A GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and managing spatial data referenced to locations on Earth. It has four main components: data, hardware, software, and people. GIS data comes in three types - vector, raster, and attribute. GIS allows for spatial analysis of data patterns, querying data based on user criteria, and producing maps. It is a useful tool across many industries for decision making and planning through its visualization and analysis capabilities of geospatial information.

1. Geographical
Information System
(GIS)
BASIC LEARNING
NOOR BALOCH

2. I. Introduction to GIS
 Definition: A GIS is a computer-based system for capturing, storing,
analyzing, and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially
referenced to the earth.
 Uses: GIS is used in many industries, including government, transportation,
environment, and others, for decision-making, planning, and management
purposes.

3. II. Components of GIS
 Data: The most important component of GIS is the data. It includes both
geographical and non-geographical data.
 Hardware: GIS requires specialized hardware, including computers, servers,
and storage systems.
 Software: There are many different GIS software programs available,
including ArcGIS, QGIS, and others.
 People: GIS requires skilled professionals, including GIS analysts,
cartographers, and geospatial data scientists, to create, maintain, and use
the system.

4. III. GIS Data Types
 Vector data: Vector data represents geographical features as points, lines,
and polyggon shapes.
 Raster data: Raster data represents geographical features as a grid of cells,
where each cell has a value representing a feature.
 Attribute data: Attribute data is the non-geographical information
associated with geographical features, such as population, income, and
others.

5. IV. GIS Analysis
 Spatial analysis: Spatial analysis is the process of analyzing geographical
data to uncover patterns and relationships.
 Query: Query is a method for extracting data from a GIS based on user-
defined conditions.
 Map production: Map production is the process of creating maps using GIS
data.

6. V. Conclusion
 GIS is a powerful tool for understanding and managing the world around
us.
 GIS helps us make informed decisions by providing a visual representation
of data and allowing us to analyze it.
 GIS is used in many different industries and has a wide range of
applications.