Geographic information system(GIS) || REMOTE SENSING ASSIGMENT

1. INTRODUCTION
GIS is considered a subdiscipline of geography. It is the most promising systems for use by
geologists and earth scientists is the Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Geographic
Information system is the emerging science that puts all studies together such as geography,
computer, science and so on. GIS system deals with information that can be viewed as data
with specific meaning and context rather than simple data. GIS connects data to a map which
contain all types of information. GIS is a map making tool which helps to improve
communication and efficiency for better decision making. Geographic information systems,
are computer-based tools used to store, visualize, analyze the geographic data. Geographic
data identifies the geographic location. Geographic information systems are utilized in
multiple technologies and processes. They are attached to various operations and numerous
applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, transport/logistics, telecommunications and
so on.
Geographic Information is a geographical information or data collect from different sources,
then analyse data and making maps using computer system. Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) is very good tool in handling data such as locations for transportation, locating new
landfills and it has the capability of managing a large amount of data from different sources.
GIS stores, analyzes and displays information according their specifications
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful technology used for managing,
analyzing, and visualizing spatial and geographic data. It combines hardware, software, and
data to collect, store, analyze, and display information that is geographically referenced. GIS
is widely used across various fields such as urban planning, environmental science,
transportation, and disaster management.
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2. Figure 1 GIS
 GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present
spatial or geographic data.
 It integrates both spatial data (location-based data) and attribute data (information
about locations) to generate useful insights.
 GIS allows users to map, analyze, and interpret data related to the Earth's surface,
facilitating better decision-making based on geographic patterns and relationships.
Key Components of GIS
1. Data
o Spatial Data: Refers to data that has a geographical location attached. This can be
represented in different formats:
 Points (e.g., a location of a school),
 Lines (e.g., roads, rivers),
 Polygons (e.g., city boundaries, lakes).
Figure 2 Types of GIS Symbols
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3. o Attribute Data: Refers to non-spatial information linked to spatial data. It describes
characteristics such as population density, land use, or temperature at a given location.
Figure 3 Spatial and Attribute data
2. Hardware
o The physical devices required to implement GIS include:
 Computers for running GIS software and analyzing data.
 GPS Devices to collect spatial data on-the-ground.
 Scanners and Digitizers to convert paper maps into digital formats.
3. Software
o GIS software provides the tools for mapping, spatial analysis, and data visualization.
Popular examples include:
 ArcGIS (widely used for professional GIS analysis),
 QGIS (open-source alternative),
 Google Earth (simplified tool for visualization).
o Software tools allow users to visualize maps, perform analysis, and generate reports
based on data.
4. People
o GIS professionals and analysts who collect, manage, and interpret GIS data.
o End-users who apply GIS for specific purposes, such as urban planners,
environmentalists, or emergency responders.
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4. 5. Methods
o The processes and techniques for analyzing and interpreting spatial data, such as:
 Spatial Analysis (e.g., finding the shortest path, identifying areas of risk),
 Overlay Analysis (combining different map layers to find relationships),
 Buffer Analysis (creating zones around specific features).
Functions of GIS
1. Data Collection and Management
o GIS enables the collection of geographic data through various methods like field
surveys, satellite images, and GPS.
o It allows for the management of both spatial and non-spatial data in a structured way.
2. Mapping and Visualization
o One of the primary functions of GIS is to create maps. It helps in visualizing
geographic features in various formats, such as thematic maps, topographic maps, and
3D visualizations.
o GIS maps can represent complex data in easy-to-understand formats, making it easier
for decision-makers to interpret patterns.
3. Spatial Analysis
o GIS allows users to analyze the spatial relationships between different geographic
features. Some common spatial analysis techniques include:
 Proximity Analysis (e.g., determining the distance between two points),
 Network Analysis (e.g., finding the best route),
 Overlay Analysis (e.g., combining layers to see how different factors overlap).
4. Modeling and Prediction
o GIS can be used to model real-world processes, such as predicting traffic patterns,
weather changes, or population growth.
o It can also simulate "what-if" scenarios, like the potential effects of climate change or
urban expansion.
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5. 5. Decision Making
o GIS supports decision-making by providing decision-makers with visualizations and
analytical results. For example:
 Urban Planning: GIS helps city planners decide where to build roads, schools, or
housing developments based on available land and population density.
 Disaster Response: In the case of natural disasters (like floods or wildfires), GIS
can help responders analyze the affected areas and plan relief efforts.
 Resource Management: It helps in managing natural resources (e.g., water,
forests) by providing spatial analysis of their distribution and sustainability.
Applications of GIS
1. Environmental Management
o GIS aids in monitoring and managing environmental resources, such as tracking
deforestation, monitoring air quality, or managing conservation efforts.
2. Transportation and Logistics
o GIS is used in transportation planning to optimize routes, analyze traffic patterns, and
improve public transit systems.
3. Agriculture
o In precision agriculture, GIS helps farmers monitor crop health, soil conditions, and
weather patterns to improve yields and reduce costs.
4. Public Health
o GIS can map the spread of diseases, identify health trends, and allocate medical
resources based on geographic data.
5. GEOLOGIC MAPPING
Mapping is the main function of the Geographic Information System, which map out
features of the earth’s surface and offer guidance for natural resource management. A map
is used as a way of communication with people. Geologic mapping provides a framework
for concurrent structural, and surface information and also explores new areas. Example
of Mapping using a GIS system.
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6. 6. LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
GIS based on land information system helps with the provision of complete information
about land. It helps in tacking land assessment, payment for private land, identification
and land related issues.
7. URBAN PLANNING
GIS technology is also used for urban growth, town planning and direction of expansion.
It is also suitable for the further development of urban areas. With the help of GIS
information, it is easier for engineers and architects for development.
8. GEO- HAZARDS
Geological hazards are natural geologic process. Geo- Hazards includes Earthquakes,
landslides, tsunamis and so on. This geohazards are harmful as it causes damage to the
life, environment or property. The GIS system is important for geologists as it helps to
understand the pattern of geo-hazards. This GIS system is used heavily in areas where
geo-hazards occur.
Benefits of GIS
1. Improved Decision-Making: GIS provides valuable insights through maps and spatial
analysis, aiding better-informed decisions in various sectors.
2. Increased Efficiency: By automating data processing and analysis, GIS saves time and
reduces errors compared to manual methods.
3. Cost Savings: Through better resource management, GIS can reduce costs in fields like
transportation, agriculture, and energy.
4. Better Communication: GIS facilitates the clear communication of complex geographic
information, especially through visual tools like maps and charts.
5. Problem Solving: GIS helps solve spatial problems, such as optimizing delivery routes,
managing environmental conservation, or analyzing population trends.
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7. Challenges in GIS
1. Data Quality and Accuracy: GIS relies on accurate data, and errors or outdated data can
lead to incorrect conclusions.
2. High Costs: Implementing and maintaining GIS systems can be costly, especially for
large-scale projects.
3. Complexity: GIS software can be complex and may require specialized knowledge to use
effectively.
4. Data Integration: Combining different data types from multiple sources can be
challenging, especially when data formats or scales are incompatible.
Conclusion
GIS is an essential tool for understanding and managing geographic information. It integrates
data from various sources to help individuals and organizations make informed decisions,
manage resources, and plan effectively. Whether it's creating maps, analyzing spatial data, or
solving complex problems, GIS is a versatile and powerful tool with a broad range of
applications across industries.
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