The document outlines various carbon finance projects globally that adhere to UNFCCC methodologies, highlighting applicable project types such as afforestation, renewable energy, and energy efficiency. It discusses carbon credit generation possibilities and various international standards for verification and certification, emphasizing community benefits and stakeholder participation. GHG offers services throughout the project cycle, including feasibility studies, registration, verification, and commercialization of carbon credits.

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2. VER Projects worldwide, using UNFCCC methodologies
Project types applicable for carbon finance
Afforestation  Agriculture  Biogas  Biomass Energy  Cement
CO2 capture  Coal bed / mine methane  Energy distribution
Energy Efficiency for Households  Energy Efficiency for Industry 
Energy Efficiency Own Generation  Energy Efficiency for Services 
Energy Efficiency Supply Side  Fossil Fuel Switch  Fugitive Emissions 
Geothermal  HFCs  Hydro  Landfill Gas  N2O  PCFs 
Reforestation  Solar  Tidal  Transport  Wind

3. Some examples of technologies and processes
Projects which can generate carbon credits
 Energy Efficiency  Biogas avoidance (methane)
• At the domestic level: ex. energy saving bulbs • Management of municipal waste water
• Industrial level: ex. Improvements in the installations, • Management of solid waste
substitution of equipment, improvements in process (municipal, agricultural, abatoirs, etc )
• Livestock (pig farming)
 Renewable Energy: Use of wind power,
solar panels, small hydro generators  Improved efficiency biomass technologies
• Clean and abundant sustainable energy sources
• Supply side or Demandside: more efficient
• Avoid the use of diesel or coal generators
production of charcoal, and/or more efficient stoves
• Can be set up decentralised, close to demand source
 Forest and agricultural waste to energy
 Fuel switch
• Densification: compression-> briquettes
• Switching in solid fuels (ex. coal) or liquid fuels (ex.
• Thermochemical processes-> charcoal
diesel, HFO) to those with lower intensity carbon
• Combustion of biomass -> steam
emissions (ex. natural gas, ethanol, biomass)

4. Ensuring sustainability, participation, and conformity,
as well as emissions reductions
International Standards for VERs
The Gold Standard
Set up by WWF and international experts in particular connected with NGOs, it is widely accepted as the premium
quality standard for VERs. Currently does not include forestry and land-use sector; focus is on projects which avoid
emissions in the first place. Strong emphasis on social and community benefits, stakeholder participation.
The Voluntary Carbon Standard
Established by the WBCSD, Int´l Emissions Trading Ass. (IETA) and The Climate Group, VCS is a widely used high
quality Standard. Focuses primarily on verification and quality assurance of the carbon credits.
The CCB Standard
The Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard has emerged more recently for land use projects,
including forestry. Aims at ensuring bio-diversity, social and sustainability concerns; does not issue tradable
carbon credits.

5. GHG - your partner throughout the project cycle
Voluntary Market Carbon Asset Development Services
Feasibility: services to develop a comprehensive feasibility study to understand the potential
returns and the risks involved with developing a carbon asset or strategy. This
includes the identification of the best possible standard and methodology to apply;
Registration: services to manage and implement the process of registering the project or asset for
carbon finance. This will include developing the registration documents (such as PIN
& PDD), stakeholder consultations, specialist procedures for qualifying for standards;
services to monitor and to manage the process of verification through accredited
Monitoring &
independent verification entities to ensure that all standards are met and that the
Verification:
carbon credits are issued;
Commercialization: services to commercialize the credits that result from a carbon asset or project. GHG
will work to establish the optimal strategy for the project or asset, and can assist in
transacting the carbon credits to large or boutique buyers.

6. GHG, Lda
Praça São Paulo, 19 - 1º Dto.
Lisboa 1200-425
Portugal
Fax: +351 21 343 32 67
Tel: +351 21 015 71 61
Web: www.e-mission.pt
www.e-missionneutral.com
Contacts: Sérgio Teixeira Santos Luke Murray

Director Director
Tel: (+351) 939 445 114 Tel: (+351) 963 952 615
E: sergio@e-mission.pt E: luke@e-mission.pt
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