This is a PPt of my dissertation work during my PGDPHM

1. GENDER CONCERNS RELATED TO UTILIZATION OF
SANITATION FACILITIES FOR ACHIEVING THE GOALS
OF SWACCH BHARAT MISSION.
Submitted By:- Supervisor:-
Dr. Mehvish Sharma Dr. Sarita Gautam
PGDPHM Student Assistant Professor
2017-2018 Department of social Sciences
The NIHFW, New Delhi

2. Rationale of the study
• Women, especially adolescent girls bear the heaviest burden of inadequate
and poor sanitation facilities.
• Her health is of utter importance for the maintenance of balance in society
as well as development of the country.
• The problem of poor sanitation becomes more serious if she lives in urban
slum.
• Besides the efforts of government in Swachh Bharat Mission to improve
sanitation, adolescent girls are facing a number of psycho-social and health
problems related to sanitation facilities.
• There is lack of privacy in community toilets in slum area.
• Poor sanitation facility is also an obstacle for menstrual hygiene
maintenance.
• There are very few studies done so far to enlighten the problems faced by
adolescent girls in urban slums, due to poor sanitation facilities

3. Objectives of the study
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To determine the accessibility, practices and challenges regarding
utilization of sanitation facilities among adolescent girls in urban slum,
New Delhi.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To find out the accessibility of sanitation facilities among adolescent
girls in urban slum.
2. To identify the socio-cultural factors related to utilization of
sanitation facilities among adolescent girls in urban slum.
3. To ascertain the practices related to utilization of sanitation facilities
among adolescent girls in urban slum.
4. To identify the health challenges related to utilization of sanitation
facilities among adolescent girls in urban slum.

4. Methodology
STUDY DESIGN
The proposed study was a community based descriptive study.
STUDY AREA
The study was conducted in urban slum of Ward no: - 67, namely Moti Lal
Nehru Camp near JNU Old campus, Lado Sarai, Mehrauli, New Delhi.
STUDY POPULATION
The study population comprised of adolescent girls between age group of
13-19 years.
SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size was that of 80 adolescent girls of age group 10-19 years
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Purposive Sampling technique was used.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Structured Interview Schedule and Observation checklist
DATA ANALYSIS
Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel 2010 and SPSS version 20.

5. MAJOR STUDY FINDINGS
26%
74%
access to sanitation
no access to sanitation
• 74% of the total respondents had no
access to private toilets i.e. they had
to use community toilets
• 84.7% quoted lack of space as a major
issue for that.
• 53% of the total adolescent girl
respondents admitted that they had
to take someone while going to
community toilet
• 69% of the respondents said that they
can go to community toilet at night
but only if someone is accompanying
them
• While 31% respondent said that they
had to wait for the next day.
• 10% of the girls even admitted that
they avoid using community toilets
during menstruation.
FINDINGS ABOUT ACCESS TO TOILETS AND PRACTICES REGARDING IT

6. FINDINGS
• 89% of the households having
monthly income of less than
5000 rupees had no access to
private toilet facility.
• Whereas 100% of the
households having income
more than 15000 rupees had
access to private toilet facility.
• This shows that household
income had direct impact on
access to toilet facilities.
• But the respondent girls cited
lack of space as a major issue.
How?
Access to sanitation with household income
Monthly
Household
income
access to
private toilets
no access Grand Total
more than
15000
100% 0.00% 100%
10001 to 15000 59.% 41% 100%
5001 to 10000 12% 88% 100%
less than 5000 11% 89% 100%
Grand Total 26% 74% 100%
Association of access to toilets with other factors

7. Association of access to toilets with other factors
Can go alone or you have to go with someone else relationship with time taken to reach
the community toilet
Variable 5 to 10 minutes less than 5 minutes Grand Total
can go alone 25% 75% 100.00%
will take someone else 55% 45% 100.00%
Grand Total 40.68% 59.32% 100.00%

8. Observations regarding community toilets
• There were two community toilet
complex
• There was unavailability of water
source inside the toilets so girls
had to carry jugs.
• The condition of the toilet was
very bad as flow of dirty water can
be seen.
• Some of the toilets don’t have
door/curtains to maintain privacy
• Some of them were not even
flushed.

9. 76.19%
23.81%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Total
Percentage
no yes away from the premise
Availability of water sources
• During observation it was
found that 86% of the
households had squat toilet
without water flush.
• It was found that all the family
members were using the
toilets.
• But 76% of them were not
having availability of water
source inside the premise. They
had to get the water from
outside.
FINDINGS ABOUT THOSE WHO HAVE ACCESS TO
INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD TOILETS

10. FINDINGS ABOUT THOSE WHO HAVE ACCESS TO
INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD TOILETS
no
76%
yes
24%
Percentage of presence of
cleaning supplies
25%
30%
45%
Frequency of Cleaning of toilet
once a week
twice a
week
whwnever
we feel dirty

11. Observation of Cleanliness of Private toilets
Frequency Percentage
Visible faecal residual in and
around basin
8 38.1%
Visible faecal residue on the
floor, door or wall
5 23.8%
Surface flow of the dirty
water
17 81%
Toilet smells bad 19 90.5%

12. FINDINGS ABOUT SANITATION PRACTICES
SANITATION PRACTICES
Put water in the latrine after
you use it
washing hands after
defecation
use of soap for washing hands
after using toilet
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
no 2 2.5% 2 2.5% 2 2.50%
sometimes 1 1.25% 8 10% 45 41.25%
yes 77 96.25% 70 87.5% 33 56.25%
Grand Total 80 80 80

13. • 75% of the girl respondents felt that
the community toilets doesn’t
provide adequate privacy
• 59% i.e. more than half of the girls
feel that community toilets are not
safe for women use.
• 15.25% girls admitted that they
have been abused while going to
toilets.
• This abuse was either verbal or
inappropriate staring was also
considered as abuse.
FINDINGS ABOUT CHALLENGES FACED BY ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN USING
COMMUNITY TOILET
85%
15%
Abuse of girls while going to
community toilets
no yes

14. 40%
6%
34%
20%
Safety Challenges
boysarestanding
outside
dontwanttoanswer
fearofsomeone
cominginside
incidentofassault
withsomeothergirl
increasedfear
• 40% of respondents said
that presence of
boys/males outside the
community toilet make
them insecure.
• 34 % said that they have
fear that someone might
come inside
• 20 % mention the incident
of assault with some other
girl as their fear for safety.
FINDINGS ABOUT CHALLENGES FACED BY ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN USING
COMMUNITY TOILET

15. Other Challenges faced while using community toilets
Frequency Percentage
Bad smell and Suffocation 27 45.8%
Cleanliness 23 39%
Lack of Privacy 7 11.9%
Safety issue 1 1.7%
All the above 24 41.4%

16. Health challenges faced by adolescent girls
Frequency Percentage
RTI 14 17.5%
UTI 38 47.5%
Diarrheal Disease 31 38.8%
Intestinal Worms 10 12.5%
GI disease 8 10%

17. Conclusion
• This study on utilization of toilet facilities has detailed how women and
girls living in slum area of Old JNU campus are daily forced to enter
often dangerous spaces to satisfy their biological needs because of a
lack of clean, safe and accessible CTCs.
• Furthermore, in Delhi today, a majority of slums and informal
settlements simply lack the space for households to build their own
private toilets with a septic tank.
• The narrows lanes between rows of jhuggis also prevent the laying of
sewer lines or widening of drains.
• While its difficult to make toilet in every household with the rising state
of slums the immediate future requires some innovative thinking about
how to make the shared sanitation of CTCs a safe, clean and dignified
option for women and girls
• Tackling the problem of inadequate sanitation not only requires
building infrastructure but creating greater awareness of the issue, its
magnitude and its real costs – not just to poor people, but to societies
as a whole.

18. Recommendations to improve sanitation for
adolescent girls
• Involvement of girls/women to identify and form solutions for their hygiene
needs.
• Enabling behaviour change for education regarding Sanitation practices.
• Involvement of boys/men to build a supportive environment for the
sanitation and hygiene needs of adolescent girls.
• There is a need to consider having more than one caretaker per toilet block as
it will help in the maintenance of security and privacy of women.
• Development of sustainable, safe & affordable disposal systems for MHM
products.

19. “Toilets before Temples”
THANK YOU