The document discusses gender discrimination and inequality in Bangladesh. It provides definitions of gender discrimination and discusses how it manifests systematically in denying opportunities, rights and resources to individuals based on their gender. It then discusses specific issues of gender inequality in Bangladesh, including perceptions that view girls as having lesser value and limited roles. It also discusses challenges such as low quality of education, lack of access and equity in education for girls, especially for those who never enroll or drop out. Overall, the document analyzes different dimensions of gender discrimination and inequality prevalent in Bangladeshi society and how it impacts women and girls.

1. Stamford University Bangladesh
Department of Environmental Science
Teacher
Advocate Marufa Gulshan Ara
Visiting Faculty : DoES, SUB
Stamford University Bangladesh
Department of Environmental Science

2. Gender discrimination

3. Gender discrimination
 Gender discrimination Means that individuals are
treated differently on the basis of their sex. In many
societies, this is maintained by structural discrimination
against women in the distribution of income, access to
resources and participation in decision-making
 Systematic, unfavourable treatment of individuals
on the basis of their gender, which denies them
opportunities, rights, and/or resources

4. Gender discrimination
• Gender discrimination describes the situation
in which people are treated differently simply
because they are male or female, rather than
on the basis of their individual skills or
capabilities. The following is a list of
discriminatory acts you may come across
among your peers, at home, at school or in
the workplace.

5. Gender inequality in bd
• Bangladesh is one of those counties of the world where the number of
men exceeds the number of women. Ninety- percent of the population
adheres to Islam. Veiling remains a domain of contestation in regards to
whether it serves as a vehicle of empowerment or discrimination. While
seen in Western discourse as restrictive of women's rights, some claim
that burkas allow for better freedom of movement in Bangladesh. Despite
the changes that have come with the demand for women in the export
industry, women are generally unseen outside the domestic sphere. This is
especially true in rural Bangladesh. While labour force increase has
accounted for higher percentages for females than males, terms of
equality are measured in various areas beyond employment. Their status
and position is also measured in terms of education, income, assets,
health, and the role they play in the family and in society. These
characteristics are representative of the amount of political power and
social prestige a woman is accorded and thus the extent to which she can
influence decision-making within the home and in the community.

6. Gender inequality in bd
• Despite having achieved gender parity in primary school enrolments, Bangladesh
still has a long way to go to achieve gender equity, access to quality education for
all girls, completion of basic education with acceptable competency levels and
relevant life skills and equal roles for women and girls in society. Some of the key
issues which must be addressed are as follows: Perceptions of lesser value and
limited roles of girls: Gender discrimination starts from birth and continues
throughout life in Bangladesh. The perceived lesser value and limited roles of girls
and women are embedded in the socio-economic system. Girls’ education, very
broadly defined, can play a part in changing these norms and practices. The issue
must be addressed both within schools and in the broader society, starting from
early childhood and continuing through adolescence. Quality of basic education:
As the statistics illustrate, neither girls nor boys are receiving an education of an
acceptable standard. By age 11 only just over a quarter have achieved the
expected minimum competencies of primary school. Besides low academic
achievement, there is little scope for developing relevant life skills within schools.
Although many girls do continue with secondary school, their low competency
levels put them at a disadvantage from the very beginning of the secondary cycle.

7. Gender inequality in BD
• For those who do not go on to secondary school, their low competency levels will
be a severe limitation to their participation in economic and social areas
throughout life. For girls, because of the gender discrimination they already face,
poor quality education doubly disadvantages them. Education, which should
enable them to overcome these obstacles, instead fails to give them the skills and
confidence they need to actively participate and advance in the social and
economic spheres. Most of the 1.5 million girls out of school are drop-outs from
the system. Quality improvement is essential if the goal of universal completion is
to be attained. Equity and access: Reaching the 10 per cent of girls who never
enroll in school remains a challenge. The exclusion of nearly 1.5 million girls is a
violation of the fundamental and basic right of every child to education. While in
general there is high awareness in Bangladesh of the value of education, there are
some groups of girls and boys who never enroll. These include working children,
girls and boys with disabilities, children in urban slums, children of the ultra poor
and girls and boys living in geographical areas with limited access to schools. It is
not only an access issue, but primarily one of equity. Very focused efforts will be
needed to ensure that these children are enrolled in basic education programmes.
In many cases the girls are doubly disadvantaged, and special efforts will be
needed to enroll and retain them.

8. Gender discrimination in developed
countries
• Gender inequlity in the united states has been diminishing throughout its
history and significant advancements towards equality have been made
beginning mostly in the early 1900s. However, despite this progress,
gender inequality in the United States continues to persist in many forms,
including the disparity in women's political representation and
participation, occupational segregation, and the unequal distribution of
household labor. The alleviation of gender inequality has been the goal of
several major pieces of legislation since 1920 and continues to the present
day. As of 2018, the World Economic Forum ranks the United States 51st in
terms of gender equality out of 149 countries.In addition to the inequality
faced by women, inequality, prejudice, and violence against transgender
men and women, as well as gender nonconforming individuals and non-
binary individuals, are also prevalent in the United States. Transgender
individuals suffer from prejudices in the workforce and employment,
higher levels of domestic violence, higher rates of hate crimes, especially
murder, and higher levels of police brutality when compared to the
cisgender population.

9. Field where developed country also
discriminated woman
• Political participation
• Workplace inequality
• Occupational segregation by gender
• Racial pay gap
• Asian
• Trans gender pay gap
• Workplace harrasment

10. Causes of gender inequality (BD)
• Poverty
• Illiteracy
• Lack of employment facilities
• Social customs, beliefs and practice
• Social attitude
• Lack of awareness of woman
• Religious view

11. Law and treaty
• Gender discrimination is prohibited under almost
every human rights treaty. This includes
international laws providing for equal gender
rights between men and women, as well as those
specifically dedicated to the realization of
women’s rights, such as the Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
considered the international bill of rights for
women.

12. Legal status
• Although the Constitution of Bangladesh states that women have equal
footing with men in all spheres of public life, it also recognizes religious
personal laws, which are unequal to women. Four significant events in the
life of a woman: marriage; divorce; custody of children; and, inheritance
rights are governed by personal laws. Personal laws are based on religious
and social value systems. Because women are the primary caregivers for
children, in cases of divorce, custody is most often awarded to the mother.
In recent years, several laws have been put in place to reduce the amount
of violence against women and girls. Early in 2011, the High Court Division
of the Supreme Court ordered every incident of eve-teasing to be
considered sexual harassment. It also ordered an amendment to the
Prevention and of Repression on Women and Children Act of 2000 to
include the act of stalking in its provisions. Other laws protecting
Bangladeshi women include the Acid Crime Control 2002 and the Dowry
Prohibition Act 1980.However, weak enforcement of these laws is
common due to a weak judiciary, corruption, and societal tolerance.

13. Is this Possible in your Community? If
not, Why?

14. Some law regarding personal law
Hindu law
• which can exclude a wife or daughter from
inheritance. Only five classes of women inherit
according to Dayabhaga School of Hindu law.
They are according to preference: wife, daughter,
mother, father's mother, father's father's mother.
But these women inherit only in life interest, that
is they are owners with limited rights and on their
death the property would pass to the nearest
male heir of the deceased male owner and not to
the heirs of the female heirs. The woman or
women inheriting in life interest can sell the
property only for limited legal necessity.

15. Hindu law
adopted child: In Hindu law parent can adopt
child but such child have to be male child. No
female child is allowed to adopt.

16. Shariah law /farayaz law

17. Major field where gender(Female )are
discriminated
• Legal status
• Lack of medical care
• Education
• Political participation
• Job
• Workforce development
• Sanitation
• Food and nutration
• Public toilet
• Movement
• Racism
• Lack of employment equality
• Lack of legal protection
• Lack of bodily autonomy
• Job segregation
• workplace

18. Why gender equality important
• Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but
a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and
sustainable future. Eradicating gender issues means a world
where women and men, girls and boys all enjoy equal
rights, resources, opportunities and protections.
Empowering girls from the start is proven to have lasting
and compounding benefits over the course of their lives.
When girls are supported to be active in civic and political
spaces, in particular, they are empowered with the tools
and skills they need to be drivers of positive change in their
families and communities. Girls are the experts of their
own experiences, priorities and needs, and are powerful
catalysts for a world where gender equality flourishes.

19. Why gender equality important
• Sustainable development relies on ending
discrimination towards women, and providing
equal opportunities for education and
employment. Gender equality has been
conclusively shown to stimulate economic
growth, which is important, especially in
countries with higher unemployment rates
and less economic opportunity

20. Why gender equality important
• It saves life
• Better healthcare
• Its help business GDP
• Its good for economy
• Children are healthier
• It leads to better legal protection
• Its leads to better racial equality
• Reduce poverty
• Reduce human trafficking

21. How can we solve gender inequality?
• Give girls access to education. ...
• Give women platforms to be in power and
achieve economic success. ...
• End violence and sexual assault against
women. ...
• End child marriage. (Child marriage restrain
Act)

22. Some Organizations

23. UNICEF
United Nations International Children's Emergency
Fund
Abbreviation UNICEF
Type Fund
Legal status Active 11 December 1946; 74 years
ago (as United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund)
Headquarters New York City, USA
Head Henrietta H. Fore
Parent organization United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Economic and Social
Council

24. UNICEF

26. United Nations Children’s Fund,
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations
Children’s Fund, is a United Nations agency
responsible for providing humanitarian and
developmental aid to children worldwide.[ The
agency is among the most widespread and
recognizable social welfare organizations in the
world, with a presence in 192 countries and
territories. UNICEF's activities include
providing immunizations and disease
prevention, administering treatment for
children and mothers with HIV, enhancing
childhood and maternal nutrition,
improving sanitation promoting education,
and providing emergency relief in response to
disasters.

27. United Nations Children’s Fund
• UNICEF is the successor of the United Nations International Children's Emergency
Fund also known as the UNICEF, created on December 11, 1946, in New York, by
the U.N. Relief Rehabilitation Administration to provide immediate relief to
children and mothers affected by World War II. The same year, the U.N. General
Assembly established UNICEF to further institutionalize post-war relief work. In
1950, its mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and
women, particularly in developing countries. In 1953, the organization became a
permanent part of the United Nations System, and its name was subsequently
changed to its current form, though it retains the original acronym.[1
• UNICEF relies entirely on voluntary contributions from governments and private
donors. Its total income as of 2020 was $7.2 billion; of which public-sector
partners contributed $5.45 Billion. It is governed by a 36-member executive board
that establishes policies, approves programs, and oversees administrative and
financial plans. The board is made up of government representatives elected by
the United Nations Economic and Social Council usually for three-year terms.

28. United Nations Children’s Fund,
• UNICEF works with communities,
Governments and partners to remove
barriers to girls' education and promote
gender equality in education – even in the
most challenging settings. ... Supports
Governments to ensure that budgets are
gender-responsive and that national
education plans and policies prioritize gender
equality.

29. United Nations Children’s Fund,[
• UNICEF builds partnerships across the global
community to accelerate gender equality. In
all areas of our work, we integrate strategies
that address gender-specific discrimination
and disadvantages.

30. UNESCO

31. United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Abbreviation UNESCO
Formation 16 November 1945; 75 years ago
Type United Nations specialised agency
Legal status Active
Headquarters World Heritage Centre
Paris, France
Head Director-General
Audrey Azoulay
Parent organization United Nations Economic and Social
Council

32. (UNESCO)
• Bangladesh became a member of United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) on 27 October 1972.
• Established in 1996 the UNESCO Dhaka office is
committed to contribute to UNESCO's mission in
Bangladesh and the region addressing social,
cultural and economic dimensions of sustainable
development through education, culture,
communication and information.

33. UNESCO
• UNESCO promotes gender equality
throughout the education system including
participation in education (access), within
education (content, teaching and learning
context and practices) and through education
(learning outcomes, life and work
opportunities). As of January 2020, UNESCO
members include 193 member states and 11
associate members.

34. International Women's Day
• International Women's Day (IWD) is a global
holiday celebrated annually on March 8 to
commemorate the cultural, political, and
socioeconomic achievements of women.
• It is also a focal point in the women's rights
movement, bringing attention to issues such
as gender equality, reproductive rights,
and violence and abuse against women.

35. International Day of the Girl Child
• International Day of the Girl Child is an
international observance day declared by the
United Nations; it is also called the Day of Girls
and the International Day of the Girl. October 11,
2012, was the first Day of the Girl Child. The
observation supports more opportunity for girls
and increases awareness of gender inequality
faced by girls worldwide based upon their gender.
This inequality includes areas such as access to
education, nutrition, legal rights, medical care,
and protection from discrimination, violence
against women and forced child marriage.

36. International Day of the Girl Child
• Each year's Day of Girls has a theme; the first was
"ending child marriage", the second, in 2013, was
"innovating for girls' education", the third, in 2014, was
"Empowering Adolescent Girls: Ending the Cycle of
Violence", and the fourth, in 2015, was "The Power of
Adolescent Girl: Vision for 2030". The 2016 theme was
"Girls' Progress = Goals' Progress: What Counts for
Girls", the 2017 theme was "Empower Girls: Before,
during and after crises", and the theme for 2018 was
"With Her: A Skilled Girl Force".
• By 2013, worldwide, there were around 2,043 events
for Day of Girls.

37. Thank you