The document introduces Arel, which is a SQL AST manager that Active Record uses to build queries. It allows for more advanced querying capabilities compared to just using Active Record. Some key points made are: - Arel can represent SQL queries as objects, allowing for composability and dynamic queries - It supports advanced features like outer joins, OR conditions, and functions that Active Record does not support - Queries can be built programmatically using Arel nodes rather than injecting raw SQL strings - Baby Squeel is introduced as a simpler wrapper around Arel for building queries in a domain specific language-like style The document advocates for using Arel or libraries that build on it like Baby Sque

1. Getting to know Arel
Active Record's nerdy little brother

2. What is Arel?
Arel is a SQL AST manager for Ruby
Active Record uses Arel to build queries
It adapts to various RDBMSes
It is intended to be a framework framework

3. Active Record is pretty good...

4. Dog.where(name: 'Fido')
# WHERE "dogs"."name" = 'Fido'

5. Dog.where(name: nil)
# WHERE "dogs"."name" IS NULL

6. Dog.where(name: ['Fido', 'Jeff'])
# WHERE "dogs"."name" IN ('Fido', 'Jeff')

7. Dog.where(name: ['Fido', 'Jeff', nil])
# WHERE (
# "dogs"."name" IN ('Fido', 'Jeff') OR
# "dogs"."name" IS NULL
# )

8. Active Record is pretty good,
until it isn't.

9. It only supports equality
Dog.where('age > ?', 5)
# WHERE age > 5

10. No support for OR (until 5.0.0)
Dog.where('age = ? OR name = ?', 5, 'Fido')
# WHERE age = 5 OR name = 'Fido'

11. No support for explicit joins
Dog.joins(
'INNER JOIN owners o ON o.id = dogs.owner_id'
)

12. No outer joins (without loading everything into memory)
Dog.joins(
'LEFT OUTER JOIN owners ON owners.id = dogs.owner_id'
)

13. Composability goes out the window
class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
scope :old, -> { where('age > ?', 5) }
scope :named_fido, -> { where(name: 'Fido') }
def self.named_fido_or_old
where('age > ? OR name = ?', 5, 'Fido')
end
end

14. Not to mention...
Not database agnostic
No syntax checking
Question marks can be tough to track down
What ever happened to the 80 characters/line?
Model
.joins('LEFT JOIN candidacies as search_candidates on search_candidates.contact_id = contacts.id'
.joins('LEFT JOIN searches as contact_searches on search_candidates.search_id = contact_searches.id'
.where('(lower(contact_searches.name) like ? AND search_candidates.deleted=?)', "%#{name}%".downcase

15. Arel to the rescue!

16. Arel::Table
Arel::Table.new(:dogs)
Arel::Table.new(:dogs)[:name] # an Arel::Attribute
Dog.arel_table
Dog.arel_table[:name] # an Arel::Attribute

17. Predications
age = Dog.arel_table[:age]
name = Dog.arel_table[:name]
Dog.where age.gt(5)
# WHERE "dogs"."age" > 5
Dog.where age.not_eq(5)
# WHERE "dogs"."age" != 5
Dog.where name.matches('%ido')
# WHERE "dogs"."name" LIKE '%ido'

18. Grouping
id = Dog.arel_table[:id]
age = Dog.arel_table[:age]
name = Dog.arel_table[:name]
Dog.where id.gt(5).and(
name.eq('Ronald').or(
age.eq(3)
)
)
# WHERE (
# "dogs"."id" > 5 AND (
# "dogs"."name" = 'Ronald' OR
# "dogs"."age" = 3
# )
# )

19. Inner Join
dogs = Dog.arel_table
owners = Owner.arel_table
join = dogs.inner_join(owners).on(
dogs[:owner_id].eq(owners[:id])
)
Dog.joins join.join_sources
# SELECT "dogs".* FROM "dogs"
# INNER JOIN "owners"
# ON "dogs"."owner_id" = "owners"."id"

20. Outer Join
dogs = Dog.arel_table
owners = Owner.arel_table
join = dogs.outer_join(owners).on(
dogs[:owner_id].eq(owners[:id])
)
Dog.joins join.join_sources
# SELECT "dogs".* FROM "dogs"
# LEFT OUTER JOIN "owners"
# ON "dogs"."owner_id" = "owners"."id"

21. Composability
class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
scope :old, -> { where(old_arel) }
scope :named_fido, -> { where(named_fido_arel) }
def self.old_or_named_fido
where named_fido_arel.or(old_arel)
end
def self.old_arel
arel_table[:age].gt(5)
end
def self.named_fido_arel
arel_table[:name].eq('Fido')
end
end

22. Arel can do anything!

23. Aggregates
Dog.select Dog.arel_table[:age].maximum
# SELECT MAX("dogs"."age") FROM "dogs"

24. Functions
Dog.select(
Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('COALESCE', [
Dog.arel_table[:name],
Arel::Nodes.build_quoted('Ronald')
])
)
# SELECT COALESCE("dogs"."name", 'Ronald')
# FROM "dogs"

25. Infix
Dog.select(
Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('||',
Dog.arel_table[:name],
Arel::Nodes.build_quoted('diddly')
)
)
# SELECT "dogs"."name" || 'diddly'
# FROM "dogs"
Dog.select("name || 'diddly'")
# SELECT.... nevermind...

26. Am I just wasting your time?
(this Arel stuff is pretty verbose)

27. Introducing Baby Squeel

28. Extremely similar to Squeel
Under 500 LOC
No core exts
No monkey patches!
As conservative as possible

29. Predications
Dog.where.has { age > 5 }
# WHERE ("dogs"."age" > 5)
Dog.where.has { name != 'Jeff' }
# WHERE ("dogs"."name" != 'Jeff')
Dog.where.has { name =~ '%ido' }
# WHERE ("name" LIKE '%ido')

30. Grouping
Dog.where.has {
(id > 5).and(
(name == 'Ronald').or(age == 3)
)
}
# WHERE (
# "dogs"."id" > 5 AND (
# "dogs"."name" = 'Ronald' OR
# "dogs"."age" = 3
# )
# )

31. Dog.selecting { age.maximum }
# SELECT MAX("dogs"."age") FROM "dogs"
Dog.selecting { (id + 100) / 20 }
# SELECT ("dogs"."id" + 100) / 20 FROM "dogs"
Dog.selecting { coalesce(name, quoted('Ronald')) }
# SELECT coalesce("dogs"."name", 'Ronald') FROM "dogs"
Dog.selecting { name.op('||', quoted('diddly')) }
# SELECT "dogs"."name" || 'diddly' FROM "dogs"

32. Explicit Joins
Dog.joining { owner.on(owner_id == owner.id) }
# INNER JOIN "owners"
# ON "dogs"."owner_id" = "owners"."id"
Dog.joining { owner.outer.on(owner.id == owner_id) }
# LEFT OUTER JOIN "owners"
# ON "dogs"."owner_id" = "owners"."id"

33. Implicit Joins
class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :owner
end
Dog.joining { owner }
# INNER JOIN "owners"
# ON "owners"."id" = "dogs"."owner_id"
Dog.joining { owner.outer }
# LEFT OUTER JOIN "owners"
# ON "owners"."id" = "dogs"."owner_id"

34. Join like a BO$$
Dog.joining { owner.dog.outer.owner.dog }
# SELECT "dogs".* FROM "dogs"
# INNER JOIN "owners"
# ON "owners"."id" = "dogs"."owner_id"
# LEFT OUTER JOIN "dogs" "dogs_owners"
# ON "dogs_owners"."owner_id" = "owners"."id"
# INNER JOIN "owners" "owners_dogs"
# ON "owners_dogs"."id" = "dogs_owners"."owner_id"
# INNER JOIN "dogs" "dogs_owners_2"
# ON "dogs_owners_2"."owner_id" = "owners_dogs"."id"

35. Composability
class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
sifter(:old) { age > 5 }
sifter(:named_fido) { name == 'Fido' }
scope :old, -> { where.has { sift(:old) } }
scope :named_fido, -> { where.has { sift(:named_fido) } }
def self.old_or_named_fido
where.has { sift(:old) | sift(:named_fido) }
end
end

36. Thanks.
Now, please stop using strings to generate SQL.