Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool for creating, managing, and analyzing data linked to geographical locations, enabling users to visualize patterns and relationships across various domains. Over the decades, GIS has evolved significantly and is utilized in agriculture, environmental monitoring, urban planning, disaster management, business, health, tourism, and more, enhancing decision-making and operational efficiency. Despite its benefits, GIS faces challenges such as high costs, data management complexities, and privacy concerns.

1. Geographic Information
System (GIS)

2. What is GIS?
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages,
analyzes, and maps all types of data. It connects data to a map,
integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive
information (what things are like there).
 This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science
and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand patterns,
relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved
communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision
making.

3. History of GIS
Within the last five decades, GIS has evolved from a concept to a science. The phenomenal evolution of GIS
from a rudimentary tool to a modern, powerful platform for understanding and planning our world is marked by
several key milestones.
1960

4. History of GIS
Within the last five decades, GIS has evolved from a concept to a science. The phenomenal evolution of GIS
from a rudimentary tool to a modern, powerful platform for understanding and planning our world is marked by
several key milestones.
1963

5. History of GIS
1965

6. History of GIS
1969

7. History of GIS
1981
GIS Today
GIS gives people the ability to create their own digital map layers to help solve real-world problems.
GIS has also evolved into a means for data sharing and collaboration, inspiring a vision that is now
rapidly becoming a reality—a continuous, overlapping, and interoperable GIS database of the world,
about virtually all subjects. Today, hundreds of thousands of organizations are sharing their work
and creating billions of maps every day to tell stories and reveal patterns, trends, and relationships
about everything.

8. How does GIS work?
GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a
common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data.

9. Maps
Maps are the geographic container for the data layers and analytics you want to work with. GIS maps
are easily shared and embedded in apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere.

10. Data
GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial location. Most data has a geographic
component. GIS data includes imagery, features, and basemaps linked to spreadsheets and tables.

11. Analysis
Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate and predict, interpret and
understand, and much more, lending new perspectives to your insight and decision-making.

12. Apps
Apps provide focused user experiences for getting work done and bringing GIS to life for everyone. GIS apps work virtually
everywhere: on your mobile phones, tablets, in web browsers, and on desktops.

13. Applications of GIS
 GIS technology emerged in the 1960s due to the growing need for managing and
analyzing geographic information. It can display data like population density, land use,
transportation networks, etc., and shows us how each of these things relates to each
other.
For example, it can help us find an ideal location to construct an airport, nuclear plant, or
army base. Authority bodies can use it to observe their surroundings, analyze how different
layers of data interact, and then understand things like city expansion plans or emergency
plans.

14. What are the Applications of GIS?
Geographic Information Systems can be helpful in various domains. Some of the most common among
them are:

15. 1. Agriculture
GIS is a useful tool in agriculture. It uses data about farms, weather, and water resources to help determine the best agricultural practices. Researchers can assist farmers in finding suitable weather conditions for specific crops and locating nearby water sources for irrigation. Governments can utilize GIS to create resource management policies and identify
appropriate agricultural lands.
Applications of GIS in Agriculture:
Drought management: GIS helps manage droughts by identifying areas or lands that are experiencing a lack of water. It helps prevent damage to plant seeds, human efforts, and expensive fertilizers.
Pest control: It is also used for pest control by predicting attacks from pests like locusts and rodents by analyzing spatial data of specific agricultural lands. It allows the government and farmers to plan how to deal with these pests.
Land and soil analysis: By studying previous data sets, satellite images, or even analyzing the field directly, field workers can gather information about the land and soil conditions.
Planning of future food demand: By considering the population’s needs, the government and farmers can plan and produce enough crops to meet the demand.
What are the Applications of GIS?

16. What are the Applications of GIS?
2. Environment
GIS can monitor how clean the air is in a specific area. It uses data from satellites that monitor air
quality to create maps that show places with high pollution. Government can use this map to create
policies to improve the air quality in those places.
Applications of GIS in Environment:
Quality of Life: It helps monitor the air and water quality to analyze real-life habitat conditions.
Planning: It simplifies the process of selecting the proper location for new infrastructure plans by
checking the project’s impact on the environment.
Resource management: Governments can locate areas with natural resources like water bodies,
forests, and agricultural lands.
Climate change: They can analyze climate data to assess the risks associated with climate change.

17. 3. Urban Planning and Transportation
GIS helps city planners and transportation experts combine different types of information like maps,
satellite pictures, population statistics, and infrastructure data. It helps them make better decisions
when designing cities and transportation systems that are sustainable and good for the environment.
Applications of GIS in Urban Planning and Transportation:
Growth Forecast: It’s useful in developing models to predict and plan for the future expansion of
cities.
Planning Land Usage: It lets infrastructure experts analyze and allocate land for various purposes
like residential, commercial, and industrial use in urban areas.
Transportation network: Countries can improve transportation systems, including roads, public
transit, and pedestrian infrastructure, to ensure smooth movement within cities.
Infrastructure management: Cities can efficiently manage urban infrastructure, such as bridges and
public facilities, to support sustainable development.
What are the Applications of GIS?

18. 4. Disaster Management
GIS can keep an eye on places that have a higher chance of natural disasters. So, it can alert the environment-related authorities in case of emergencies, and they can act accordingly. It can help them reach the affected areas in time, respond to victims, develop recovery plans, and take measures to prevent future disasters.
Applications of GIS in Disaster Management:
Risk-Prone Locations: It helps in identifying risk-prone locations such as hospitals.
Isolation Centers: It assists in establishing isolation centers near high-risk zones.
Calamity Records: Government officials can use them to maintain records of past calamities in an area.
Previous Impact: GIS helps analyze the impact of previous disasters to plan for future contingencies.
What are the Applications of GIS?

19. 5. Business and Marketing
Businesses and companies can use GIS tools to evaluate their competitors as well as analyze the markets. This way, they can create impactful marketing strategies to maintain a strong position in the market. They can also improve production processes to make operations more efficient and effective.
Applications of GIS in Business Management:
Target Markets: It lets businesses understand customer demographics and behavior patterns to find target locations for new business ventures.
Choosing Advertising Sites: It can help companies find suitable places for billboards or other advertising mediums.
Managing Product Distribution: Businesses can select the best transport routes to save money and make their distribution process more efficient.
What are the Applications of GIS?

20. 6. Health and Human Services
The government can use GIS to find areas where the population may suffer from specific health conditions. It can help health professionals take the necessary actions in time. GIS can also help coordinate with emergency services during disease outbreaks.
Applications of GIS in Health and Human Services:
Identifying High-Risk Zones: By mapping the distribution of diseases in a specific location, authorities can find areas at high health risk.
Educating about Health: GIS can assist the government in raising awareness about health-related issues, promoting healthy behaviors, and achieving other objectives.
Emergency Response: GIS helps coordinate emergency responses by mapping healthcare facilities, emergency services, evacuation routes, and more.
What are the Applications of GIS?

21. 7. Tourism
GIS helps the tourism industry find popular tourist spots and use the knowledge for effective marketing. It also promotes sustainable tourism practices to enhance visitor experiences.
Applications of GIS in Health and Human Services:
Navigation: GIS can create maps with routes, landmarks, and more to make navigation easier.
Destination Marketing: Tourism authorities can promote tourist destinations by highlighting attractions, accommodations, restaurants, and other points of interest.
Preserving Cultural Heritage: GIS helps protect important historical landmarks, archaeological sites, and significant places for nations.
What are the Applications of GIS?

22. 8. Oil and Gas
GIS uses spatial data to explore the world and find areas with oil and gas resources. It also helps test the benefits of a new project and check if these projects affect the environment in any way.
Applications of GIS in Oil and Gas:
Finding locations: Organizations can find the best places to drill for oil and gas by looking at the Earth’s features.
Pipeline Management: GIS is important for planning pipeline routes and ensuring they are leak-free and secure.
Regulatory Compliance: GIS assists companies in meeting regulations by utilizing data on who owns the land, lease agreements, environmental rules, and zoning restrictions.
What are the Applications of GIS?

23. 9. Astronomy
GIS technology helps astronomers visualize and understand information about space, allowing them to explore the universe. This way, they can discover new things and also learn about its evolution. They can also use it to study the different parts of space and various celestial phenomena.
Applications of GIS in Astronomy:
Track Celestial Objects: It helps astronomers accurately track and locate celestial objects using celestial coordinate systems.
Space Mapping: GIS helps create 3D maps and models of celestial bodies in our solar system, allowing us to visualize astronomical data.
Observation Sites: It makes it easier to select optimal sites for observatories, considering factors like light pollution and atmospheric conditions.
What are the Applications of GIS?

24. 10. Banking
Banks can use GIS to make better decisions in various areas of their operations. They can study factors like population density, income levels, and existing branches to find the best location for their new branches. They can analyze all this data to customize their products and services to meet the specific needs of their customers. It helps
them enhance their customer service.
Applications of GIS in Banking:
Risk evaluation: Banks can assess risk indicators like property values, environmental risks, etc., to create appropriate lending strategies.
Fraud detection: They can use GIS to find any unusual patterns in financial transactions that may indicate fraudulent activity.
Asset Management: GIS helps banks study real estate assets like offices and properties to make informed decisions about acquiring or leasing properties.
What are the Applications of GIS?

25. 11. Crime & Defence
Defense authorities can use GIS to create maps of borders and critical areas. These maps can help in the development of effective security policies and plans. Moreover, by uploading important spatial data into GIS, they can monitor resource allocation for better crime prevention.
Applications of GIS in Crime and Defence:
Enforcing Policy: It allows law enforcement to examine criminal incidents, understands criminal activity patterns, and find areas where incidents happen frequently.
Crime Scene Mapping: Officials can use GIS to create maps of crime scenes, helping them investigate cases, gather evidence, track suspects, and reconstruct crime scenes.
Facility Management: Defense agencies can use GIS to find suitable locations for facilities like military bases, training grounds, and equipment storage.
What are the Applications of GIS?

26. 12. Education
GIS technology is useful in education for making subjects like geography and environmental studies easier to understand. It can also help decide where to build schools to provide education to students who don’t have many opportunities. Additionally, GIS helps improve the student experience by making sure resources are allocated properly through careful planning.
Applications of GIS in Education:
Geographical data: It enhances geography education by enabling students to delve into geographical data, create maps, and comprehend spatial relationships
Studying the Ecosystem: It aids in the study of ecosystems, tracking habitat changes, and assessing the impact of human activities on the environment.
Historical mapping: It lets students explore historical maps, analyze social patterns, and gain insights into the evolution of cities and civilizations over time.
Hazards: It assists students in simulating potential risks and creating effective evacuation plans.
What are the Applications of GIS?

27. Challenges and Limitations of
Geographic Information System
(GIS)

28. Challenges and Limitations of GIS
There are various challenges and limitations of GIS, such as:
•Costs: It can be difficult for some organizations to buy and use, as GIS technology can be
very costly.
•Huge Data: GIS deals with a large amount of data, which can take a lot of time and require
powerful hardware and efficient software.
•Technical Expertise: Using the GIS system effectively requires specific knowledge and
technological expertise.
•Integration Problem: Combining data from many sources can be challenging and time-
consuming.
•Privacy and Security: A major concern is keeping private and confidential data safe from
unauthorized access.

29. Final Thoughts
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a useful
technology that helps us analyze and understand
information easily. In the future, it can change how we
visualize data by creating 3D maps using virtual reality.
It also has the potential to change how we use
technology to solve real-world problems, as we may be
able to combine it with AI, machine learning, and other
high-level technologies.

30. Thank you..