequence to the reader. Ideally, annotations are curated manually, however manual curation is costly, time consuming and requires expert knowledge and training. Given these issues and the exponential increase of data, many databases implement automated annotation pipelines in an attempt to avoid un-annotated entries. Both manual and automated annotations vary in quality between databases and annotators, making assessment of annotation reliability problematic for users. The community lacks a generic measure for determining annotation quality and correctness, which we look at addressing within this work. Specifically we investigate word reuse within bulk textual annotations and relate this to Zipf's Principle of Least Effort. We use UniProt Knowledge Base (UniProtKB) as a case study to demonstrate this approach since it allows us to compare annotation change, both over time and between automated and manually curated annotations.
Results:
By applying power-law distributions to word reuse in annotation, we show clear trends in UniProtKB over time, which are consistent with existing studies of quality on free text English. Further, we show a clear distinction between manual and automated analysis and investigate cohorts of protein records as they mature. These results suggest that this approach holds distinct promise as a mechanism for judging annotation quality.
For more information available at the authors website: www.michaeljbell.co.uk
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Recommended
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The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 17α ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen, on DNA methylation patterns in oysters. The study found that while EE2 treatment did not affect sex ratios in oysters, it did lead to larger female oysters. Additionally, differentially methylated regions were identified within genes related to growth, immunity, and reproduction after one week of EE2 exposure. The results suggest that DNA methylation may mediate responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals in bivalves and could provide early indicators of chemical exposure in aquatic species.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in hereditary diseaes
NADPH production, which is vital for protecting cells from oxidative stress, depends on IDH enzyme.
If there is any mutation in this enzyme , it will adversely affects the cell.
Progretion of tumors and other diseases occurs consecutively.
Dr. Santos Manes - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas'
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
Imaginal discs1
The document summarizes a study on gene expression during regeneration of Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Microarray analysis found over 1,000 genes differentially expressed between cut and intact discs in the first 24 hours after wounding, indicating a strong initial response to injury. Many genes involved in apoptosis, stress response, cytoskeletal activity and JNK signaling showed increased expression. Between 24-72 hours, expression returned toward normal levels as discs resumed activities interrupted by wounding. The study identifies signaling pathways and gene categories important for disc regeneration.
ZhouPoster
This study investigated the role of SCGB3A2 in oncogenic K-ras-induced lung cancer using Scgb3a2 knockout mice. Mice with single floxed Scgb3a2 (+/f) and double floxed Scgb3a2 (f/f) were bred with Ccsp-Cre;LSL-K-rasG12D mice to induce lung cancer. Results showed Scgb3a2 (f/f) mice had a shortened lifespan compared to Scgb3a2 (+/f) mice, suggesting SCGB3A2 inhibits K-ras-induced carcinogenesis. However, tumor number, size, and lung weight were similar between genotypes. This indicates SC
regulatory t cells and gvhd
This document discusses using ex vivo expanded and fucosylated regulatory T cells (Tregs) from third party umbilical cord blood to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation. Experiments in mice show that fucosylated Tregs home more effectively to sites of inflammation, persist longer in vivo, and reduce GVHD symptoms and mortality more than untreated Tregs. The document proposes a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fucosylated Tregs for preventing GVHD in patients receiving double cord blood transplants.
An approach to describing and analysing bulk biological annotation quality: a...
Motivation:
Annotations are a key feature of many biological databases, used to convey our knowledge of a sequence to the reader. Ideally, annotations are curated manually, however manual curation is costly, time consuming and requires expert knowledge and training. Given these issues and the exponential increase of data, many databases implement automated annotation pipelines in an attempt to avoid un-annotated entries. Both manual and automated annotations vary in quality between databases and annotators, making assessment of annotation reliability problematic for users. The community lacks a generic measure for determining annotation quality and correctness, which we look at addressing within this work. Specifically we investigate word reuse within bulk textual annotations and relate this to Zipf's Principle of Least Effort. We use UniProt Knowledge Base (UniProtKB) as a case study to demonstrate this approach since it allows us to compare annotation change, both over time and between automated and manually curated annotations.
Results:
By applying power-law distributions to word reuse in annotation, we show clear trends in UniProtKB over time, which are consistent with existing studies of quality on free text English. Further, we show a clear distinction between manual and automated analysis and investigate cohorts of protein records as they mature. These results suggest that this approach holds distinct promise as a mechanism for judging annotation quality.
For more information available at the authors website: www.michaeljbell.co.uk
Morelli Lecture 2014
This document summarizes the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in renal transplant rejection. It discusses how DCs from the donor that migrate to recipient secondary lymphoid organs after transplant present donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to recipient T cells via direct and indirect pathways. It also describes how recipient DCs can present donor alloantigens via the indirect pathway. Finally, it mentions that regulatory DCs (DCregs) from the donor that are resistant to maturation can prolong cardiac allograft survival in mice when administered before transplant.
Association of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/ Deletion Polymor...
Association of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/ Deletion Polymor...Ibrahim khidir ibrahim osman
1) The study investigated the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Sudanese patients.
2) Genotyping of the ACE gene was performed on 40 CLL patients and 40 age-matched controls. The results showed a significant association between the DD genotype and increased risk of CLL.
3) This is the first study to investigate the relationship between ACE polymorphism and CLL in Sudanese patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings and explore the association with other hematological malignancies in Sudan.MInh Project 2
This study analyzed the gene expression profiles of two subsets of CD4+ T cells that express the ectoenzyme CD39: CD39+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and CD39+CD25- T "inducer" cells (Tinds). Microarray analysis identified 96 genes differentially expressed between these subsets, including higher expression of KLRB1 (which encodes the CD161 protein) on Tinds. Flow cytometry confirmed higher CD161 protein levels on Tinds compared to Tregs. The findings suggest CD161 may be a marker for the novel Tind subset and provide insight into their immunoregulatory roles and functions.
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
Department
of
Biology,
Consortium
for
Evolutionary Studies
& Tri
Beta
Biological
Honor
Society, California
State
University,
Fresno
present:
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood Coagulation
by
Dr. Russell F. Doolittle
Dept.
Chemistry
&
Biochemistry
and
Molecular
Biology
,
University
of
California,
San
Diego
Abstract
The availability of whole genome sequences for a variety of vertebrates is making it possible to reconstruct the step-by-step evolution of complex phenomena like blood coagulation, an event that in mammals involves the interplay of more than two dozen genetically encoded factors. Gene inventories for different organisms are revealing when during vertebrate evolution certain factors first made their appearance or, on occasion, disappeared from some lineages. The whole genome sequence databases of two protochordates and seven non-mammalian vertebrates were examined in search of some 20 genes known to be associated with blood clotting in mammals. No genuine orthologs were found in the protochordate genomes (sea squirt and amphioxus). As for vertebrates, although the jawless fish have genes for generating the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, they lack several clotting factors, including two thought to be essential for the activation of thrombin in mammals. Fish in general lack genes for the “contact factor” proteases, the predecessor forms of which make their first appearance in tetrapods. The full complement of factors known to be operating in humans doesn’t occur until pouched marsupials (opossum), at least one key factor still being absent in egg-laying mammals like platypus.
On:
Friday,
January
29,
2010
At:
3:00‐‐‐4:00
PM
In:
Science
II,
Room
109
p21 mechanism slide
The slide shows the cellular stress response leading to growth arrest as explained by the induction of the universal cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1) by the tumor suppressor p53.
Dna damage checkpoints
DNA damage checkpoints
components in checkpoints
cell cycle checkpoints
sensors
transducers
mediators
effectors
nature article pages
Bethea, John
1) Astrocytes activate NF-kB following spinal cord injury (SCI), which contributes to oligodendrocyte death through glutamate-zinc induced NADPH oxidase activity in oligodendrocytes.
2) Inhibition of astroglial NF-kB promotes oligodendrocyte survival and reduces death after SCI.
3) Combination therapies targeting NADPH oxidase and AMPA receptors may be therapeutic for SCI by further reducing oligodendrocyte death.
7 immunology-csbrp
1. Organ transplantation is used to treat organs that are severely malformed or damaged, with rejection by the host immune system being a major obstacle.
2. There are different types of transplants based on how similar the donor and recipient are genetically, ranging from autographs within an individual to xenographs between species.
3. The most common form of allograft is blood transfusion.
Nf k bnew
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Duke neuro 1.10
The document summarizes research on ankyrin proteins and their role in localizing membrane proteins in specialized membrane domains. Ankyrins function as adaptors that bind to membrane proteins through unstructured motifs, targeting them to axon initial segments, nodes of Ranvier, photoreceptor outer segments, cardiomyocyte intercalated discs and costameres. Knockdown of ankyrins leads to loss of localization of binding partners and disruption of these membrane domains.
Restriction enzymes (mc qs)
The discovery of restriction enzymes by Nathan, Arber and Smith in the 1970s led to the development of recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Type II restriction enzymes cut within their recognition sites and generate sticky ends, which allow for cutting and joining of DNA from different sources. This key discovery of restriction enzymes that enabled cutting and joining of DNA laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
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Cytokines play an important role in regulating lymphocyte development and differentiation. The authors identified a cytokine-inducible protein called Cybr that binds to and regulates the activity of cytohesin-1. Cybr expression is increased by IL-2 and IL-12 and is most abundant in hematopoietic cells and tissues. Cybr physically interacts with cytohesin-1 through their coiled-coil domains and enhances cytohesin-1's ability to catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF GTPases. As Cybr modifies the activity of cytohesin-1, the authors designate it as a cytohesin binder and regulator.
Clle cycle mostafa
The cell cycle consists of four main phases - G1, S, G2, and M phase. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity is controlled by association with cyclins, phosphorylation, and degradation. Checkpoints between phases like G1/S and G2/M ensure DNA replication fidelity before division. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be triggered intrinsically via DNA damage or extrinsically through ligand-receptor interactions and leads to cell death. The cell cycle and apoptosis are assessed using techniques like propidium iodide staining to measure DNA content and annexin assays to detect early apoptotic
J. Biol. Chem.-2008-Lin-15003-14
This document summarizes a study examining how transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) regulates expression of cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The researchers found that TGFβ significantly induced CRP2 mRNA and protein expression in VSMCs. Promoter analysis identified a conserved cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-like site in the CRP2 promoter that was critical for basal promoter activity and response to TGFβ. Gel shift assays revealed that activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) bound to this CRE-like element. TGFβ enhanced ATF2 phosphorylation and activation, leading to increased phospho-ATF2 levels and CRP2 promoter
Mucosal associated
This document provides an overview of mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT). It discusses that MAIT cells are a type of innate alpha beta T cell that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize bacterial vitamin B metabolites presented by MR1. The document outlines that MAIT cells make up a significant percentage of T cells in the human body, particularly in the mucosa and liver. Their functions include roles in early detection of bacterial infection through cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. The document also notes that MAIT cells have been found infiltrating various human tumor tissues.
Cell replication
This document provides a concise review of DNA damage checkpoints and repair in mammalian cells. It discusses how the genome is constantly under attack from environmental and internal factors that can damage DNA. When damage occurs in dividing cells, cell cycle checkpoints are activated to halt cell cycle progression and allow time for DNA repair. The major checkpoints are at G1/S, intra-S, and G2/M phases. Key proteins involved in sensing damage, transducing signals, and enforcing cell cycle arrest as effectors include the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex, ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2, and Cdc25 phosphatases. Important DNA repair pathways are base excision repair,
Restriction enzyme
Mata kuliah tentang enzim restriksi.Cari lebih banyak lagi di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2015/02/materi-kuliah-semester-4.html
Il 17 signaling pathway a new therapeutic target
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and its closest relative, IL-17F, have recently drawn much attention in the field of immunology. IL-17 and IL-17F are expressed by a distinct type of T cells, T helper 17 cells and certain other lymphocytes. These cytokines play key regulatory roles in host defense and inflammatory diseases.
My oral presentation at the Maize Genetics Conference, 2008, Washington DC
The document discusses gene duplication of alpha prolamin storage protein genes in maize. It finds that:
1) Maize underwent more extensive duplication and dispersal of alpha prolamin genes than sorghum after their lineages diverged.
2) Duplications of alpha prolamin genes in maize occurred both before and after the maize genome underwent allotetraploidization.
3) Different maize haplotypes have variable numbers of alpha prolamin gene copies and differences in intergenic regions due to transposable elements. This indicates the haplotypes diverged before modern breeding.
Fall project
1) The study analyzed the effects of Csk knockouts on development of the initial segment of the mouse epididymis. Csk knockout was expected to promote cell proliferation and differentiation through increased ERK pathway activity due to lack of inhibition of SRC kinases.
2) A tissue-specific Csk conditional knockout mouse model was generated using Cre/lox recombination. Genotyping identified one mouse with the desired genotype.
3) Preliminary results found increased vasculogenesis in the initial segment of Csk knockout mice, suggesting effects on differentiation through the ERK pathway. Immunofluorescence found decreased activity of phospho-SRC in knockouts while other markers were similar to controls.
Freiburg Nk2009 Jan Spanholtz
The document summarizes research on using natural killer (NK) cells for immunotherapy against acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It describes past studies showing adoptive transfer of haploidentical NK cells can lead to transient NK cell engraftment and in vivo expansion in some AML patients. However, these studies had limitations like low cell numbers, T-cell contamination, and lack of standardization. The document then describes the development of an expansion and differentiation technology using a novel growth medium (GBGM) to efficiently generate large numbers of highly cytotoxic NK cells from cord blood, bone marrow, or mobilized peripheral blood derived CD34+ cells. It discusses several pre-clinical and early clinical studies using these ex vivo expanded NK cells for
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Association of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/ Deletion Polymor...
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1) The study investigated the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Sudanese patients.
2) Genotyping of the ACE gene was performed on 40 CLL patients and 40 age-matched controls. The results showed a significant association between the DD genotype and increased risk of CLL.
3) This is the first study to investigate the relationship between ACE polymorphism and CLL in Sudanese patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings and explore the association with other hematological malignancies in Sudan.MInh Project 2
This study analyzed the gene expression profiles of two subsets of CD4+ T cells that express the ectoenzyme CD39: CD39+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and CD39+CD25- T "inducer" cells (Tinds). Microarray analysis identified 96 genes differentially expressed between these subsets, including higher expression of KLRB1 (which encodes the CD161 protein) on Tinds. Flow cytometry confirmed higher CD161 protein levels on Tinds compared to Tregs. The findings suggest CD161 may be a marker for the novel Tind subset and provide insight into their immunoregulatory roles and functions.
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
Department
of
Biology,
Consortium
for
Evolutionary Studies
& Tri
Beta
Biological
Honor
Society, California
State
University,
Fresno
present:
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood Coagulation
by
Dr. Russell F. Doolittle
Dept.
Chemistry
&
Biochemistry
and
Molecular
Biology
,
University
of
California,
San
Diego
Abstract
The availability of whole genome sequences for a variety of vertebrates is making it possible to reconstruct the step-by-step evolution of complex phenomena like blood coagulation, an event that in mammals involves the interplay of more than two dozen genetically encoded factors. Gene inventories for different organisms are revealing when during vertebrate evolution certain factors first made their appearance or, on occasion, disappeared from some lineages. The whole genome sequence databases of two protochordates and seven non-mammalian vertebrates were examined in search of some 20 genes known to be associated with blood clotting in mammals. No genuine orthologs were found in the protochordate genomes (sea squirt and amphioxus). As for vertebrates, although the jawless fish have genes for generating the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, they lack several clotting factors, including two thought to be essential for the activation of thrombin in mammals. Fish in general lack genes for the “contact factor” proteases, the predecessor forms of which make their first appearance in tetrapods. The full complement of factors known to be operating in humans doesn’t occur until pouched marsupials (opossum), at least one key factor still being absent in egg-laying mammals like platypus.
On:
Friday,
January
29,
2010
At:
3:00‐‐‐4:00
PM
In:
Science
II,
Room
109
p21 mechanism slide
The slide shows the cellular stress response leading to growth arrest as explained by the induction of the universal cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1) by the tumor suppressor p53.
Dna damage checkpoints
DNA damage checkpoints
components in checkpoints
cell cycle checkpoints
sensors
transducers
mediators
effectors
nature article pages
Bethea, John
1) Astrocytes activate NF-kB following spinal cord injury (SCI), which contributes to oligodendrocyte death through glutamate-zinc induced NADPH oxidase activity in oligodendrocytes.
2) Inhibition of astroglial NF-kB promotes oligodendrocyte survival and reduces death after SCI.
3) Combination therapies targeting NADPH oxidase and AMPA receptors may be therapeutic for SCI by further reducing oligodendrocyte death.
7 immunology-csbrp
1. Organ transplantation is used to treat organs that are severely malformed or damaged, with rejection by the host immune system being a major obstacle.
2. There are different types of transplants based on how similar the donor and recipient are genetically, ranging from autographs within an individual to xenographs between species.
3. The most common form of allograft is blood transfusion.
Nf k bnew
NF-KB plays various roles in the differentiation and regulation of different CD4+ T cell subsets. The document discusses the role of NF-KB in the development of TH1 and TH2 cells, natural regulatory T cells in the thymus, Treg suppression of the immune response, and the development of TH-17 and Th9 cells. The author also mentions the roles of NF-KB in follicular helper T cells.
Duke neuro 1.10
The document summarizes research on ankyrin proteins and their role in localizing membrane proteins in specialized membrane domains. Ankyrins function as adaptors that bind to membrane proteins through unstructured motifs, targeting them to axon initial segments, nodes of Ranvier, photoreceptor outer segments, cardiomyocyte intercalated discs and costameres. Knockdown of ankyrins leads to loss of localization of binding partners and disruption of these membrane domains.
Restriction enzymes (mc qs)
The discovery of restriction enzymes by Nathan, Arber and Smith in the 1970s led to the development of recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Type II restriction enzymes cut within their recognition sites and generate sticky ends, which allow for cutting and joining of DNA from different sources. This key discovery of restriction enzymes that enabled cutting and joining of DNA laid the foundation for genetic engineering.
PNS 0502002625
Cytokines play an important role in regulating lymphocyte development and differentiation. The authors identified a cytokine-inducible protein called Cybr that binds to and regulates the activity of cytohesin-1. Cybr expression is increased by IL-2 and IL-12 and is most abundant in hematopoietic cells and tissues. Cybr physically interacts with cytohesin-1 through their coiled-coil domains and enhances cytohesin-1's ability to catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on ARF GTPases. As Cybr modifies the activity of cytohesin-1, the authors designate it as a cytohesin binder and regulator.
Clle cycle mostafa
The cell cycle consists of four main phases - G1, S, G2, and M phase. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity is controlled by association with cyclins, phosphorylation, and degradation. Checkpoints between phases like G1/S and G2/M ensure DNA replication fidelity before division. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be triggered intrinsically via DNA damage or extrinsically through ligand-receptor interactions and leads to cell death. The cell cycle and apoptosis are assessed using techniques like propidium iodide staining to measure DNA content and annexin assays to detect early apoptotic
J. Biol. Chem.-2008-Lin-15003-14
This document summarizes a study examining how transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) regulates expression of cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The researchers found that TGFβ significantly induced CRP2 mRNA and protein expression in VSMCs. Promoter analysis identified a conserved cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-like site in the CRP2 promoter that was critical for basal promoter activity and response to TGFβ. Gel shift assays revealed that activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) bound to this CRE-like element. TGFβ enhanced ATF2 phosphorylation and activation, leading to increased phospho-ATF2 levels and CRP2 promoter
Mucosal associated
This document provides an overview of mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT). It discusses that MAIT cells are a type of innate alpha beta T cell that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize bacterial vitamin B metabolites presented by MR1. The document outlines that MAIT cells make up a significant percentage of T cells in the human body, particularly in the mucosa and liver. Their functions include roles in early detection of bacterial infection through cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. The document also notes that MAIT cells have been found infiltrating various human tumor tissues.
Cell replication
This document provides a concise review of DNA damage checkpoints and repair in mammalian cells. It discusses how the genome is constantly under attack from environmental and internal factors that can damage DNA. When damage occurs in dividing cells, cell cycle checkpoints are activated to halt cell cycle progression and allow time for DNA repair. The major checkpoints are at G1/S, intra-S, and G2/M phases. Key proteins involved in sensing damage, transducing signals, and enforcing cell cycle arrest as effectors include the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex, ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2, and Cdc25 phosphatases. Important DNA repair pathways are base excision repair,
Restriction enzyme
Mata kuliah tentang enzim restriksi.Cari lebih banyak lagi di: http://muhammadhabibielecture.blogspot.com/2015/02/materi-kuliah-semester-4.html
Il 17 signaling pathway a new therapeutic target
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and its closest relative, IL-17F, have recently drawn much attention in the field of immunology. IL-17 and IL-17F are expressed by a distinct type of T cells, T helper 17 cells and certain other lymphocytes. These cytokines play key regulatory roles in host defense and inflammatory diseases.
My oral presentation at the Maize Genetics Conference, 2008, Washington DC
The document discusses gene duplication of alpha prolamin storage protein genes in maize. It finds that:
1) Maize underwent more extensive duplication and dispersal of alpha prolamin genes than sorghum after their lineages diverged.
2) Duplications of alpha prolamin genes in maize occurred both before and after the maize genome underwent allotetraploidization.
3) Different maize haplotypes have variable numbers of alpha prolamin gene copies and differences in intergenic regions due to transposable elements. This indicates the haplotypes diverged before modern breeding.
Fall project
1) The study analyzed the effects of Csk knockouts on development of the initial segment of the mouse epididymis. Csk knockout was expected to promote cell proliferation and differentiation through increased ERK pathway activity due to lack of inhibition of SRC kinases.
2) A tissue-specific Csk conditional knockout mouse model was generated using Cre/lox recombination. Genotyping identified one mouse with the desired genotype.
3) Preliminary results found increased vasculogenesis in the initial segment of Csk knockout mice, suggesting effects on differentiation through the ERK pathway. Immunofluorescence found decreased activity of phospho-SRC in knockouts while other markers were similar to controls.
Freiburg Nk2009 Jan Spanholtz
The document summarizes research on using natural killer (NK) cells for immunotherapy against acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It describes past studies showing adoptive transfer of haploidentical NK cells can lead to transient NK cell engraftment and in vivo expansion in some AML patients. However, these studies had limitations like low cell numbers, T-cell contamination, and lack of standardization. The document then describes the development of an expansion and differentiation technology using a novel growth medium (GBGM) to efficiently generate large numbers of highly cytotoxic NK cells from cord blood, bone marrow, or mobilized peripheral blood derived CD34+ cells. It discusses several pre-clinical and early clinical studies using these ex vivo expanded NK cells for
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Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
Step‐by‐Step
Evolution
of
Vertebrate
Blood
Coagulation
My oral presentation at the Maize Genetics Conference, 2008, Washington DC
My oral presentation at the Maize Genetics Conference, 2008, Washington DC
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M-Learning. Una nueva visión del aprendizaje
Presentación en la 1a Jornada Inspiring Education organizada por CEL Working en la Escuela Virolai el 3-3-16
Stem cell personalized medicine 2017 plus
The scientific discovery of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology using adult stem cel is rather recent, in 2006. Now a new era of personalized medical treatments in clearer to perceived and accelerating worldwide with motivation groups and individuals in medical intervention, science & financical circles , more specifically in next decade.
Stem Cell Technology
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
Biological Presentation On Stem Cells
The document discusses different types of stem cells including adult stem cells, fetal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. It notes that adult stem cell research has had 74 clinical successes in treating various diseases and conditions, while embryonic stem cell research has had no successes and risks tumor formation. The document raises ethical issues with extracting stem cells from embryos and fetuses as it requires their destruction. It concludes that adult stem cells are a promising research area that avoids ethical issues.
Stem cell
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
- Key discoveries and events in stem cell research history from 1998-2010.
- Different types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells found in umbilical cord blood.
- Potential uses and ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other cell types. They have two key characteristics - differentiation and self-regeneration. Different types of stem cells exist that can differentiate into various numbers of cell types. In human development, totipotent stem cells like zygotes differentiate to form the whole pool of stem cells needed to develop the body's parts. Understanding stem cell roles in development points to their potential for regenerating damaged adult organs and tissues.
Stem cell therapy
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile but also raise ethical issues, while adult stem cells are more limited in their differentiation potential. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the type of cells needed to repair damaged tissue when transplanted into the body. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.
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Biology of t lymphocytes
This document summarizes T lymphocyte development and activation. It describes how progenitor cells commit to the T cell lineage in the bone marrow and thymus. In the thymus, T cells undergo proliferation, rearrangement of T cell receptor genes, and positive and negative selection. This results in functionally distinct T cell subsets that migrate to lymph nodes upon activation. T cell activation requires three signals - engagement of the T cell receptor by peptide-MHC complexes, costimulatory molecules such as CD28 binding to B7, and cytokine signals. This leads to intracellular signaling cascades and expression of genes regulating T cell effector function.
Prof.dr.moh'd sorour bch
This document provides an overview of flow cytometry, including its principles, instrumentation, applications in hematology and oncology, and techniques for analyzing results. Flow cytometry works by passing single cells in a fluid stream through a laser beam, which detects cellular properties like size, structure, and antigen expression. It allows for multiparametric analysis of up to 12 parameters simultaneously on thousands of cells. Key applications include immunophenotyping of leukemias and lymphomas, DNA analysis, and monitoring of minimal residual disease.
Biology of T lymphocytes.pdf
1. T cells develop from progenitor cells in the thymus and bone marrow through a process involving commitment to the T cell lineage, proliferation, rearrangement of T cell receptor genes, selection processes, and differentiation into mature subsets.
2. Key stages of T cell maturation include double negative, double positive, and single positive stages, driven by signals from the pre-T cell receptor and selection in the thymus.
3. T cell receptor diversity is generated through rearrangement of variable, diversity, and joining gene segments and addition of nucleotides at junctions.
Bellander, Bo Michael
The document discusses complement activation and traumatic brain injury. It summarizes several studies that show:
1. Complement proteins like C3 and the membrane attack complex C5b-9 are activated in the border zone of brain contusions in rats and humans following traumatic brain injury.
2. There is local synthesis of complement proteins like C3, and upregulation of the regulator clusterin in response to complement attack on neurons and astroglia.
3. Complement activation occurs endogenously in the injured brain without circulating blood components, as shown in studies using brain slice cultures.
4. Genetic factors influence the inflammatory response and complement activation following TBI, with more pronounced immune reactivity linked
Winslow (1).ppt
T cell development occurs through distinct stages in the thymus. Multipotent progenitors from the bone marrow migrate to the thymus and differentiate into early pre-T cells. These cells undergo gene rearrangement and selection to ensure only those that recognize self-MHC with intermediate affinity mature and migrate out of the thymus. Positive selection in the cortex and negative selection in the medulla work together to generate a self-tolerant T cell repertoire through signaling pathways like Notch, ERK, and calcineurin.
Apoptosis seminar f
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays an important role in development, immunity, and maintenance of genomic integrity. Disruption of apoptosis can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The document discusses the key stages and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, including the roles of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and death receptors. It also covers the importance of apoptosis in processes like immune system development, tissue remodeling, and response to DNA damage. Therapeutic strategies aim to either inhibit inappropriate apoptosis or induce apoptosis in conditions like cancer.
Emt and ecm 2013
The document provides information about epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its role in development, disease, and signaling pathways. It discusses:
1) The differences between epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers and properties. 2) How EMT converts epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells through disrupting cell adhesion and interactions with the extracellular matrix. 3) The transient and context-specific nature of EMT. 4) The role of EMT in embryogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis, and fibrosis. 5) Signaling pathways and factors that activate and suppress EMT such as TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, hypoxia, and inflammation. 6) How EMT generates cancer stem-like cells and
GKA deel 1 college 15
The document discusses several key concepts relating to cancer biology and the hallmarks of cancer. It describes the evolutionary process of tumor development and lists some of the important hallmarks identified by Hanahan and Weinberg, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. It also mentions several genetic mutations that have been identified in cancers like glioblastomas and lung adenocarcinomas.
T and b cells
1. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to common lymphoid progenitors which differentiate into pro-B and pro-T cells.
2. Commitment to the B or T cell lineage is regulated by distinct transcription factors and cytokines direct proliferation of early lymphocytes.
3. Positive and negative selection during maturation ensure lymphocytes express functional receptors with low self-reactivity.
Van criekinge next_generation_epigenetic_profling_vvumc_uploaded
This document discusses next generation epigenetic profiling using methylation-based biomarkers. It provides an overview of epigenetics and methylation in oncology. It then discusses MDxHealth's next-generation epigenetic biomarkers and methylation-based companion diagnostics. As an example, it summarizes research on MGMT promoter methylation predicting benefit from DNA-alkylating chemotherapy in glioblastoma patients.
Diseases of White Blood Cells apthology slide
This document discusses diseases of white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus gland. It describes the development of hematopoiesis and disorders of white blood cells including proliferative disorders, leukopenias, neutropenia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis. It also discusses lymphoid neoplasms including classifications, acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma presenting features, investigations and prognosis.
Bacteria&cancer biomed dec_2013
1) Bacteria can contribute to carcinogenesis through chronic inflammation and by producing genotoxins. Chronic inflammation and activation of NF-kB helps cancer cells overcome barriers to tumor development.
2) Epidemiological and animal studies provide evidence that bacteria like H. pylori and Salmonella that cause chronic inflammation increase cancer risk by inducing cytokines like IL-1β and TNFα. Blocking NF-kB reduces colorectal cancer progression in mouse models.
3) Bacterial toxins such as CagA from H. pylori and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) directly cause DNA damage and genomic instability, contributing to mutations and tumor development in vitro and in vivo mouse models.
Ph D Swati Dhar
Potential of gamma delta T lymphocytes stimulated with non-peptidic antigens for immunotherapy of cancer
Antibody-Producing Cell Lines Development
Creative Biogene’s gene editing CHO-K1 cells can save your precious time and effort with great performance in antibody production.
Van criekinge next_generation_epigenetic_profling_vlille
This document summarizes a presentation on next generation epigenetic profiling. It introduces epigenetics and how epigenetic changes like DNA methylation are important in causing cancer in addition to genetic changes. It discusses using methyl-binding domain sequencing to discover genome-wide methylation patterns and biomarkers. Examples are given of specific genes like MGMT and BRCA1 that show methylation changes in cancer. Integrating deep sequencing data with other assays is described to better understand methylation patterns and their effects on gene expression and cancer. Developing targeted panels of cancer-related genes with known epigenetic alterations is discussed for clinical applications.
RECEPTORS-Sexl-Moriggl.pdf
This document discusses different types of receptors and provides examples. It covers four main types of receptors:
1. G protein-coupled receptors such as those for epinephrine and serotonin.
2. Ion channel receptors such as the acetylcholine receptor.
3. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors such as cytokine receptors.
4. Receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity, also called receptor tyrosine kinases, which have their own catalytic domain like growth factor receptors. Examples of these include guanylate cyclase, serine-threonine kinases, receptor tyrosine phosphatases, and RTKs.
Noble, Marc
1. The document discusses how small changes in redox state, or oxidative status, can have big effects on precursor cell function, survival, death, and differentiation.
2. Certain environmental toxicants are pro-oxidants that can alter redox state and impair precursor cell development, increasing vulnerability to stressors.
3. The redox/Fyn/c-Cbl signaling pathway regulates precursor cell behavior in response to changes in redox state from signaling molecules and toxicants. Modulation of this pathway could optimize tissue repair.
Oncogene activation
This document summarizes key concepts regarding oncogenes:
1. Oncogenes are genes that can trigger cancer development through viral insertion or mutation of normal cellular genes.
2. Early retroviruses like RSV were found to contain viral oncogenes like v-src that caused cancer upon infection.
3. Normal cellular genes called proto-oncogenes were later discovered that are homologous to viral oncogenes and can become activated by mutations to drive cancer. Common mutations include point mutations, gene amplifications, and chromosomal translocations.
Sequencing the Human TCRβ Repertoire on the Ion S5TM
understanding of the human immune system, and thereby cancer immunology.
αβT-cells are the primary constituents of human cell-mediated adaptive immunity.
The antigen specificity of each αβT-cell is encoded in the 500-600 bp transcript
encompassing the variable portion of the rearranged TCRα and TCRβ subunits,
which can be read via NGS in a process termed repertoire sequencing. Until now,
the main challenge the field faces is the lack of a technology that can provide a
contiguous read of 600 bp to minimize the complexity of designing bias-prone
primers and informatics challenges of stitching short reads. Here we leverage the
long read capability of Ion 530™ chip to comprehensively sequence all three CDR
domains of the TCRβ chain. The Ion 530™ chip offers greater than 15 M productive
reads, allowing a multiplex of 2-4 samples with sufficient coverage for most repertoire
profiling studies. Initial testing with leukocyte total RNA demonstrates that this
multiplex PCR assay produced repertoires that were much more similar to data
derived from 5’-RACE protocol than the commonly used BIOMED-2 primer set. This
result suggested that the use of long reads minimizes bias by allowing targeting of
less variable regions. To further assess the performance of the assay, we designed a
model system of 30 plasmid controls containing common human T-cell CDR3
sequences. Each plasmid was amplified individually and sequenced to confirm the
detection of a single clonal population. Analytical sensitivity of the assay and
accuracy of the accompanied analysis solution were further evaluated by spiking in
plasmid concentrations from 10 pg to 0.0001 pg (5 million to 50 copies) in a
background of 100 ng cDNA reverse transcribed from leukocyte total RNA. Results
showed the assay offers linearity over 5 orders of magnitude of decreasing input
concentration. In summary, we have demonstrated a NGS workflow for TCRβ
sequencing that offers multiplex flexibility on Ion S5 with sample to answer in less
than 48 hours.
Molecular basis of head and neck cancer
Updated version of molecular basis, with implied clinical aspect of the molecular basis.
(contents are taken from standard textbook and i dont own the copyright for the content details.)
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The document discusses key concepts in metabolism including:
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GKA deel 1 college 4
- 2. Lymphocyte development McCormack & Rabbitts , N Engl J Med 350, 2004, 913-922 GK 2009 ● X-SCID: ● defective c -receptor ● on X-chromosome
- 3. Known forms of SCID A. Fischer, Stockholm 2005 GK 2009 THYMUS CLP NK CD8 B HSC Myeloid compartment CD4 Haemotopoietic stem cell Common lymphocyte precursor
- 4. Known forms of SCID A. Fischer, Stockholm 2005 GK 2009 THYMUS CLP NK CD8 B HSC Myeloid compartment CD4 Haemotopoietic stem cell Common lymphocyte precursor 1. Prevention of cell apoptosis DNA replication (purine metabolism) ADA
- 5. Known forms of SCID A. Fischer, Stockholm 2005 GK 2009 THYMUS CLP NK CD8 B HSC Myeloid compartment CD4 Haemotopoietic stem cell Common lymphocyte precursor 2. c cytokine-dependent signals c , JAK-3, IL7Ra 1. Prevention of cell apoptosis DNA replication (purine metabolism) ADA
- 6. Known forms of SCID A. Fischer, Stockholm 2005 GK 2009 THYMUS CLP NK CD8 B HSC Myeloid compartment CD4 Haemotopoietic stem cell Common lymphocyte precursor 2. c cytokine-dependent signals c , JAK-3, IL7Ra 3. V(D)J recombination Rag-1/-2, Artemis 1. Prevention of cell apoptosis DNA replication (purine metabolism) ADA 4. Pre TCR/TCR signalling) CD45, CD3 ,
- 12. Characteristics of patients Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009
- 13. Numbers of T- and NK- cells after gene transfer Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009
- 14. Numbers of T- and NK- cells after gene transfer Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009
- 17. Rise of IgA, IgE, and IgG after gene transfer Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009
- 18. Rise of IgA, IgE, and IgG after gene transfer Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009
- 19. Can they be vaccinated now? Hacein-Bey-Abina et al NEJM 346, 2002, 1185 GK 2009 Christopher Reid British trial Zachary Hazen DeCruz, French trial
- 22. Activation of the T-cell oncogene LMO2 McCormack & Rabbitts N Engl J Med 350, 2004, 913-922 GK 2009 ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia ?
- 25. Structure and function of LMO2 McCormack & Rabbitts N Engl J Med 350, 2004, 913-922 GK 2009 Two LIM-domains T cell leukemia in mice! LIM domain Normal erythroid cell Target gene Target gene Block in T-cell differentiation
Editor's Notes
- GKA 2009 a.a.m.thomas@uu.nl
- GKA 2009 a.a.m.thomas@uu.nl