Genre hybrids
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Genre hybrids combine two or more genres in a single text, such as the horror-comedy film 'Shaun of the Dead'. Hybrid films appeal to a larger audience by mixing genres like action and horror. Genre hybridization is a popular modern film design technique because it attracts wider audiences and has the potential for higher profits, and may represent the future of both film marketing and social interactions.
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ACC 290 Final Exam 2015 version
ACC 290 Final Exam
1. Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations?
A. Income statement
B. Statement of operations
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Retained earnings statement
2. In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared?
A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement
B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet
C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement
D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows
3. In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets?
A. Normal balances and increases are debits
B. Normal balances and decreases are credits
C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets
D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits
4. An increase in an expense
ACC 290 Final Exam 2015 version
ACC 290 Final Exam
1. Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations?
A. Income statement
B. Statement of operations
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Retained earnings statement
2. In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared?
A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement
B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet
C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement
D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows
3. In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets?
A. Normal balances and increases are debits
B. Normal balances and decreases are credits
C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets
D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits
4. An increase in an expense
Auteurism
Auteurism refers to identifying the author or director of a film who imprints their unique vision and style. It was first proposed by French film critic Andre Bazin to elevate the status of film directors, similar to novelists and playwrights. Bazin argued one can identify an auteur through their consistent stylistic choices and examination of themes across multiple films. Later critics like John Caughie asserted the auteur is the director who transforms the material through their submerged personality. For a director to be considered the auteur, their films must demonstrate technical competence, recurring characteristics of style as their signature, and reveal aspects of their interior vision of the world.
Zeitgeist
Zeitgeist refers to the defining spirit or mood of a particular historical period as shown through the dominant ideas and beliefs of the time. It describes the characteristics shared by people across multiple generations who experience a mainstream worldview. Genres in films and other media evolve over time to match the audience's tastes and reflect the zeitgeist of their period in order to be popular and profitable.
Rick altman
Rick Altman proposed a semantic/syntactic approach to genre theory that considers both the conventions (semantic) and narrative structures (syntactic) of genres. This allows for a more sophisticated understanding of genres. He later expanded this to a semantic/syntactic/pragmatic approach by also considering the roles of audiences and institutions. The pragmatic approach views genres as modes of production for film studios and as evolving based on changing audience preferences over time.
Codes and conventions
Codes are signs or symbols that create meaning in media. There are two types of codes - technical codes, which involve how equipment is used to tell the story through camera work, sound, and lighting, and symbolic codes, which provide deeper meaning through elements like character dress, language, and colors. Conventions are generally accepted formats within a genre, such as the conventions commonly found in horror films like blood, weapons, dark colors, and scary settings.
Repertoire of elements
Genre theorists now refer to a "repertoire of elements" that can be used to construct generic descriptions. This repertoire includes iconography, style, setting, narrative, characters, themes, audience response, and target audience. Iconography refers to the visual and auditory conventions associated with a genre. Style describes how elements are presented through techniques like camera work and editing. Setting and narrative are also important elements, with genres typically having recognizable locations and story structures. Characters generally fall into familiar roles that drive the narrative. Themes explore common concepts through binary oppositions. Audience response and target audience complete the repertoire, with genres aiming to elicit specific emotional impacts from intended demographics.
Luana Perdita character profile
Luana Perdita is an 18-year-old British college student and social media influencer. She has a large online following across platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, gaining likes, shares, and comments constantly. However, she becomes obsessed with monitoring her social media presence. As her obsession grows over the course of the film, she withdraws from friends and focuses only on expanding her online following, fearing it may stop growing. Her name reflects her descent, with her first name meaning "happy" and last name translating to "lost."
Recommended
ACC 290 Final Exam 2015 version
ACC 290 Final Exam
1. Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations?
A. Income statement
B. Statement of operations
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Retained earnings statement
2. In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared?
A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement
B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet
C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement
D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows
3. In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets?
A. Normal balances and increases are debits
B. Normal balances and decreases are credits
C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets
D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits
4. An increase in an expense
ACC 290 Final Exam 2015 version
ACC 290 Final Exam
1. Which financial statement is used to determine cash generated from operations?
A. Income statement
B. Statement of operations
C. Statement of cash flows
D. Retained earnings statement
2. In terms of sequence, in what order must the four basic financial statements be prepared?
A. Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and capital statement
B. Income statement, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and balance sheet
C. Balance sheet, capital statement, statement of cash flows, and income statement
D. Income statement, capital statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows
3. In classifying transactions, which of the following is true in regard to assets?
A. Normal balances and increases are debits
B. Normal balances and decreases are credits
C. Normal balances can either be debits or credits for assets
D. Normal balances are debits and increases can be debits or credits
4. An increase in an expense
Auteurism
Auteurism refers to identifying the author or director of a film who imprints their unique vision and style. It was first proposed by French film critic Andre Bazin to elevate the status of film directors, similar to novelists and playwrights. Bazin argued one can identify an auteur through their consistent stylistic choices and examination of themes across multiple films. Later critics like John Caughie asserted the auteur is the director who transforms the material through their submerged personality. For a director to be considered the auteur, their films must demonstrate technical competence, recurring characteristics of style as their signature, and reveal aspects of their interior vision of the world.
Zeitgeist
Zeitgeist refers to the defining spirit or mood of a particular historical period as shown through the dominant ideas and beliefs of the time. It describes the characteristics shared by people across multiple generations who experience a mainstream worldview. Genres in films and other media evolve over time to match the audience's tastes and reflect the zeitgeist of their period in order to be popular and profitable.
Rick altman
Rick Altman proposed a semantic/syntactic approach to genre theory that considers both the conventions (semantic) and narrative structures (syntactic) of genres. This allows for a more sophisticated understanding of genres. He later expanded this to a semantic/syntactic/pragmatic approach by also considering the roles of audiences and institutions. The pragmatic approach views genres as modes of production for film studios and as evolving based on changing audience preferences over time.
Codes and conventions
Codes are signs or symbols that create meaning in media. There are two types of codes - technical codes, which involve how equipment is used to tell the story through camera work, sound, and lighting, and symbolic codes, which provide deeper meaning through elements like character dress, language, and colors. Conventions are generally accepted formats within a genre, such as the conventions commonly found in horror films like blood, weapons, dark colors, and scary settings.
Repertoire of elements
Genre theorists now refer to a "repertoire of elements" that can be used to construct generic descriptions. This repertoire includes iconography, style, setting, narrative, characters, themes, audience response, and target audience. Iconography refers to the visual and auditory conventions associated with a genre. Style describes how elements are presented through techniques like camera work and editing. Setting and narrative are also important elements, with genres typically having recognizable locations and story structures. Characters generally fall into familiar roles that drive the narrative. Themes explore common concepts through binary oppositions. Audience response and target audience complete the repertoire, with genres aiming to elicit specific emotional impacts from intended demographics.
Luana Perdita character profile
Luana Perdita is an 18-year-old British college student and social media influencer. She has a large online following across platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, gaining likes, shares, and comments constantly. However, she becomes obsessed with monitoring her social media presence. As her obsession grows over the course of the film, she withdraws from friends and focuses only on expanding her online following, fearing it may stop growing. Her name reflects her descent, with her first name meaning "happy" and last name translating to "lost."
Genre and genre hybrids
Genre refers to the categorization of artistic works based on similarities in form, style and content. Originally defined by Aristotle to classify different types of plays, genres can also be combined into hybrids. A genre hybrid mixes two or more genres together in a single work, such as the zombie comedy "Shaun of the Dead." Creating genre hybrids allows films to appeal to broader audiences and attract more viewers, ensuring higher profits. As such, genre hybridization is considered a popular and potentially future-oriented approach for the film industry.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding film institutions, distribution, and audiences for an AS Media Studies exam. It discusses how film institutions produce and distribute films globally and how audiences interact with media in the digital age. Technologies like streaming and user-generated content have blurred lines between producers and audiences. The document also examines the dominance of major Hollywood distributors in the UK market and how digital technologies are transforming the film industry.
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Mass audience films have higher budgets to appeal to all viewers, while niche films target specific groups with lower budgets. However, some films like Star Wars can be both by having a huge budget but appealing strongly to niche fans. Audience theories include the hypodermic needle theory that media directly injects passive audiences with uniform messages. The two-step flow theory proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders and then the wider population. Cultivation theory suggests cumulative long-term exposure to media can shape viewers' perceptions through desensitization rather than any single text having too much effect.
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Genre theory categorizes texts into types or categories based on common elements. Traditionally, genres were seen as fixed forms, but contemporary theory emphasizes that genres are dynamic and reflect changes in society. Genres are recognizable through repeated conventions like iconography, narrative structure, character stereotypes, and themes. However, genres are also progressive and blurring, making pure genres a thing of the past as they hybridize and borrow from one another. The main strength of genre theory is that it provides a framework for producers, audiences, and scholars to understand and engage with media texts, but it also risks stifling creativity if genres become too rigid.
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Genre refers to the categories used to classify different types of media based on their characteristics and conventions. There are typically rigid genres that stick closely to audience expectations, like horror and comedy, and more flexible genres that push boundaries, like romantic comedies. Genres help audiences understand what to expect from a media work and producers know how to craft their media to meet or challenge those expectations. Dystopian genres specifically depict bleak, frightening futures and are often used to make commentary on current social issues.
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Genre research
Genre refers to categories of communication like literature or film that share conventions. Film genres include drama, documentary, and others like war, horror, romance, and crime films which have subgenres. Genre is important for audiences and producers. It creates familiarity for audiences to know what to expect, and helps producers and studios create appealing films by including typical genre conventions [END SUMMARY]
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The document discusses film distribution and the relationship between producers and audiences. It notes that five major distributors dominate the UK film industry and control distribution of both their own films and others. This arrangement means that blockbuster films receive blanket releases and wide promotion, competing for attention with smaller, independent films. The relationship between producers and audiences is complex, with arguments that audiences ultimately determine success through their choices, but producers also heavily market films to influence consumer behavior.
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This document discusses several theoretical approaches to genres, audiences, and representation in media. Genre theory examines how media are categorized into genres based on their content and how genres help build fan bases. Audience theories view audiences as either passive recipients or active interpreters of media. Representation theory holds that media present just one version of reality and influence how groups are perceived through stereotyping.
Genre theory
Genre theory divides texts into categories based on common elements to help study them. Genre helps audiences and institutions decide what to watch or create by supplying demand. Traditionally genres were fixed, but theorists now see them as dynamic and always changing to reflect society. Genre conventions from the past are less common as audiences want more variety. Still, genre remains useful as everyone understands it, allowing producers, audiences, and scholars to analyze media in the same way. Its accessibility also lets genre apply broadly across text types, though genres can restrict creativity and risk-taking if formulas become tired.
Genre theory
Genre theory divides texts into categories based on common elements to help study them and audience responses. Theorists argue that genres are dynamic and change over time to reflect societal changes. Film theorist Rick Altman asserts that pure genres no longer exist and that audiences want more variety, leading genres to hybridize and blend conventions. Genres are recognizable through repeated generic codes and conventions. Strengths of genre theory are its accessibility and usefulness to producers, audiences, and scholars, but it risks limiting experimentation and failing to appreciate artistic elements outside genres.
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The document summarizes several theorists' perspectives on representation, identity, and media. Richard Dyer discussed how stereotypes reduce groups to few characteristics and exaggerate them. David Buckingham noted that media don't present reality but represent it, and help form collective identity. David Gauntlet said identity is now consciously constructed using media tools. Stanley Cohen described how moral panics spread via exaggerated media representations. Stuart Hall discussed dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings. Roland Barthes theorized about mythologies that perpetuate ruling ideologies. Antonio Gramsci discussed cultural hegemony where ruling ideals become norms.
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Genre and genre hybrids
Genre refers to the categorization of artistic works based on similarities in form, style and content. Originally defined by Aristotle to classify different types of plays, genres can also be combined into hybrids. A genre hybrid mixes two or more genres together in a single work, such as the zombie comedy "Shaun of the Dead." Creating genre hybrids allows films to appeal to broader audiences and attract more viewers, ensuring higher profits. As such, genre hybridization is considered a popular and potentially future-oriented approach for the film industry.
Genre theory a2
Genre theory proposes that genres are created through repetition and recognition by audiences of certain conventions, leading audiences to develop expectations of what a genre contains. To keep audiences interested, producers will maintain some conventional elements of a genre but also add new or different elements to prevent boredom, through a concept known as hybridity, where a media product combines genres. Genres provide guidelines for producers and help market media products by appealing to proven popular genres and audience expectations.
Dissertation
This document is a literature review from a dissertation submitted by Vihan Chelliah in partial fulfillment of a B.A (Hons.) Communications degree. The literature review examines academic works discussing Hollywood's business practices that have led some to view it as risk-averse. It explores how the film industry relies on ancillary markets, company diversification through expansion and mergers/acquisitions, and blockbuster films/franchises to minimize risk given the unpredictable nature of the cultural products it produces. Scholars are cited discussing how these strategies have both positive and negative impacts on the types of films produced and Hollywood's focus on profit.
Issues in Film Studies 2: Week 7
The document discusses the concept of transnational cinema and challenges the idea of defining cinema based solely on national boundaries. It examines issues with identifying a national cinema, such as the global influence of Hollywood, and analyzes how Chinese cinema has responded to Hollywood's dominance through films like Hero that use spectacle and adopt Hollywood conventions while also promoting Chinese ideology. The document argues globalization is a complex process that allows for diverse influences between national cinemas.
CROSS MEDIA CAMPAIGN
Cross media marketing involves advertising a product through various media platforms to reach a target demographic. Short films often use viral marketing through creating personalized websites, posters, and social media to create buzz. The Fly is an example of an effective cross media campaign for a short film, with a consistent logo, font, and imagery used across its website and posters. Successful long-form films like The Dark Knight, Harry Potter, and Star Wars also employed cross media strategies through merchandise, collaborations, and branding to build loyal global fanbases.
Theoretical research
The document discusses several theories related to analyzing films and media texts, including auteur theory, genre theory, audience theory, and narrative theory. It provides examples of each theory and discusses how our group can apply these theories when creating our own media piece. Specifically, we will consider the auteur theory during production, genre theory in selecting the psychological thriller genre, audience theory by targeting "Reformer" and "Explorer" personality types, and narrative theory using Todorov's five-stage model.
AS G322 revision booklet pt1 (Film Industry)
This document provides an overview of key concepts for the AS G322 exam on media studies, focusing on section B. It discusses media institutions and how they produce and distribute media to audiences. It also examines how digital technologies and convergence have transformed audiences from passive receivers to active participants (prosumers). Students are advised to choose a contemporary film institution for their case study and analyze its relationships with production, distribution, and audience consumption. Competing views are presented on whether institutions or audiences wield more influence over what media gets made and distributed.
AS G322 revision booklet pt1 (Film Industry)
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding film institutions, distribution, and audiences for an AS Media Studies exam. It discusses how film institutions produce and distribute films globally and how audiences interact with media in the digital age. Technologies like streaming and user-generated content have blurred lines between producers and audiences. The document also examines the dominance of major Hollywood distributors in the UK market and how digital technologies are transforming the film industry.
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Mass audience films have higher budgets to appeal to all viewers, while niche films target specific groups with lower budgets. However, some films like Star Wars can be both by having a huge budget but appealing strongly to niche fans. Audience theories include the hypodermic needle theory that media directly injects passive audiences with uniform messages. The two-step flow theory proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders and then the wider population. Cultivation theory suggests cumulative long-term exposure to media can shape viewers' perceptions through desensitization rather than any single text having too much effect.
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Genre research
Genre refers to categories of communication like literature or film that share conventions. Film genres include drama, documentary, and others like war, horror, romance, and crime films which have subgenres. Genre is important for audiences and producers. It creates familiarity for audiences to know what to expect, and helps producers and studios create appealing films by including typical genre conventions [END SUMMARY]
Consumers, Culture, Media, and Brands - Guest lecture pt. II
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Theoretical research
This document discusses several theoretical approaches to genres, audiences, and representation in media. Genre theory examines how media are categorized into genres based on their content and how genres help build fan bases. Audience theories view audiences as either passive recipients or active interpreters of media. Representation theory holds that media present just one version of reality and influence how groups are perceived through stereotyping.
Genre theory
Genre theory divides texts into categories based on common elements to help study them. Genre helps audiences and institutions decide what to watch or create by supplying demand. Traditionally genres were fixed, but theorists now see them as dynamic and always changing to reflect society. Genre conventions from the past are less common as audiences want more variety. Still, genre remains useful as everyone understands it, allowing producers, audiences, and scholars to analyze media in the same way. Its accessibility also lets genre apply broadly across text types, though genres can restrict creativity and risk-taking if formulas become tired.
Genre theory
Genre theory divides texts into categories based on common elements to help study them and audience responses. Theorists argue that genres are dynamic and change over time to reflect societal changes. Film theorist Rick Altman asserts that pure genres no longer exist and that audiences want more variety, leading genres to hybridize and blend conventions. Genres are recognizable through repeated generic codes and conventions. Strengths of genre theory are its accessibility and usefulness to producers, audiences, and scholars, but it risks limiting experimentation and failing to appreciate artistic elements outside genres.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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Text Books:
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- 2. WHAT IS A GENRE HYBRID? Genre hybrids are those media texts which combine two or more genres into one. This is often done in modern day films and can be seen in texts such as 'Shaun of the Dead' which combines both horror and comedy, two genres that would not classically be mixed together.
- 3. THE BENEFITS OF HYBRIDS Having hybrids in films allows for a larger target audience as it means that the film will appeal to more people. For example, by combining action and horror you offer audience members both scenes filled with action and others filled with jump scares.
- 4. THE FUTURE OF FILM DESIGN? This is a popular method of film design in modern day Hollywood as it attracts more audience members, leading to a higher potential intake of money and larger profit margins. Hybrid theory is also said to be the future of marketing as well as socialising due to being able to communicate to the audiences in various ways as well as actions made in movies.