Gender Norms and Factor Analysis of Attitudes in Bangladesh and India (presented June 2014 at GIGA in Hamburg - Institute of Asian Studies research).
Gender Norms and Factor Analysis: A Sociological Reinterpretation
By Wendy Olsen with Nik Loynes
Abstract
Indian women are strongly at risk of domestic violence (one-third having experienced violence, and 9% having had sexual violence) and in Bangladesh violence against women is also common. Among the precursors to violence are the tensions both women and men feel about the contradictory expectations societies lay upon women: to be bearers of honour and modernity; and yet also to be traditional housewives. In this paper we analyse the attitudes for all-India and for Bangladesh, bringing into direct comparison attitudes about the justifiability of wife-beating (a private matter? Indians being more accepting of it, overall), and attitudes toward household decision making (Bangladesh residents being more pro-women or egalitarian in their views). We find these attitudes diverse, showing that not all individuals agree with the social norms, and in turn more egalitarian attitudes are associated with women engaging in modern, salaried, or causal labouring on a commercial (paid) basis. Other women, working in the home or farm, tend to have more traditional attitudes. In conclusion the social norms affect economic activity rates.
Background
The research presented here is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council of the UK and the Department for International Development (DFID) UK. The project is titled Gender Norms and Labour Supply in Rural India and Bangladesh, 2014-2016. We plan primary data collection in 3 Indian rural areas and in rural Bangladesh in 2015. Meanwhile we are analysing secondary data on women’s labour supply and the attitudes people have about women and work.
I acknowledge the help of Nik Loynes in data analysis- thanks Nik.
Measurement of attributes of organizational citizenship behavior in academiciansIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that measured attributes of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in academics. The study surveyed 85 academics to examine the relationship between OCB attributes like altruism, conscientiousness, and civic virtue, as well as the influence of demographic variables. Statistical tests found positive relationships between OCB and its attributes. OCB levels differed by age but not gender. The study contributes to understanding how OCB attributes relate to each other and how demographics influence OCB in academics.
Poster presentation. Attraction to other people through the colour redDavid Seckington
This study explored how the color red and other colors affect attraction between genders. 66 participants viewed images of models wearing colored tops against colored backgrounds. Results found that red appeared to influence attraction, but not definitively for any single aspect like clothing or background color. Red was not rated as the most attractive color overall, as blue tops and backgrounds also scored highly. Attraction to color seems context-dependent and influenced by individual preferences.
Measurement of Person-Environment Fit in Community SettingsChristopher Beasley
This document discusses different conceptualizations of person-environment (P-E) fit and presents a new measure of P-E fit called the Generalized Expectancy of Fit Scale (GEFS). It describes five components of P-E fit assessed by the GEFS: value congruence, interpersonal similarity, unique contributions, needs-supplies fit, and demands-abilities fit. The GEFS was administered to attendees of an addiction recovery housing conference and results indicated it had good psychometric properties. Higher needs-supplies fit and interpersonal similarity predicted greater resident satisfaction and intention to remain in recovery housing.
The document discusses a dissertation study examining how mutual help mechanisms in Oxford Houses and 12-step groups relate to individual and organizational outcomes. It outlines the study's process, including generating hypotheses, collecting data through surveys of Oxford House residents, and analyzing the results statistically. Currently, the study is still collecting questionnaires and expects to finish analyzing the data and writing results by next summer, completing a 2.5 year process.
A Comparative Study of Adjustment of Boys’and Girls’ Rural College StudentsYogeshIJTSRD
The present study is an attempt to compare study Adjustment of Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students. To Study the comparative adjustment of Boys’ Girls rural college students. To compare Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students on various dimensions of adjustment. Boys’ and Girls’ rural college students differ significantly on various dimensions of adjustment. The present study was conducted 05 rural college students of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. For the selection of the sample normal random procedure was adopted. Both Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students have similar home problems. Girls ’rural college students have more social problems than Boys’. Girls’ rural college students have more emotional problems than Boys’. Both Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students have similar academic problems. Girls’ rural college students have more health problem than Boys’. Dr. Inderjeet Singh Bhatia "A Comparative Study of Adjustment of Boys’& Girls’ Rural College Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39810.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39810/a-comparative-study-of-adjustment-of-boys’and-girls’-rural-college-students/dr-inderjeet-singh-bhatia
The Role of Mediation of the Organizational Cynicism the Relationship between...IOSRJBM
This document discusses a study that examines the mediating role of organizational cynicism on the relationship between leader-member exchange and job performance among elementary school teachers in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Questionnaires were administered to 508 teachers and 410 were analyzed. The results of regression analyses found relationships between leader-member exchange and job performance, and between leader-member exchange and organizational cynicism. Additionally, organizational cynicism was found to partially mediate the relationship between leader-member exchange and job performance. In conclusion, the hypotheses that leader-member exchange relates to both job performance and organizational cynicism, and that organizational cynicism partially mediates their relationship, were supported.
Transphobia in Today's Society: Implicit Attitudes and Personal BeliefsStephanie Azzarello
Research presented March 4, 2016 at the Eastern Psychological Association conference In New York City. Research indicates that implicit attitudes of transphobia currently match explicit attitudes, possibly due to low social desirability. Predictors for transphobia are adherence to traditional gender roles, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and the belief that gender identity is a choice
1. The study examined whether stigma exists towards people with disabilities and how attitudes are impacted by use of accommodations. Participants read a vignette about a college student with disabilities who either used accommodations or did not, and completed a survey measuring attitudes.
2. The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on vignette type, gender of participants, or their interaction. Interestingly, male attitudes declined more from the accommodation to non-accommodation vignette than females.
3. The study had limitations like a small sample size and could be improved in the future with a larger, more diverse sample and different measurement tools to better understand stigma surrounding disability.
Measurement of attributes of organizational citizenship behavior in academiciansIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that measured attributes of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in academics. The study surveyed 85 academics to examine the relationship between OCB attributes like altruism, conscientiousness, and civic virtue, as well as the influence of demographic variables. Statistical tests found positive relationships between OCB and its attributes. OCB levels differed by age but not gender. The study contributes to understanding how OCB attributes relate to each other and how demographics influence OCB in academics.
Poster presentation. Attraction to other people through the colour redDavid Seckington
This study explored how the color red and other colors affect attraction between genders. 66 participants viewed images of models wearing colored tops against colored backgrounds. Results found that red appeared to influence attraction, but not definitively for any single aspect like clothing or background color. Red was not rated as the most attractive color overall, as blue tops and backgrounds also scored highly. Attraction to color seems context-dependent and influenced by individual preferences.
Measurement of Person-Environment Fit in Community SettingsChristopher Beasley
This document discusses different conceptualizations of person-environment (P-E) fit and presents a new measure of P-E fit called the Generalized Expectancy of Fit Scale (GEFS). It describes five components of P-E fit assessed by the GEFS: value congruence, interpersonal similarity, unique contributions, needs-supplies fit, and demands-abilities fit. The GEFS was administered to attendees of an addiction recovery housing conference and results indicated it had good psychometric properties. Higher needs-supplies fit and interpersonal similarity predicted greater resident satisfaction and intention to remain in recovery housing.
The document discusses a dissertation study examining how mutual help mechanisms in Oxford Houses and 12-step groups relate to individual and organizational outcomes. It outlines the study's process, including generating hypotheses, collecting data through surveys of Oxford House residents, and analyzing the results statistically. Currently, the study is still collecting questionnaires and expects to finish analyzing the data and writing results by next summer, completing a 2.5 year process.
A Comparative Study of Adjustment of Boys’and Girls’ Rural College StudentsYogeshIJTSRD
The present study is an attempt to compare study Adjustment of Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students. To Study the comparative adjustment of Boys’ Girls rural college students. To compare Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students on various dimensions of adjustment. Boys’ and Girls’ rural college students differ significantly on various dimensions of adjustment. The present study was conducted 05 rural college students of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. For the selection of the sample normal random procedure was adopted. Both Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students have similar home problems. Girls ’rural college students have more social problems than Boys’. Girls’ rural college students have more emotional problems than Boys’. Both Boys ’and Girls’ rural college students have similar academic problems. Girls’ rural college students have more health problem than Boys’. Dr. Inderjeet Singh Bhatia "A Comparative Study of Adjustment of Boys’& Girls’ Rural College Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39810.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39810/a-comparative-study-of-adjustment-of-boys’and-girls’-rural-college-students/dr-inderjeet-singh-bhatia
The Role of Mediation of the Organizational Cynicism the Relationship between...IOSRJBM
This document discusses a study that examines the mediating role of organizational cynicism on the relationship between leader-member exchange and job performance among elementary school teachers in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Questionnaires were administered to 508 teachers and 410 were analyzed. The results of regression analyses found relationships between leader-member exchange and job performance, and between leader-member exchange and organizational cynicism. Additionally, organizational cynicism was found to partially mediate the relationship between leader-member exchange and job performance. In conclusion, the hypotheses that leader-member exchange relates to both job performance and organizational cynicism, and that organizational cynicism partially mediates their relationship, were supported.
Transphobia in Today's Society: Implicit Attitudes and Personal BeliefsStephanie Azzarello
Research presented March 4, 2016 at the Eastern Psychological Association conference In New York City. Research indicates that implicit attitudes of transphobia currently match explicit attitudes, possibly due to low social desirability. Predictors for transphobia are adherence to traditional gender roles, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and the belief that gender identity is a choice
1. The study examined whether stigma exists towards people with disabilities and how attitudes are impacted by use of accommodations. Participants read a vignette about a college student with disabilities who either used accommodations or did not, and completed a survey measuring attitudes.
2. The study found no significant differences in attitudes based on vignette type, gender of participants, or their interaction. Interestingly, male attitudes declined more from the accommodation to non-accommodation vignette than females.
3. The study had limitations like a small sample size and could be improved in the future with a larger, more diverse sample and different measurement tools to better understand stigma surrounding disability.
Using Quantitative Data in Sociology Classrooms by Embedding and FlippingWendy Olsen
This document discusses curriculum innovations to embed quantitative methods and data in social science courses. It describes embedding quantitative modules in existing sociology and politics courses through activities and assignments. It also discusses "flipping" large lectures by recording lectures and holding active learning sessions ("lectorials"). Student feedback indicates they prefer this approach and exam scores have increased. The document provides examples of quantitative activities used in courses, such as crosstabulations and charts. It emphasizes developing students' quantitative skills incrementally and managing expectations. The goal is to produce social science graduates confident in using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods.
How to resolve a contradiction? It's not that hard. You can find an encompassing approach that embodies both sides of the coin. This is a kind of Rogerian Thinking - Carl Rogers being a famous writer who recommended giving everybody full trust and benefit of the doubt. These slides are short and sweet, showing the steps in how to resolve problems when the evidence contradicts itself. Especially how the real power relations are thus revealed; how the actual contrasts are also somehow 'real', and how the data is a little bit misleading. Good luck!
QCA and Fuzzy Sets for Impact Assessment in International Development and Epi...Wendy Olsen
QCA and Fuzzy Sets for Impact Assessment in International Development and Epidemiological Contexts
Special Workshop Session on Impact Assessment Methods, June 2014. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) Grows Up: Three Surprising Applications of Fuzzy Sets-
The qualitative comparative method offers ways to interrogate data for necessary causes and sufficient causal pathways. I summarise methods of applying fuzzy set methods to the analysis of large scale and randomly sampled data, including data with control samples or treatment groups. Three new ways of applying fuzzy sets are summarised here. My special addition to knowledge is to stress how a sociologist (or development sociologist) would interpret the results. My own conclusions are based on village-level research with couples, N=39, surrounded by a survey dataset collected by Daniel Neff, which had a random sample of 187 households. In the talk, I also summarise work from Lam & Ostrom on watershed management and epidemiological treatment effect measures. Using QCA, we tease out a ranking of which causal configurations best match a sufficiency pattern for a given outcome. We can estimate the consistency level using simple spreadsheet methods but typically freeware is used for larger applications (fsQCA). Second we also develop results showing consistency of the data with the sufficiency hypothesis. Thirdly, we obtain a confidence interval around the consistency level through bootstrapping. QCA can offer good methods for studying impact because its basket of methods allow the relevance of ‘contextual factors’ to interact with treatments, and because we can perceive multiple causal pathways.
Critical Thinking Contradictions -How to Use NVIVO (Part 2)Wendy Olsen
Critical Thinking about Contradictions in Qualitative Data: How to Code up the Contradictions and the Resolution in NVIVO. Includes basic NVIVO, intermediate models and word counts, and other simple NVIVO activities that support the study of textual evidence.
Prosocial attitudes, patriarchy and corruption in s. asia espec. indiaWendy Olsen
The Flux of Attitudes About Corruption in S. Asia: Interpreting Social Change and Prosocial Attitude Gaps
By Wendy Olsen
Manchester University, Social Mobility & Labour Markets Research Group.
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to set out an argument about corruption and gender. Sociological in nature, my argument does not rest upon functionalist falsehoods, but instead it takes seriously the dynamics of structure, institutions and agency. I apply social theory to the problem of how to solve the corruption problem in S. Asia and particularly in North India and Bangladesh over time. Corruption and hierarchy run parallel with patriarchy in South Asian countries, yet variations of the hierarchical texture, the informal institutions, and the official regulation system are important during the process of social change. Data from both Transparency International and the World Bank on Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar (was Burma), and Sri Lanka show high levels of corruption and low levels of public accountability. I explore how interlinkages of patriarchal attitudes correspond to, and support, corrupt behaviours, but also how the converse attitudes which are known as “prosocial attitudes” can help to eradicate corrupt behaviours. Cross-sectional differences within India are also examined, given strong secondary data as evidence, to help develop the argument with empirical detail. Measures are available of some psycho-social drivers of corruption and anti-corruption – compliancy on the one hand, and honesty, risk-taking and self-confidence on the other. Gendered patterns in these drivers arise early in childhood but training and workshops could offset corruption by developing a wider appreciation of the prosocial habitus.
This paper thus offers a theory-based investigation of the drivers of improvement in the corrupt practices which are evident in the public sector of most S. Asian societies.
[Note for the conference: A brief workshop asks participants in the seminar to fill in a short questionnaire and then comment on their norms. A model of this questionnaire is appended and this can be used in your own work, without citation or hesitation.]
Key Data Source:
WORLD VALUES SURVEY 1981-2008 OFFICIAL AGGREGATE v.20090901, 2009. World Values Survey Association (www.worldvaluessurvey.org). Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid.
Critical Thinking And Arguments about Contradictions Using Qualitative Data &...Wendy Olsen
How to analyse qualitative data, using NVIVO, to examine data that seems to hold Contradictions. Three specific types of contradictions typically occur. I show how Logical arguments (units of logic that have premises, conclusion each) can be put together to make complex arguments. I also show how 'encompassing' can help resolve issues of empirical contradiction. Finally the slides show the Bowell-Kemp and FIsher type of diagram of an 'argument' (a series of linked statements leading to a related conclusion). Wendy Olsen University of Manchester July 2014
Introduction to Factor Analysis for and With Mixed Methods: British Academy ...Wendy Olsen
In this presentation, we set up the aims and mechanisms of the Workshop on Integrated Mixed Methods Research held at University of Manchester (Nov. 3, 2014); it specifically focuses on Factor Analysis, which creates a scale for a gender norm about labour markets. We show how a classical scale and a factor are similar, how they relate to regression and to labour supply, and how NVIVO can be used to follow up a mixed methods workshop or focus group. This creates a mixed-methods approach to gender norms in the labour market. Quite original and very promising. The workshop was a huge success running from 10 am to 3 pm following by an extra hour discussing how this leads to possible research opportunities.
Critical Thinking Using NVIVO Qualitative Data Slides 2014 Part Two: Conclus...Wendy Olsen
This document summarizes a workshop on using qualitative data and software like NVIVO. It discusses skills for coding projects in NVIVO, including viewing coding stripes and models. It provides examples of constructing arguments from interview data and comparing different discourses. The document emphasizes that qualitative data does not simply mirror reality and encourages moving toward more sophisticated arguments. It concludes by thanking participants and providing a reference on ethics.
Berlin Summer School Presentation Olsen Data Epistemology and Methods Paradig...Wendy Olsen
Berlin Summer School in Social Science. Presentation by Wendy Olsen on Epistemology (Aspects of Knowing) in Methodological Paradigms (Schools of Thought)
Realism, Constructivism, Positivism, Empiricism
Data, Epistemology, Methodology, and Methods Paradigms. Data Collection [book] London: Sage 2012 Date of presentation, July 23, 2014.
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of w...Wendy Olsen
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of workshops and use of World Values Survey
In this research, funded by ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation grant on Gender Norms: Comparative research on India & Bangladesh, I look at attitudes about bribes and corrupt practices. I used the World Values Survey question wording. Here the respondent has to answer whether they think it is never, sometimes, or always justifiable to take a bribe. The questionnaire is available on my facebook Group site, Integrated Mixed Methods Network. The slides show a link to my twitter account. @Sandhyamma You can also look at my writing on attitudes to gender roles (online links). The issue is really about methods. Should workshops spread the discussion about attitudes among lay audiences? or is factor analysis a method only for specialists, for statisticians, for the ivory tower? I think the former. I hope you like the slide show!
Couples in the UK Labour Market: Labour Supply And Sociological Interpretati...Wendy Olsen
A Research Report on UK Male/Female Couples and Their Decisions about Paid Work Time, in Hours Per Week: Richer Couples Work More Hours, and Tenants Work Fewer Hours, on Average (Work In Progress)
Critical Thinking Slides 2014 Olsen: Logic Argument NVIVO Qualitative Interpretation
This talk explains how Fisher described a complex, logical and well organised argument. I also set out ways that we can use interviews or other texts as the evidence part of such an argument. It discusses warranted (logical) arguments, competing arguments and parsing arguments. Examples are developed. There is a part-two with more examples in more detail.
Gita Study Nov 9 Dr. Shriniwas J. Kashalikarumasrinivas
This document provides a summary of Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar's study of the Bhagavad Gita. It discusses the key concepts and lessons from each chapter. The first few chapters describe Arjuna's doubts and Krishna's explanation of cosmic consciousness. Later chapters discuss concepts like dharma and techniques for realizing one's true immortal self and reuniting with the absolute truth through comprehending the relationship between the cosmos and individual. The document emphasizes practicing dharma and staying connected to cosmic consciousness to stay active and reassured while navigating different environments.
This document summarizes research examining the relationship between economic growth and improvements in human capabilities in India using state-level data. The researcher constructed indices to measure four dimensions of human capability - longevity and health, education, living conditions, and livelihood security. They then analyzed the correlation between per capita GDP in Indian states and each capability dimension. The results showed a positive correlation between GDP and all dimensions, though the correlation was stronger for living conditions and livelihood security and weaker for health and education. Thus, economic growth was found to initiate some improvements in living standards but had a more limited impact on enhancing health and education capabilities.
Impact of career enablers and flexible working methods on workforce participa...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study examining factors that influence career enablers for women professionals and their impact on workforce participation in India. The study used a sample of 1,064 women who attended a job fair. Most were under age 30, married, working full-time with less than 5 years' experience. The study aims to analyze relationships between work-life balance, career growth, longevity, engagement and use of flexible work arrangements. Initial analysis found that personal demographics like age, marital status and family type can influence women's work participation more than workplace factors for many in the sample. The research will further examine how career enablers like flexible schedules relate to indicators of career strength and longevity in the workforce.
Using Quantitative Data in Sociology Classrooms by Embedding and FlippingWendy Olsen
This document discusses curriculum innovations to embed quantitative methods and data in social science courses. It describes embedding quantitative modules in existing sociology and politics courses through activities and assignments. It also discusses "flipping" large lectures by recording lectures and holding active learning sessions ("lectorials"). Student feedback indicates they prefer this approach and exam scores have increased. The document provides examples of quantitative activities used in courses, such as crosstabulations and charts. It emphasizes developing students' quantitative skills incrementally and managing expectations. The goal is to produce social science graduates confident in using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods.
How to resolve a contradiction? It's not that hard. You can find an encompassing approach that embodies both sides of the coin. This is a kind of Rogerian Thinking - Carl Rogers being a famous writer who recommended giving everybody full trust and benefit of the doubt. These slides are short and sweet, showing the steps in how to resolve problems when the evidence contradicts itself. Especially how the real power relations are thus revealed; how the actual contrasts are also somehow 'real', and how the data is a little bit misleading. Good luck!
QCA and Fuzzy Sets for Impact Assessment in International Development and Epi...Wendy Olsen
QCA and Fuzzy Sets for Impact Assessment in International Development and Epidemiological Contexts
Special Workshop Session on Impact Assessment Methods, June 2014. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) Grows Up: Three Surprising Applications of Fuzzy Sets-
The qualitative comparative method offers ways to interrogate data for necessary causes and sufficient causal pathways. I summarise methods of applying fuzzy set methods to the analysis of large scale and randomly sampled data, including data with control samples or treatment groups. Three new ways of applying fuzzy sets are summarised here. My special addition to knowledge is to stress how a sociologist (or development sociologist) would interpret the results. My own conclusions are based on village-level research with couples, N=39, surrounded by a survey dataset collected by Daniel Neff, which had a random sample of 187 households. In the talk, I also summarise work from Lam & Ostrom on watershed management and epidemiological treatment effect measures. Using QCA, we tease out a ranking of which causal configurations best match a sufficiency pattern for a given outcome. We can estimate the consistency level using simple spreadsheet methods but typically freeware is used for larger applications (fsQCA). Second we also develop results showing consistency of the data with the sufficiency hypothesis. Thirdly, we obtain a confidence interval around the consistency level through bootstrapping. QCA can offer good methods for studying impact because its basket of methods allow the relevance of ‘contextual factors’ to interact with treatments, and because we can perceive multiple causal pathways.
Critical Thinking Contradictions -How to Use NVIVO (Part 2)Wendy Olsen
Critical Thinking about Contradictions in Qualitative Data: How to Code up the Contradictions and the Resolution in NVIVO. Includes basic NVIVO, intermediate models and word counts, and other simple NVIVO activities that support the study of textual evidence.
Prosocial attitudes, patriarchy and corruption in s. asia espec. indiaWendy Olsen
The Flux of Attitudes About Corruption in S. Asia: Interpreting Social Change and Prosocial Attitude Gaps
By Wendy Olsen
Manchester University, Social Mobility & Labour Markets Research Group.
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to set out an argument about corruption and gender. Sociological in nature, my argument does not rest upon functionalist falsehoods, but instead it takes seriously the dynamics of structure, institutions and agency. I apply social theory to the problem of how to solve the corruption problem in S. Asia and particularly in North India and Bangladesh over time. Corruption and hierarchy run parallel with patriarchy in South Asian countries, yet variations of the hierarchical texture, the informal institutions, and the official regulation system are important during the process of social change. Data from both Transparency International and the World Bank on Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar (was Burma), and Sri Lanka show high levels of corruption and low levels of public accountability. I explore how interlinkages of patriarchal attitudes correspond to, and support, corrupt behaviours, but also how the converse attitudes which are known as “prosocial attitudes” can help to eradicate corrupt behaviours. Cross-sectional differences within India are also examined, given strong secondary data as evidence, to help develop the argument with empirical detail. Measures are available of some psycho-social drivers of corruption and anti-corruption – compliancy on the one hand, and honesty, risk-taking and self-confidence on the other. Gendered patterns in these drivers arise early in childhood but training and workshops could offset corruption by developing a wider appreciation of the prosocial habitus.
This paper thus offers a theory-based investigation of the drivers of improvement in the corrupt practices which are evident in the public sector of most S. Asian societies.
[Note for the conference: A brief workshop asks participants in the seminar to fill in a short questionnaire and then comment on their norms. A model of this questionnaire is appended and this can be used in your own work, without citation or hesitation.]
Key Data Source:
WORLD VALUES SURVEY 1981-2008 OFFICIAL AGGREGATE v.20090901, 2009. World Values Survey Association (www.worldvaluessurvey.org). Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid.
Critical Thinking And Arguments about Contradictions Using Qualitative Data &...Wendy Olsen
How to analyse qualitative data, using NVIVO, to examine data that seems to hold Contradictions. Three specific types of contradictions typically occur. I show how Logical arguments (units of logic that have premises, conclusion each) can be put together to make complex arguments. I also show how 'encompassing' can help resolve issues of empirical contradiction. Finally the slides show the Bowell-Kemp and FIsher type of diagram of an 'argument' (a series of linked statements leading to a related conclusion). Wendy Olsen University of Manchester July 2014
Introduction to Factor Analysis for and With Mixed Methods: British Academy ...Wendy Olsen
In this presentation, we set up the aims and mechanisms of the Workshop on Integrated Mixed Methods Research held at University of Manchester (Nov. 3, 2014); it specifically focuses on Factor Analysis, which creates a scale for a gender norm about labour markets. We show how a classical scale and a factor are similar, how they relate to regression and to labour supply, and how NVIVO can be used to follow up a mixed methods workshop or focus group. This creates a mixed-methods approach to gender norms in the labour market. Quite original and very promising. The workshop was a huge success running from 10 am to 3 pm following by an extra hour discussing how this leads to possible research opportunities.
Critical Thinking Using NVIVO Qualitative Data Slides 2014 Part Two: Conclus...Wendy Olsen
This document summarizes a workshop on using qualitative data and software like NVIVO. It discusses skills for coding projects in NVIVO, including viewing coding stripes and models. It provides examples of constructing arguments from interview data and comparing different discourses. The document emphasizes that qualitative data does not simply mirror reality and encourages moving toward more sophisticated arguments. It concludes by thanking participants and providing a reference on ethics.
Berlin Summer School Presentation Olsen Data Epistemology and Methods Paradig...Wendy Olsen
Berlin Summer School in Social Science. Presentation by Wendy Olsen on Epistemology (Aspects of Knowing) in Methodological Paradigms (Schools of Thought)
Realism, Constructivism, Positivism, Empiricism
Data, Epistemology, Methodology, and Methods Paradigms. Data Collection [book] London: Sage 2012 Date of presentation, July 23, 2014.
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of w...Wendy Olsen
Factor Analysis of Attitudes to Corruption in India Bangladesh: Methods of workshops and use of World Values Survey
In this research, funded by ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation grant on Gender Norms: Comparative research on India & Bangladesh, I look at attitudes about bribes and corrupt practices. I used the World Values Survey question wording. Here the respondent has to answer whether they think it is never, sometimes, or always justifiable to take a bribe. The questionnaire is available on my facebook Group site, Integrated Mixed Methods Network. The slides show a link to my twitter account. @Sandhyamma You can also look at my writing on attitudes to gender roles (online links). The issue is really about methods. Should workshops spread the discussion about attitudes among lay audiences? or is factor analysis a method only for specialists, for statisticians, for the ivory tower? I think the former. I hope you like the slide show!
Couples in the UK Labour Market: Labour Supply And Sociological Interpretati...Wendy Olsen
A Research Report on UK Male/Female Couples and Their Decisions about Paid Work Time, in Hours Per Week: Richer Couples Work More Hours, and Tenants Work Fewer Hours, on Average (Work In Progress)
Critical Thinking Slides 2014 Olsen: Logic Argument NVIVO Qualitative Interpretation
This talk explains how Fisher described a complex, logical and well organised argument. I also set out ways that we can use interviews or other texts as the evidence part of such an argument. It discusses warranted (logical) arguments, competing arguments and parsing arguments. Examples are developed. There is a part-two with more examples in more detail.
Gita Study Nov 9 Dr. Shriniwas J. Kashalikarumasrinivas
This document provides a summary of Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar's study of the Bhagavad Gita. It discusses the key concepts and lessons from each chapter. The first few chapters describe Arjuna's doubts and Krishna's explanation of cosmic consciousness. Later chapters discuss concepts like dharma and techniques for realizing one's true immortal self and reuniting with the absolute truth through comprehending the relationship between the cosmos and individual. The document emphasizes practicing dharma and staying connected to cosmic consciousness to stay active and reassured while navigating different environments.
This document summarizes research examining the relationship between economic growth and improvements in human capabilities in India using state-level data. The researcher constructed indices to measure four dimensions of human capability - longevity and health, education, living conditions, and livelihood security. They then analyzed the correlation between per capita GDP in Indian states and each capability dimension. The results showed a positive correlation between GDP and all dimensions, though the correlation was stronger for living conditions and livelihood security and weaker for health and education. Thus, economic growth was found to initiate some improvements in living standards but had a more limited impact on enhancing health and education capabilities.
Impact of career enablers and flexible working methods on workforce participa...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study examining factors that influence career enablers for women professionals and their impact on workforce participation in India. The study used a sample of 1,064 women who attended a job fair. Most were under age 30, married, working full-time with less than 5 years' experience. The study aims to analyze relationships between work-life balance, career growth, longevity, engagement and use of flexible work arrangements. Initial analysis found that personal demographics like age, marital status and family type can influence women's work participation more than workplace factors for many in the sample. The research will further examine how career enablers like flexible schedules relate to indicators of career strength and longevity in the workforce.
Running head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1ANNOTATED BIB.docxtoddr4
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Health and Human Service: Annotated Bibliography
Health & Human Services Capstone
May 25, 2020
Health and Human Service: Annotated Bibliography
Greene, R. (2017). Human behavior theory and social work practice. Routledge.
This book examines various human behavior theories. The historical context, philosophical roots, and assumptions of each theory are discussed. The book offers perspective on the interactions between people and social systems. The application of each theory by social workers in shaping their social work practices is examined, and the relationship between each theory and professional social work practice established. The book further explores each theory’s challenges and limitations and addresses how each theory offers a framework for social work practice, provides an understanding of social system behaviors, implications of each theory for social work practice strategies and interventions, and the role of social workers as a change agent as provided by each theory. The theoretical approaches examined in this book offer social workers ground for basing their practice and interventions as they seek to enhance societal conditions and improve the social functioning of and between social groups in various settings.
The book is relevant to my paper because it provides a theoretical ground on understanding the challenges health and human services professionals face in delivering services to homeless people. A more relevant theory that relates to my paper is system theory. Various interactions in an environment introduce challenges that make the work of health and human service professionals challenging. Based on system theory, society is a complex arrangement of various components that influence behavior. Various issues are connected, giving rise to challenges that the health and human services professionals face in their practice. This book is important in examining how components in society interact to give rise to these challenges.
Sherraden, M. S., Birkenmaier, J., & Collins, J. M. (2019). Financial Capability for All: Training Human Service Professionals to Work with Vulnerable Families. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 53(3), 869-876.
This article examines the potential for health and human services practitioners to improve vulnerable populations’ financial capabilities. The article points out that health and human service practitioners work with individuals who are financially vulnerable, and they are in a position to offer basic financial support and guidance to these people. The article explores training as an approach to enable these practitioners to build the financial capabilities of the vulnerable populations they serve. Education and training in human development, societal dynamics, and social policy prepare health and human services practitioners to be key players in coming up with solu.
Sex Selection in India HDFS 4610_Bachtel_LinkedInProfile (1)sara bachtel
The document discusses sex selection in India, which stems from cultural preferences for sons over daughters. Sons are valued for their role in cultural/religious practices, marriage implications, and funeral rituals. Having a daughter requires paying a dowry and she joins her husband's family upon marriage. This preference drives many Indian families, especially higher income ones, to use sex determination techniques to abort female fetuses. While the government has enacted laws against this, it continues due to loopholes and the deeply ingrained cultural context that defines a woman's value by her relationship to a man and ability to produce sons. The long-term consequences of skewed sex ratios include a shortage of brides and increased social problems for the surplus of unmarried men.
This document provides an overview of gender insensitivity and related issues in India. It discusses how gender norms socialize males and females into traditional roles that establish power imbalances. This leads to discrimination and barriers that increase risks of violence against women. In India specifically, patriarchal norms relegate women to secondary status, affecting their education, finances, health and involvement. Women face issues like child marriage, responsibility for household duties, lower wages, and lack of inheritance rights. The document also discusses gender sensitization programs and occupational inequalities faced by women in areas like the military, property rights, and discrimination in hiring and firing.
District-level Data Analysis: Women's Autonomy and Health OutcomesPankaj Gautam
Performed quantitative analysis on India Human Development Survey and National Family Health Survey data.
Hypothesis: Women’s autonomy is associated with better health seeking behaviour, which in turn, is expected to lead to improved health outcomes provided community factors such as characteristics of health systems are taken into account.
Methodology: Calculated Empirical Bayes estimates, derived from 2-level hierarchical linear model of district-level women empowerment measures.
AssignmentPost the author(s) and title of the article on leade.docxnormanibarber20063
This document provides instructions for an assignment asking students to summarize an article on leadership styles. It includes a sample article titled "Women Organization Commitment: Role of the Second Career & Their Leadership Styles" for students to reference. The article discusses two issues facing career women - challenges of a second career and perceptions of leadership styles based on gender. It presents results of two short studies, finding that women who received organizational support for their second careers showed higher commitment, and that gender did not influence leadership style. The document instructs students to paraphrase the article summary, explain why they chose it and what they learned relative to course materials on business leadership.
1Ms Daniella Fernandes,
2Mr Gajanan (Amey) Karmali
Agnel Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Verna Goa
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to examine the Impact of Schemes Designed for Women in Goa on
their Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-Being. The sample consisted of women belonging from the age group 18-
40 years and above. These women belonged to the various talukas of Goa. The sample comprised of 1050 women.
The tools used in this study included Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale developed by Morris Rosenberg and the Ryffs
Psychological Well-Being Scale developed by Carol Ryff. Data was analysed by incorporating the t-test and
ANOVA. The results have shown that women who have availed schemes have shown higher level of self-esteem.
Women who have not faced difficulties in applying for schemes have shown higher psychological well-being and
self-esteem. The studies also revealed that women who have received skill training, have their own business and
are employed in an organization show better psychological well-being and self-esteem in comparison to
housewives. Women who are employed show higher level of self-esteem and psychological well-being compared to
women who are unemployed
Gender inequality persists in the workplace. While women now make up around half the workforce, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions and continue to earn less than men for similar work. This pay gap can be partially explained by women more often taking on lower-paying jobs and prioritizing family responsibilities over career advancement. However, gender biases and stereotypes also contribute significantly to inequality. Studies show women are judged more harshly than men and face barriers when breaking from traditional gender norms. Overcoming inequality will require addressing its deep-seated structural and societal causes, not just individual factors.
DQ#1 Treatment planning is emphasized as collaborative, but is thiDustiBuckner14
DQ#1 Treatment planning is emphasized as collaborative, but is this an ideal that is not realized in practice? How does the treatment planning process at your site differ from the ideal that is described in the lecture for this topic?
[email protected] How do you resolve the dilemma that is created when biopsychosocial assessment clearly identifies a major problem area that the client does not wish to contemplate changing?
CAT Two: Class
Great discussion on the topic of preparing yourselves for when you complete practicum which will come fast. We discussed the beginnings of preparing your portfolio as well as being aware of your theoretical orientation as you try out new theories and approaches with clients. How comfortable are you feeling with this process and defining the finer points of who you are as a counselor and being able to present this in interviews to obtain a job once you are done with practicum? What areas did you find you still need to work on?
Problem Statement and Theoretical Approach
The studies explored in the problem statement provide various theoretical approaches to understanding the effects of leadership and women. Specifically, the health of women in society, as well as their leadership positions, has been outlined through various theories. The multiple methods present a useful view of the problem statement and research proposed in this paper. The following theories were derived from the studies, and they highlight the means which researchers have operationalized them as well as how they can be used to support this study.
Affective Events Theory
This theory focuses on the effects of emotions on job satisfaction and worker performance. Its application by Walter (2007) in his study of leadership rests on the central role of affective reactions of leaders towards developing charismatic leadership. This theory argues that the emotional responses of leaders and other employees in the workplace affect work attitudes and behaviors. In this study, the main variables include the affective and attitudinal influences of leaders and workers (Walter, 2007). These are independent variables that the researcher believes affect behaviors in the workplace. The researcher has thus used these variables to define charismatic leadership as developed through consistent application of positive affective practices by the leader. Positive affect has been prioritized as an antecedent of charismatic behavior. This theory supports my study by showing how people in an organization interact with female leaders. If affective emotions are used in the workplace, female leaders can grow into charismatic leaders by influencing the behaviors and attitudes of workers in the organization.
Social Equity
Social equity is yet another theory which has been utilized in the studies to highlight women’s role in society. This theory is based on the concept of applying justice and fairness in accessing social amenities (Atakro et al., 2019). Access to healt ...
Workplace gender inequality is a global phenomenon. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that women add 37% of the world’s GDP while constituting one-half of the global working age population. If they played an identical role to men in the labour markets, however, women could add about USD 28 Trillion to global GDP by 2025, or add about USD 12 Trillion if their proportion in the workforce was brought up to ‘best-in-the-region’ levels.
On each of the above numbers India has the most to gain, compared with 95 other countries. Women’s share of India’s GDP is about 17%, and the above two scenarios could elevate the country’s GDP by 60% and 16%, respectively. Getting anywhere close to these numbers requires India to recast its outdated social mores substantially, however.
This document summarizes a study on the importance of women's empowerment for societal development in Chennai, India. The study collected survey responses from 203 participants using online convenient sampling. Graphs in the document show responses by age, income, education level, and occupation on issues like gender pay gaps, women's contributions, and the perceived impacts of empowerment. The discussion section analyzes response trends, finding that highly educated middle-aged respondents generally saw positive impacts of empowerment. Limitations included a small sample size that over-represented certain demographics. The conclusion is that empowering women through education, economic independence, and equal opportunities can promote gender equality and societal progress.
1) The document reports on a study that examined the attitudes of prospective teachers toward the dowry system in India in relation to their gender and locality.
2) Key findings include that male prospective teachers had a more positive attitude toward dowry on average than female prospective teachers. Prospective teachers from rural areas also had a more positive attitude than those from urban areas.
3) Statistical analysis found significant differences in attitudes between males and females and between rural and urban prospective teachers, rejecting the null hypotheses of no difference.
Attitudes towards women among college students in urban Indiaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Empowering Women: An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of ‘Work-Family B...harpreetdusanjh
This study makes an attempt to analyse the determinants of ‘work-family’ balance related factor for Women Corporate Governance professionals in India. ‘Maslow Pyramid’ was utilized to assess the motivation of women joining Corporate Governance profession in India. The job satisfaction of the respondents and its association with ‘Family domain’ and ‘Work domain’ related variables was also assessed. The sample of the study was collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 women professionals having membership of Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the period November, 2017 – January, 2018. An empirical analysis was made on the data using statistical techniques of the Friedman Rank Test and Kendall's Tau Coefficient. The findings of the study reveal that need for ‘Achievement’ and ‘Affiliation’ are the key determinants for choosing Corporate Governance profession by women Company Secretaries in India. Furthermore, the level of job satisfaction was found associated with ‘family domain’ related and ‘work domain’ related variables. The study finds its relevance as this is ‘one of its kind’ study for exploring motivational factors of women Corporate Governance professionals in India and forms the base for further research in the area.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of poor physical health on self-management and social skills among female sex workers in Mumbai, India. The study found that the sex workers generally had low levels of self-management and social skills. Most were between 25-35 years old and had low levels of education. The majority earned less than Rs. 600 per day. Statistical tests found significant relationships between age/education and choosing this work, and between daily wages and hours worked. Overall, the study suggests poor physical health is associated with weaker self-management and social skills among this group.
Going All the Way: Gender Integration Beyond Sex DisaggregationMEASURE Evaluation
This document discusses integrating gender considerations into health research and evaluation. It presents five "puzzles" that represent real issues addressed by MEASURE Evaluation staff. Each puzzle outlines a gender norm, its implications for research, and MEASURE's response. The puzzles cover topics like gender disaggregation in health information systems, ensuring gender sensitivity in data collection methods and field teams, understanding how gender impacts key populations like sex workers, addressing gender norms that could increase vulnerability in orphan programs, and visualizing HIV transmission data by gender. The goal is to think of gender integration as a puzzle and find ways to harmonize data and address gender norms to improve health research and evaluations.
An explorative treatment of idiosyncratic supposition of management values in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study exploring organizational culture in the banking sector of Bangladesh using Hofstede's cultural dimensions framework. The study collected primary data from employees of public and private banks to analyze differences in management values and cultural perceptions. Factor analysis identified key dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and collectivism. Hypotheses were developed and tested regarding decision making, risk tolerance, gender roles, and individual vs group priorities. Statistical analyses including discriminant analysis and reliability testing supported differences between public and private banks in cultural values as defined by Hofstede's model. The study aims to better understand how culture impacts management practices and competitive advantages in the banking industry.
Women Studies in Academic Disciplines: 6
Disciplining the Disciplines
- Prof. Maithreyi Krishnaraj
Transgression versus Transcendence an Analysis of 54
Dynamics of Women’s Sexuality in the Indian Epics
Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata
- Dr. Sarla Santwani
Women, Work and Empowerment: 70
A Case Study of the IT Sector
- Priyanka Dwivedi
The promise of the #MeToo movement for preventing and 83
reporting sexual harassment
- Dr. Linda Lane
Contribution of Socio-Cultural Factors in 96
Crime against Women
- Dr. Jasmine Damle
Identities and Negotiations between Women Householders and 113
Domestic Workers: A Case Study of Select Areas of Aligarh
- Dr. Tauseef Fatima and Dr. Shafey Anwarul Haque
Workplace Discrimination against Women in 130
the Formal Sector: Bias in the Quality of Work in
the Metropolitan Cities of India
- Dr. Sampriti Biswas
BOOK REVIEW
Political Feminism in India an Analysis of Actors, 152
Debates and Strategies
- Dr. Shital Tamakuwala
Women’s Employment: Work in Progress 156
- Ms Damyanty Sridharan
STATEMENTS
AIDWA and FAOW 158
SC judges in matter of Complaint of 158
sexual harassment against CJI
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
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Gender Norms and Factor Analysis of Attitudes in Bangladesh and India (GIGA)
1. 'Gender Norms and Factor Analysis:
A Sociological Reinterpretation'
2014 Wendy Olsen and Nik Loynes
University of Manchester
2. Women’s Labour Force Participation
Fell in India By All Measures 2004-2010.
A stylized fact about India not Bangladesh:
INDIA EPW 2012
3. Content of Briefing
1. general approaches to measuring
attitudes
Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs, desires
Agent orientations vs. structures
2. specific issues of gender roles
An illustration using sociology
3. Findings: attitudes and employment
Comparison DHS 2007 vs. NFHS 2006)
4. Change over time in S.Asian contexts
Context-dependent attitude measures
Findings for Bangladesh DHS 2006/7
Vs. India NFHS 2005/6
5. Linking change to employment
Logistic regression results
3 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
5. A FamousTheory
The theory places India in a
particular ‘place’ due to
broad social norm
tendencies.
India is strong on
conservative values but also
strong on the self-
enhancement impulse that
is often (elsewhere)
associated with
individualism.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
5
ROCCAS, S., SCHWARTZ,S. H. & AMIT,A. 2010. PersonalValue
Priorities and National Identification. Political Psychology, 31, 393-419.
SCHWARTZ,S. H., MELECH, G., LEHMANN,A., BURGESS, S., HARRIS,
M. & OWENS,V. 2001. Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory
of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
SCHWARTZ,S. H. & RUBEL,T. 2005. Sex differences in value priorities:
Cross-cultural and multimethod studies. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 89, 1010-1028.
SCHWARTZ,S. H., SAGIV, L. & BOEHNKE, K. 2000.Worries and
values. Journal of Personality, 68, 309-346.
SCHWARTZ,S. H. & TESSLER,R. C. 1972.TEST OF A MODEL FOR
REDUCING MEASURED ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOR
DISCREPANCIES. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24,225-&.
6. Three Broad
Schools ofThought
First school: problem of
universalistic reductive
individualism
Second school: a mixed and
confusing terrain, allowing for
diversity within the society
Third school: may include
GAD,WID, and qualitative…
Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs, desires
1) idealised psychometric approaches,
e.g. Schwartz, see theWorldValues
Survey
(The alternative is a realist approach,
capabilities school and Bourdieuvian ‘domains’
with habitus and doxa in each domain,
creating tensions – here we need to test
for class-based or ethnic-based differences
of the measurement model parameters (group
test)
2) eclectic approaches which allow for
agency ie freedom of choice and action
6 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
7. LACKS SOCIAL
DIFFERENTIA-
TION BY CLASS,
GENDER
By contrast, other authors in
the ‘gender & development’
school stress gender & inter-
class differentiation, contrasts,
and inequality. Example:
SUNDARAM,A. &VANNEMAN,
R. 2008. Gender differentials in
literacy in India:The intriguing
relationship with women's labor
force participation. World
Development, 36, 128-143.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
7
8. Intriguing…
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
8
CONSERVATIVE
VALUES
Poor India low on
“consistency”
SELF-
ENHANCEMENT
VALUES
9. 9
Low Differentials of Attitude by Age in TheseTwo Countries (Small Sample Size)
A single regression was used here.The dependent variable from WorldValues Survey was how
strongly do you agree with the statement that “Housewifery is as fulfilling as working for pay’.
+ Country dummy and country interaction effects for age, education and being single. The graph
shows the net impact of direct and indirect associations.
Source: WorldValues Survey Bdesh 2002 and India 2006 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
0123
20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100
Bangladesh India
HousewiferyisnotasFulfillingas
WorkforPay
age
Graphs by country
More tendency to
criticise the role of
housewife.
10. Comparing Bangladesh / India
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
10
Bangladesh 2007
Source: Report on the
Demographic and Health
Survey, Bangladesh,
2007.
11. Comparing / India
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
11
India NFHS 2005-6 (All women adults – not only married women)
ange
n
on-
nt
12. Attitudes about the justifiability of beating
the wife – Bangladesh, married women only
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
12
Source: Report on the
Demographic and Health
Survey, Bangladesh,
2007.
PERCENT OF WOMEN
SAID YES
Freq Percent
Beating a wife can be justified
if…
… Wife goes out without telling the
husband 6105.4 20%
… Wife neglects
children 5189.59 17%
… Wife argues with
husband 7326.48 24%
… Wife refuses to have sex with husband 3357.97 11%
13. Attitudes about the justifiability of beating
the wife – India – there is more acceptance
of the justifiability of wife-beating in India
overall than in the Bangladesh sample
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
13
Source: women age 16-49 in the
National Family and Health Survey
of India, 2005-6
14. Comparing Germany?
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
14
UseWorldValues Survey
IBER, P., HUPFELD, J. & MEIER, L. L. 2008. PersonalValues
and Relational Models. European Journal of
Personality, 22, 609-628. – German data.
BOER, D. & FISCHER, R. 2013. How andWhen Do
PersonalValues Guide Our Attitudes and Sociality?
Explaining Cross-CulturalVariability in Attitude-Value
Linkages.Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1113-1147.
This is nationalistic in orientation and universalistic in its ontology.
15. The sociological
approach
Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs, desires
Agent orientations: Agents have strategies.
It is usual to notice that beliefs and desires
are influenced by one’s personal experience
Sociologists and economists assume / assert
that norms are cultural and historically
developed, creating a dominant, sub-dominant
and deviant group norms
Norms are not strict rules, but bulkheads
to notice.
Agents have strategies…
15 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
16. General
approaches to
measuring
attitudes
Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs, desires
From a Realist Heterodox School ofThought
We notice indiv.Variation
We measure social norms
We expect to see tension and deviations/deviance
We use qual+quant
16 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
17. 2. specific issues of
gender roles
Occupational rigidity and
gender stereotyping create
labour-market
rigidities…e.g. poor women
do farming and livestock
work but not ‘jobs’
Inside the home there are
also gender issues about
the right to equal safety and
equal voice
A. If labour market is flexible, then adjust
the practices to suit the agent’s strategy.
B. If labour market is inflexible, then no
adjustment. Sex-stereotyping is a form of
inflexibility of the labour market.
Testing this with seasonal change in
our new rural survey in 3 areas of N.
India and rural areas of B’desh
Which women are the exceptions?
17 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
18. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
18
India
Percent Who Disagree
Bangladesh
Percent Who Disagree
PUBLIC SPHERE
When jobs are scarce:
Men should have more
right to a job than women
C001 (disagree = 1, agree
or other=0)
PRIVATE SPHERE
Child needs a home with
a father and a mother
D018 (disagree=1, agree
or other =0)
1990 46%
1995 40%
2001 36%
2006 20%
1990 3%
1995 15%
2001 5%
2006 10%
1996 23%
2002 17%
1996 2%
2002 1%
Table 1: Percentage Disagreeing with Traditional Patriarchal Values
Source: World Values Survey, various dates.
19. In CFA, the Likert scale is
taken as a linear measure.
Each variable gets a single
parameter.
In MPLUS, the Likert scale
components each get a
separate threshold. This is
more flexible.
Either way, the ‘justifiability
of wife-beating’ variables do
not fit with the ‘attitude to
decision making’ variables.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
19
FourVariables Used in a Factor Analysis for
Bangladesh DHS 2007
…to estimate the social norm that women and
men can equally participate in the economy. This
variable has four components.
Who Has:
The final say on own health care
The final say on making large household
purchases
The final say on making household
purchases for daily needs
The final say on visits to family or relatives
If respondent (wife) then the indicator takes the value 3.
(19% in 2007 for the last item shown above)
If respondent and husband decide together, it takes value
2 (42%)
If respondent and another person (which is rare), it takes
value 1. (7%)
If any other decision maker, e.g. husband alone (27% in
2007), or someone else (rare), it takes value 0.
20. A policy issue
Low productivity is a
concern
Waste?
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
20
Our project explores the ‘wide’ definition
of labour-market participation, which
includes farming and informal sector
work,
Vs. the narrow definition focused upon
employment = SALARIED + CASUAL.
Joining in the ‘narrow’ part of the market
is a progressive step for a woman, and
involves more human capital and
productivity;
Also more modernity, as it is a role which
Western women take up, and Service sector
women take up.
Vs. cottage industries where women are hidden
indoors, which is in the WIDE but not
NARROW labour market.
21. 3.Attitudes And
Employment
SEM approach
Equation 1: Woman’s Labour Supply as a
Probit or Logit Outcome.
Equation 2: The Confirmatory Factor
Analysis.
The factor for traditional vs. egalitarian
(modern) norms existing at social level
about women’s appropriate roles goes into
Eq. 1.
DHS variables
Bangladesh 2007 [and 2011]
India NFHS 2005/6 [later, we get 2011 in 2014]
21 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
22. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
22
WVS shows no clear trend over time. But clear countrywise aggregate
differences.
Components which are
binary at origin and/or
when recoded here
India Bangladesh
Jobs scarce: Men should
have more right to a job
than women (disagree = 1,
agree or other=0)
Child needs a home with a
father and a mother D018
(disagree=1)*
Marriage is an out-dated institution
D022 (agree or it depends = 1, vs.
disagree=0; binary indicator)*
1990 46%
1995 40%
2001 36%
2006 20%
1990 3% **
1995 15%
2001 5%
2006 10%
1990 4%
1995 23%
2001 18%
2006 17%
1996 23%
2002 17%
1996 2%
2002 1%
1996 12%
2002 5%
23. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
23
Regression results Using B’Desh
DHS 2007
Model 1:
Dep var = Logit of work status.
Indep vars = age, age2, educ, rural/urban
Model 2: adds the attitude factor as an
indep variable
GOFTests of whole model
Nested model test
Model 3: tests for group difference
between countries. (To follow)
Model 4: tests for group difference within
countries. (To follow)
24. D
I
S
C
E
R
N
M
E
N
T ! Model
should fit the reality.
Two types of LFP.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
24
Who Has:
The final say on own health care
The final say on making large purchases
The final say on making household purchases
The final say on visits to family
DepVars Labour Force Participation Logits
Wide participation – stating that they worked at all –
Having any occupation. 33%.
Narrow participation, construed here (due to constraints
in the data) as Formal-sector labour market
participation; here, formal-sector occupational groups--
In total this group comprised 5.5% of women in 2007. It
is a rare event.
Informal-sector labour market participation.
This is how about 28% of the Bangladesh women work.
25. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
25
Table 1: Descriptives, Bangladesh
Women, DHS 2007
DEPVARS
workerwide 33% of wives
workerhigh 7% of wives
workerinformal 28% of wives
26. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
26
Table 1: Descriptives, BangladeshWomen, DHS 2007
mean s.d. Lowest highest
INDEPVARS
Age 35 yrs 8.601504 15 49
Wealth index -6613 94185.19 -110680 382304
hindu .08 .2727044 0 1
rural .65 .4758562 0 1
widow .06 .2303986 0 1
edyears 3.21 3.949377 0 16
ATTITUDEVARS
egalatt 0 .69 -1.13 1.16
beatatt 0 .26 -.68 .15
There are 30,527 cases in the data.
27. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
27
Table 1: Logit regression of women only, Bangladesh 2007
Key: egalatt = egalitarian attitudes to decision making about spending in/by the
household
workerwide = all forms of remunerated work in the labour market (1=yes, 0=no)
28. Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
28
Table 2: Logit regression of women only, SalariedWork, Bangladesh 2007
Key: egalatt = egalitarian attitudes to decision making about spending
Workerhigh = the salaried and service-sector work in the labour market (1=yes, 0=no)
30. Findings (1b):
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
30
LFP=labour force
participation
How good is the
fit?
What is the
education effect on
LFP?
How strong is the
association of LFP
with attitudes?
Does education
interact with
attitudes?
WIDE LFP Pseudo 4%
*no wealth effect
Small Direct association of
Egalitarian Attitudes with
LFP is large
“No interaction
effect.” – a
misunderstandin
g,
epiphenomenal
evidence.
FORMAL LFP Pseudo 8%
*no wealth effect
Positive Directly small; It reinforces the
apparent impact
of education &vv
INFORMAL LFP Pseudo 10%
It is a poverty effect:
woman joining in the
labour market more in
desperation.
Negative Directly large; It reverses the
negative
association of
education with
LFPBased on DHS Bangladesh 2007
31. Hypotheses of New Project
The declining labour participation rate of Indian women is not explicable by rising
modern, or egalitarian, attitudes, nor by education. LFP rising/ falling in rural areas?
It could only be explained by another driver, likely to be either household wealth or
the partner’s earnings. Another possibility is caring for the ill husband.31
From N. Indrani Mazumdar, EPW 2011, XLVI 43: page 119.
32. Findings (1) Bangladesh 2007
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
32
In Bangladesh, two distinct factors exist – one for attitudes
thought to be general about wife-beating; and one about how
equal men’s and women’s roles in decision making are.
As factors they each fit well.
Their cross-correlation is very low.
Egalitarian decision making about spending is, in turn,
positively correlated 0.12 *** with egalitarian attitudes about
women’s roles. We use only one of these.
Egalitarian personal attitudes are associated with a higher
likelihood of working, and/or those in the labour force (in DHS
terms) have more egalitarian personal attitudes. Same for
attitudes about wife-beating. The explanatory power added is
about 2% on 8% in DHS.
33. Findings (2) Comparative
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
33
In Bangladesh, overall female participation in the labour market is,
according to the WVS, lower than India on comparable measures.
In both countries, the egalitarian attitude to housewifery is
associated with working informally, but is neither determining
nor particularly strongly co-associated with work for those working
fulltime.
WVS shows that in both Bangladesh and India, age (an inverted U
curve) and education are the main factors associated with working
fulltime. Those with more education are more likely to be
PARTICIPATING.
Explanatory power when ‘attitudes’ or social norms about gender is
the dependent variable is low in both Bangladesh and India in the
WVS, with r-squared of 5% or less, and low or no correlation among
attitude measures!