Antibiotic, chemical substance produced by a living organism, generally a microorganism, that is detrimental to other microorganisms. Antibiotics commonly are produced by soil microorganisms and probably represent a means by which organisms in a complex environment, such as soil, control the growth of competing microorganisms. Microorganisms that produce antibiotics useful in preventing or treating disease include the bacteria and the fungi. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming noticed that colonies of bacteria growing on a culture plate had been unfavourably affected by a mold, Penicillium notatum, which had contaminated the culture. A decade later British biochemist Ernst Chain, Australian pathologist Howard Florey, and others isolated the ingredient responsible, penicillin, and showed that it was highly effective against many serious bacterial infections. Toward the end of the 1950s scientists experimented with the addition of various chemical groups to the core of the penicillin molecule to generate semisynthetic versions. A range of penicillins thus became available to treat diseases caused by different types of bacteria, including staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, and the spirochaetes of syphilis. Conspicuously unaffected by penicillin was the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). This organism, however, turned out to be highly sensitive to streptomycin, an antibiotic that was isolated from Streptomyces griseus in 1943. As well as being dramatically effective against tuberculosis, streptomycin demonstrated activity against many other kinds of bacteria, including the typhoid fever bacillus. Two other early discoveries were gramicidin and tyrocidin, which are produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Discovered in 1939 by French-born American microbiologist René Dubos, they were valuable in treating superficial infections but were too toxic for internal use. Conspicuously unaffected by penicillin was the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). This organism, however, turned out to be highly sensitive to streptomycin, an antibiotic that was isolated from Streptomyces griseus in 1943. As well as being dramatically effective against tuberculosis, streptomycin demonstrated activity against many other kinds of bacteria, including the typhoid fever bacillus. Two other early discoveries were gramicidin and tyrocidin, which are produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Discovered in 1939 by French-born American microbiologist René Dubos, they were valuable in treating superficial infections but were too toxic for internal use. In the 1950s researchers discovered the cephalosporins, which are related to penicillins but are produced by the mold Cephalosporium acremonium. The following decade scientists discovered a class of antibiotics known as quinolones. Quinolones interrupt the replication of DNA—a crucial step in bacterial reproduction—and have proven useful in treating urinary tract infection

1. A PROPOSITIONAL SEMINAR
ON
GENERATION OF ANTIBIOTICS FROM COW DUNG
BY
AYODELE FOLASHADE ESTHER
S04/SLT/19/3309
DEMEHIN OLUWASEUN DEBORAH
S04/SLT/19/3312
JAYEOLA OLUWASUNKANMI
S04/SLT/19/3398
OGUNBODEDE IYANU AYOMIDE
S04/SLT/19/3517
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
(CHEMISTRY OPTION) FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE, RUFUS GIWA POLYTECHNIC
OWO, ONDO STATE
Mr. KAREEMU Mrs. KOMOLAFE O.Y.
Supervisor Seminar Coordinator
Mr. E.B. ADEDAPO
H.O.D

2. INTRODUCTION
Cow Dung
Cow dung can be defined as the undigested residue of consumed food material
being excreted by herbivorous bovine animal species.
Cow dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer but at the same time cow’s
urine, cow’s horn and a dead body of a cow can be used for preparing effective
bio-fertilizer.
Antibiotics
The term antibiotic was coined from the word „antibiosis‟ which literally means
against life”.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered in September 1928 by an English
Bacteriologist, late Sir Alexander Fleming who accidentally obtained the antibiotic
from a soil inhabiting fungus Penicillium notatum but its discovery was first
reported in 1929 (Aminov, 2010), and clinical trials first conducted on humans in
1940 (Russell, 2004; Schlegel, 2003).

3. BENEFITS OF COW DUNG
1. Cow dungs are used as organic fertilizers which which increases the mineral
status of soil, enhances the resistances of plant against pests and diseases.
2. Cow dungs are used to generate antibiotics

4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
AIMS
The aim of this study is to generate antibiotics from Cow dung.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to generate antibiotics from
fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines detected in cow
waste.

5. MATERIALS AND METHOD
COLLECTION OF COW DUNG
Cow dung will be collected from the cattle rearers in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic,
Owo. The dung will be dried and taken to Chemistry laboratory, Department of
Science Laboratory and Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo for
identification and authentication.
MIXING THE DUNG
The dung will be mixed with organic materials, such as sawdust or dried
leaves, that help with balancing nutrient conditions and enhancing aeration.
DRYING THE DUNG
The dung will be dried to stabilize the waste and reduce odor and pathogens.

6. SITE OF STUDY
The site of study for this project will be Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo
farmland and Chemistry laboratory in the department of Science Laboratory
and Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo.

7. EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
1. This project will give more insight on how to generate antibiotics from
cow dung.
2. It will also explain the dangers and benefits of cow dung to human and
animal health.
3. This project will explain the important role antibiotic plays for the
improvement of feed efficiency, promotion of animal growth,
prevention and control of diseases.

8. REFERENCES
Kresge N, Simon RD, Hill RL. Selman Waksman: the father of antibiotics. J Biol Chem.
2004;279(48):101_2.
Waksman SA, Lechevalier HA. Neomycin, a new antibiotic active against streptomycin
resistant bacteria, including tuberculosis organisms. Science. 1949:1099(2830):305-7.
Schatz A, Bugle E, Waksman SA. Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity
against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Exp Biol Med. 1944;55(1):66-9.
Summons TG. Animal feed activities, 1940-1966. Agricultural History 1968,305-313.
Markets and Markets. Animal antimicrobials and antibiotics market by products
(tetracyclines, penicillins, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides), animals (dog, poultry , swine),
mode of delivery (premixes, oral powders and solutions, injections)- global forecasts to 2018.
May, 2014.

9. THANK YOU