This document provides background on Gandhi and Churchill's families in 1874 when both were born. It describes how Gandhi was born into a prominent family in a small Indian state. Meanwhile, Churchill was born at Blenheim Castle in England to a family that was once very powerful and wealthy but had since declined financially. Both men would choose politics as a way to make their mark. The document also discusses the political consensus in Britain at the time, with agreement between parties on maintaining the empire, gold standard, and social/economic policies, leaving few divisive issues for ambitious politicians.
The document summarizes the history of Britain from the early 1600s to the 1650s, a time of significant political and religious unrest. It describes how King James I and Charles I faced opposition from Parliament and Puritans, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army defeated the Royalists, and Cromwell went on to become Lord Protector after executing King Charles I, ruling the country as a military dictator until his death.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic “BLACK HOLE INIDENCE". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*. By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma) *******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com or Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
Life of her most gracious majesty queen victoria vol. 1Kanukuntla Ranjith
This chapter provides context about England in 1819, sixty-three years before the writing of this book. England was still recovering from the Napoleonic Wars. There was widespread poverty, unrest, and fears of revolution. Several riots broke out across cities as workers protested their conditions. Treason and sedition trials were common. It was a turbulent time politically and socially in England.
This excerpt from the book 1776 by David McCullough provides historical context for the American Revolutionary War from the British perspective in 1775. It describes King George III's procession to Parliament to address the crisis in America. The King was determined to compel obedience from the colonies and reinforce the army in America. However, the British army had already suffered heavy losses at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Opposition to the war was growing in London, but the King remained popular and resolved to continue the fight to assert Parliament's authority over the colonies.
The document summarizes the massive migration of Europeans to America between 1865 and 1914. It describes the various push factors that drove Europeans to emigrate such as poverty, famine, wars, and religious oppression. It then details the journey immigrants took across the Atlantic by ship in cramped steerage quarters, and their processing at Ellis Island upon arrival in New York. It discusses how immigrants often settled in ethnic neighborhoods and the contributions some notable immigrants made. It also summarizes Asian immigration to America through Angel Island in California and the discrimination and exclusion they eventually faced through laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
The document provides a history of the Five Points area in New York City from the early 1700s. It describes how the area started as a swamp that was later filled in, becoming a respectable area for wealthy residents but then declining as homes sank into the drained swamp. Poor Irish and freed slaves moved in, making it a breeding ground for criminals. The first street gang, the Forty Thieves, formed there in 1825. Over time more gangs formed that fought over territory in the increasingly dangerous Five Points area, with gang activity only declining during the Civil War when many gang members were drafted to fight.
1) Jacob Young was a Dutch fur trader in the 17th century America who learned native languages to facilitate trade. He was accused of treason but released after a year in prison through the intervention of the courts.
2) Red Shoes was a prominent Choctaw warrior and diplomat in the 18th century Southeast. He rose to power by allying with the French but was later assassinated on their orders.
3) Thomas Peters was an enslaved man who gained freedom by fighting for the British in the Revolutionary War but was later resettled in Nova Scotia and Africa.
General George Washington's resounding defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army at Yorktown in October 1781, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War. With the arrival of French naval support, Washington and allied French forces were able to lay siege to Yorktown, bombarding Cornwallis's forces. Facing inadequate supplies and no hope of relief or reinforcement, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army, prompting the British to negotiate an end to hostilities. The following year, the Treaty of Paris was signed, formally recognizing American independence and concluding the Revolutionary War.
The document summarizes the history of Britain from the early 1600s to the 1650s, a time of significant political and religious unrest. It describes how King James I and Charles I faced opposition from Parliament and Puritans, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army defeated the Royalists, and Cromwell went on to become Lord Protector after executing King Charles I, ruling the country as a military dictator until his death.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic “BLACK HOLE INIDENCE". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*. By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma) *******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com or Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
Life of her most gracious majesty queen victoria vol. 1Kanukuntla Ranjith
This chapter provides context about England in 1819, sixty-three years before the writing of this book. England was still recovering from the Napoleonic Wars. There was widespread poverty, unrest, and fears of revolution. Several riots broke out across cities as workers protested their conditions. Treason and sedition trials were common. It was a turbulent time politically and socially in England.
This excerpt from the book 1776 by David McCullough provides historical context for the American Revolutionary War from the British perspective in 1775. It describes King George III's procession to Parliament to address the crisis in America. The King was determined to compel obedience from the colonies and reinforce the army in America. However, the British army had already suffered heavy losses at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Opposition to the war was growing in London, but the King remained popular and resolved to continue the fight to assert Parliament's authority over the colonies.
The document summarizes the massive migration of Europeans to America between 1865 and 1914. It describes the various push factors that drove Europeans to emigrate such as poverty, famine, wars, and religious oppression. It then details the journey immigrants took across the Atlantic by ship in cramped steerage quarters, and their processing at Ellis Island upon arrival in New York. It discusses how immigrants often settled in ethnic neighborhoods and the contributions some notable immigrants made. It also summarizes Asian immigration to America through Angel Island in California and the discrimination and exclusion they eventually faced through laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
The document provides a history of the Five Points area in New York City from the early 1700s. It describes how the area started as a swamp that was later filled in, becoming a respectable area for wealthy residents but then declining as homes sank into the drained swamp. Poor Irish and freed slaves moved in, making it a breeding ground for criminals. The first street gang, the Forty Thieves, formed there in 1825. Over time more gangs formed that fought over territory in the increasingly dangerous Five Points area, with gang activity only declining during the Civil War when many gang members were drafted to fight.
1) Jacob Young was a Dutch fur trader in the 17th century America who learned native languages to facilitate trade. He was accused of treason but released after a year in prison through the intervention of the courts.
2) Red Shoes was a prominent Choctaw warrior and diplomat in the 18th century Southeast. He rose to power by allying with the French but was later assassinated on their orders.
3) Thomas Peters was an enslaved man who gained freedom by fighting for the British in the Revolutionary War but was later resettled in Nova Scotia and Africa.
General George Washington's resounding defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army at Yorktown in October 1781, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War. With the arrival of French naval support, Washington and allied French forces were able to lay siege to Yorktown, bombarding Cornwallis's forces. Facing inadequate supplies and no hope of relief or reinforcement, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army, prompting the British to negotiate an end to hostilities. The following year, the Treaty of Paris was signed, formally recognizing American independence and concluding the Revolutionary War.
This document provides a summary of the Chism/Chisholm family tree, beginning with early origins in Scotland and England. It traces the lineage from Alexander De Chisholm who lived 1190-1248 in Scotland, down through Richard Josiah Chisholm who emigrated to Virginia in 1642. It highlights several important figures, including Jesse Chisholm for whom the Chisholm Trail was named, and his connection to Sam Houston. The document ends by outlining the children and descendants of John Chism I, who was born in 1681 in Virginia.
There have always been women who broke the barriers that were set for them by a patriarchical society. African women who broke these barriers during a time when all they were seen as was chattel are especially phenomenal. The women in this article are just some of the many women who lived before their time and smashed those barriers!
The document provides background information on the Anglo-Saxon period in Britain and the epic poem Beowulf. It discusses that the Anglo-Saxons inhabited Britain from the 5th century onward as Germanic tribes migrating from Europe. This period between 450-1066 AD is known as the Anglo-Saxon period, during which Old English was spoken. Old English is like a foreign language to modern English speakers. The document also notes that Anglo-Saxon sagas were entertaining stories told at feasts that mixed history with legend, and poses questions about the significance of images and conclusions that can be drawn from Beowulf.
King Alfred of Wessex struggled against invading Danish forces in the late 9th century. At the low point, he took refuge in the marshes of Athelney. He later surprised the Danes, defeating their leader Guthrum at the Battle of Edington. This led to the Peace of Wedmore, where Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and accept baptism. Alfred went on to strengthen defenses by establishing fortified burhs across his kingdom. He also oversaw a cultural revival, translating texts to English himself. Alfred brought Wessex out of despair into a period of stability and accomplishment, earning his name of "The Great".
King Alfred the Great was a 9th century king of Wessex who successfully fought back invading Danish Vikings and reunited England. He was both a soldier and a scholar, leading military campaigns while also promoting education, translating texts into English, and establishing a system of laws based on biblical principles. Through his military and intellectual leadership, Alfred was able to defeat the Vikings and stabilize England during a turbulent period.
Alfred the Great was a legendary 9th century king of Wessex who defended his kingdom from Viking invaders and brought peace and prosperity. He surrounded himself with wise counselors and loyal knights, and established just laws. Though his kingdom was later conquered, he set the standard for strong leadership for centuries to come.
This document provides a 5 question general knowledge quiz.
Question 1 refers to H.G. Wells' references in two books to Ashoka the Great, the emperor of the Maurya Empire in India who is renowned for renouncing violence and expanding Buddhism.
Question 2 asks about the meaning of the name of Salvador Dali's painting "Galacidal acidesoxy ribonucleicacid" which references his wife Gala and DNA.
Question 3 indicates that in 1948, when Gandhi was assassinated, the front pages of The Hindu newspaper were reserved for advertisements.
The document then provides clues for identifying the physicist and nuclear disarmament advocate Joseph Rotblat in Question 4.
1) Sir Walter Raleigh was an English writer, poet, soldier, and explorer born in 1552 who came to favor under Queen Elizabeth I for suppressing rebellions in Ireland.
2) He was involved in early English colonization efforts in Virginia in the 1580s and 1590s, establishing the failed Roanoke colony on Roanoke Island.
3) The Roanoke colony disappeared mysteriously in 1587, with the only clues being the words "CROATOAN" and "CRO" carved into trees, leaving the fate of the colonists unknown. Raleigh made other unsuccessful voyages searching for gold and the mythical city of El Dorado.
Who killed the Robin? Nursery Rhymes & their roots in historyIJ Banks
The background to some of our most popular British Nursery Rhymes. Apart from enjoying the Rhymes again, the historical detail adds a new dimension for many who wouldn't normally volunteer for a history lesson! I've presented this to mainly older audiences. It's a great way to think back to when they first heard the rhymes and when they shared them with their own children and grandchildren. You often find someone in the group who loves reading historical dramas and will add extra detail. With thanks to: Iona & Peter Opie's The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book; Albert Jack's Pop Goes the Weasel; Roger Lancelyn Green Myths of the Norsemen; Felix Dennis's Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times and wikipedia. One of a series of decks given in Lancashire, UK and first presented in 2013. NB: There's more text shown on the slides than I'd actually use in practice but it gives you an idea of the voiceover.
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 involved a plan by Robert Catesby and other Catholic conspirators to blow up the English Parliament and kill King James I. Evidence suggests Guy Fawkes was found guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder hidden in the cellar, though some argue he may have been framed by Robert Cecil, an anti-Catholic minister, or used by Cecil for his own ends. After torture, Fawkes confessed to the plot, and the other conspirators were later killed or executed. However, questions remain about Cecil's possible role in uncovering and allowing the plot to proceed.
The document summarizes England's early attempts to establish colonies in North America in the late 1500s. It describes how Sir Walter Raleigh led the first English expedition to the coast of present-day North Carolina in 1584. A second expedition in 1585 established the Roanoke colony, but the colonists had difficulties with the local Native Americans and lacked supplies, and the colony disappeared by the following year. The document provides context on English and Spanish rivalry in the Americas and perspectives on Native Americans.
We went through the history of the British Isles through nursery rhyme, which supported the extensive work that we did exploring the histories of the peoples and the land (from the Iron Age Celts, through to Victorian England).
Sir Walter Raleigh was a British explorer, poet, and historian born in 1554 in Devonshire, England. He established the first English colonies in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina in 1585. While imprisoned in the Tower of London in the early 1600s, he wrote his famous book "The History of the World". Raleigh organized several expeditions to the Americas in search of gold and wealth for England. He introduced potatoes and tobacco to Europe from his voyages. Executed in 1618 for treason, his head was embalmed and kept by his wife until her death 29 years later.
William Wallace was a Scottish rebel leader in the late 13th century who fought against English rule over Scotland. After the death of Scotland's king left the kingdom without an heir, Edward I of England took control of Scotland and imposed harsh rule. This led Wallace to lead a rebellion against English oppression, culminating in his victory over a large English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. However, Wallace's forces were later defeated at the Battle of Falkirk. He was eventually captured and handed over to the English, who brutally executed him for treason in 1305. His resistance helped inspire further Scottish efforts to gain independence from England.
History of the american revolution In Volume II By David RamsayLhoussaine Elamraoui
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
You can get the complete version from this link : http://adf.ly/aKTSt
For more Books : http://downloadbookspdf.blogspot.com/
Sir Walter Raleigh was a 16th century English explorer, writer, and soldier who established the Roanoke colony in Virginia in 1584. He explored South America in search of gold and introduced potatoes to Ireland from the New World. Raleigh also named the Virginia colony and established the first English settlement in North America.
The House of Stuart ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 to 1714. Key Stuart monarchs included James I, who inherited the throne from Elizabeth I in 1603; Charles I, who ruled during the English Civil War; and Charles II, who was restored to the throne after the war. The Stuart dynasty continued through the descendants of James II, including Bonnie Prince Charlie. Mary, Queen of Scots struggled between Protestantism and Catholicism and was ultimately executed by her cousin Elizabeth I.
This document provides instructions for using a wiki site, including how to log in, navigate the homepage, discuss and edit pages, create new pages and links between pages, and add photos. It also lists additional help options such as visiting a "How To" page, posting questions, and asking others for assistance.
Congruence therapy is based on Virginia Satir's transformational systemic therapy and focuses on changes at the level of being as well as doing, feeling, and perceiving. It uses a circular model to address the interpersonal, intergenerational, intrapersonal, and universal-spiritual dimensions of clients. The therapy identifies five communication stances and five recursive circuits that can trap clients in chronic relationship problems by reinforcing past issues. The goal is to help clients achieve congruence and break out of limiting cycles through attending, awareness, acknowledgement, and alignment.
This document provides a summary of the Chism/Chisholm family tree, beginning with early origins in Scotland and England. It traces the lineage from Alexander De Chisholm who lived 1190-1248 in Scotland, down through Richard Josiah Chisholm who emigrated to Virginia in 1642. It highlights several important figures, including Jesse Chisholm for whom the Chisholm Trail was named, and his connection to Sam Houston. The document ends by outlining the children and descendants of John Chism I, who was born in 1681 in Virginia.
There have always been women who broke the barriers that were set for them by a patriarchical society. African women who broke these barriers during a time when all they were seen as was chattel are especially phenomenal. The women in this article are just some of the many women who lived before their time and smashed those barriers!
The document provides background information on the Anglo-Saxon period in Britain and the epic poem Beowulf. It discusses that the Anglo-Saxons inhabited Britain from the 5th century onward as Germanic tribes migrating from Europe. This period between 450-1066 AD is known as the Anglo-Saxon period, during which Old English was spoken. Old English is like a foreign language to modern English speakers. The document also notes that Anglo-Saxon sagas were entertaining stories told at feasts that mixed history with legend, and poses questions about the significance of images and conclusions that can be drawn from Beowulf.
King Alfred of Wessex struggled against invading Danish forces in the late 9th century. At the low point, he took refuge in the marshes of Athelney. He later surprised the Danes, defeating their leader Guthrum at the Battle of Edington. This led to the Peace of Wedmore, where Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and accept baptism. Alfred went on to strengthen defenses by establishing fortified burhs across his kingdom. He also oversaw a cultural revival, translating texts to English himself. Alfred brought Wessex out of despair into a period of stability and accomplishment, earning his name of "The Great".
King Alfred the Great was a 9th century king of Wessex who successfully fought back invading Danish Vikings and reunited England. He was both a soldier and a scholar, leading military campaigns while also promoting education, translating texts into English, and establishing a system of laws based on biblical principles. Through his military and intellectual leadership, Alfred was able to defeat the Vikings and stabilize England during a turbulent period.
Alfred the Great was a legendary 9th century king of Wessex who defended his kingdom from Viking invaders and brought peace and prosperity. He surrounded himself with wise counselors and loyal knights, and established just laws. Though his kingdom was later conquered, he set the standard for strong leadership for centuries to come.
This document provides a 5 question general knowledge quiz.
Question 1 refers to H.G. Wells' references in two books to Ashoka the Great, the emperor of the Maurya Empire in India who is renowned for renouncing violence and expanding Buddhism.
Question 2 asks about the meaning of the name of Salvador Dali's painting "Galacidal acidesoxy ribonucleicacid" which references his wife Gala and DNA.
Question 3 indicates that in 1948, when Gandhi was assassinated, the front pages of The Hindu newspaper were reserved for advertisements.
The document then provides clues for identifying the physicist and nuclear disarmament advocate Joseph Rotblat in Question 4.
1) Sir Walter Raleigh was an English writer, poet, soldier, and explorer born in 1552 who came to favor under Queen Elizabeth I for suppressing rebellions in Ireland.
2) He was involved in early English colonization efforts in Virginia in the 1580s and 1590s, establishing the failed Roanoke colony on Roanoke Island.
3) The Roanoke colony disappeared mysteriously in 1587, with the only clues being the words "CROATOAN" and "CRO" carved into trees, leaving the fate of the colonists unknown. Raleigh made other unsuccessful voyages searching for gold and the mythical city of El Dorado.
Who killed the Robin? Nursery Rhymes & their roots in historyIJ Banks
The background to some of our most popular British Nursery Rhymes. Apart from enjoying the Rhymes again, the historical detail adds a new dimension for many who wouldn't normally volunteer for a history lesson! I've presented this to mainly older audiences. It's a great way to think back to when they first heard the rhymes and when they shared them with their own children and grandchildren. You often find someone in the group who loves reading historical dramas and will add extra detail. With thanks to: Iona & Peter Opie's The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book; Albert Jack's Pop Goes the Weasel; Roger Lancelyn Green Myths of the Norsemen; Felix Dennis's Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times and wikipedia. One of a series of decks given in Lancashire, UK and first presented in 2013. NB: There's more text shown on the slides than I'd actually use in practice but it gives you an idea of the voiceover.
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 involved a plan by Robert Catesby and other Catholic conspirators to blow up the English Parliament and kill King James I. Evidence suggests Guy Fawkes was found guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder hidden in the cellar, though some argue he may have been framed by Robert Cecil, an anti-Catholic minister, or used by Cecil for his own ends. After torture, Fawkes confessed to the plot, and the other conspirators were later killed or executed. However, questions remain about Cecil's possible role in uncovering and allowing the plot to proceed.
The document summarizes England's early attempts to establish colonies in North America in the late 1500s. It describes how Sir Walter Raleigh led the first English expedition to the coast of present-day North Carolina in 1584. A second expedition in 1585 established the Roanoke colony, but the colonists had difficulties with the local Native Americans and lacked supplies, and the colony disappeared by the following year. The document provides context on English and Spanish rivalry in the Americas and perspectives on Native Americans.
We went through the history of the British Isles through nursery rhyme, which supported the extensive work that we did exploring the histories of the peoples and the land (from the Iron Age Celts, through to Victorian England).
Sir Walter Raleigh was a British explorer, poet, and historian born in 1554 in Devonshire, England. He established the first English colonies in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina in 1585. While imprisoned in the Tower of London in the early 1600s, he wrote his famous book "The History of the World". Raleigh organized several expeditions to the Americas in search of gold and wealth for England. He introduced potatoes and tobacco to Europe from his voyages. Executed in 1618 for treason, his head was embalmed and kept by his wife until her death 29 years later.
William Wallace was a Scottish rebel leader in the late 13th century who fought against English rule over Scotland. After the death of Scotland's king left the kingdom without an heir, Edward I of England took control of Scotland and imposed harsh rule. This led Wallace to lead a rebellion against English oppression, culminating in his victory over a large English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. However, Wallace's forces were later defeated at the Battle of Falkirk. He was eventually captured and handed over to the English, who brutally executed him for treason in 1305. His resistance helped inspire further Scottish efforts to gain independence from England.
History of the american revolution In Volume II By David RamsayLhoussaine Elamraoui
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
You can get the complete version from this link : http://adf.ly/aKTSt
For more Books : http://downloadbookspdf.blogspot.com/
Sir Walter Raleigh was a 16th century English explorer, writer, and soldier who established the Roanoke colony in Virginia in 1584. He explored South America in search of gold and introduced potatoes to Ireland from the New World. Raleigh also named the Virginia colony and established the first English settlement in North America.
The House of Stuart ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 to 1714. Key Stuart monarchs included James I, who inherited the throne from Elizabeth I in 1603; Charles I, who ruled during the English Civil War; and Charles II, who was restored to the throne after the war. The Stuart dynasty continued through the descendants of James II, including Bonnie Prince Charlie. Mary, Queen of Scots struggled between Protestantism and Catholicism and was ultimately executed by her cousin Elizabeth I.
This document provides instructions for using a wiki site, including how to log in, navigate the homepage, discuss and edit pages, create new pages and links between pages, and add photos. It also lists additional help options such as visiting a "How To" page, posting questions, and asking others for assistance.
Congruence therapy is based on Virginia Satir's transformational systemic therapy and focuses on changes at the level of being as well as doing, feeling, and perceiving. It uses a circular model to address the interpersonal, intergenerational, intrapersonal, and universal-spiritual dimensions of clients. The therapy identifies five communication stances and five recursive circuits that can trap clients in chronic relationship problems by reinforcing past issues. The goal is to help clients achieve congruence and break out of limiting cycles through attending, awareness, acknowledgement, and alignment.
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks form as rocks erode and the sediment collects and hardens. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks experience pressure and change without melting. Rocks are constantly changing between these three types through the rock cycle.
This document appears to be the table of contents and introduction for a book titled "See You in a Hundred Years" about a family that moves from New York City to rural Virginia in 1900 to experience living without modern conveniences. The introduction describes the author's concerns about snakebites for their young son on the farm and an incident where the author kills a snake in a frenzied rage out of fear and embarrassment.
Simulink Projects is a new feature of Simulink that allows for version control, model comparison across revisions, and design review workflows for Simulink models involving multiple developers and versions. It provides built-in Subversion support and an open API to manage Simulink models within a repository and control model changes. The presentation provides an example of checking out a model from the repository, comparing model versions, and performing design reviews before checking a model back in.
Architectural Simulation of Distributed ECU SystemsJoachim Schlosser
The document discusses architectural simulation as a method for validating distributed automotive systems. It defines architectural simulation and related terms, then presents a taxonomy for classifying model abstraction. The document also examines dependencies between abstraction levels and model types. As an example, it applies architectural simulation to a brake-by-wire system, showing scheduling analyses and results. Advantages are better test coverage and depth than other methods, though disadvantages include effort required and limited accuracy.
Modellbildung, Berechnung und Simulation in Forschung und LehreJoachim Schlosser
This document discusses techniques for working with large datasets in MATLAB. It recommends using sparse matrices, categorical arrays, and vectorization to reduce memory usage. It also suggests breaking large data into pieces and using block or stream processing. Distributed computing allows offloading work to clusters for faster processing and more memory. Benchmarking shows significant speedups using Amazon EC2 cluster instances compared to a desktop.
Innovate with confidence – Functional Verification of Embedded AlgorithmsJoachim Schlosser
For development of embedded systems Simulink and Stateflow are already widely used to simulate the system behavior. The graphical user interface allows quick and clear modeling of the system’s dynamics and structure. Since the models already represent a detailed mathematical description of the system, the way to automatically generate code is only the next logical step.
This presentation provides an overview of the verification in Simulink and Stateflow. The methods range from the automatic review of modeling guidelines and the use of bidirectional links between requirements and model on the testing and measuring the achieved test coverage up to the use of formal methods to support test generation and correctness proof of a model.
Optionally, the benefits of Stateflow modeling, variant handling on model and code level can be discussed.
Vernetzung von Forschung und Lehre und Unternehmertum Joachim Schlosser
1. Airnamics developed an unmanned aerial system for close-range filming using Model-Based Design with MATLAB and Simulink. They were able to find over 95% of control software bugs before the first flight through simulations.
2. MATLAB is an important part of the scientific infrastructure for academic and research organizations, similar to how concert halls are infrastructure for orchestras.
3. The MathWorks Accelerator Program provides startups in accelerators and incubators with free access to the MATLAB tool suite for one year to support their research and development.
The document is the beginning of a chapter that describes a woman waking up on an autopsy table in the morgue. She has no memory of how she got there or who she is. She discovers she is in a stranger's body, with long brown hair, freckles, and track marks on her arm. She remembers she was supposed to meet her handler Wyatt but cannot recall what happened. She leaves the morgue to find Wyatt hoping he can explain what is going on and who she really is.
MathWorks and Freescale Cup - Working with MATLAB & SimulinkJoachim Schlosser
You have an algorithm idea.How long does it take you to find out whether it will work in at all and on the car?
Outline
+ What are MATLAB & Simulink?
+ How to benefit from MathWorks supporting FreescaleCup?
+ What about all the code I have already written?
Accelerating the Pace of Engineering Education with Simulation, Hardware and ...Joachim Schlosser
Presentation for MathWorks (www.mathworks.com) at World Engineering Education Forum 2014, Dubai.
Education is challenging. It always was challenging, and it always will be challenging, but every generation of educators and society has to find answers specific to their era. This talk addresses some of the challenges in engineering education in the 21st century.
Industry complains about the skills gap they face with graduates in engineering, for lack of project awareness, problem solving skills, applicable tool skills or applied science skills. Academia complains about students not bringing the necessary basic skills as engineering freshmen. Teachers complain about a lack of student engagement. Students complain about classes not engaging them and seeming irrelevant.
When putting this chain of challenges – industry, academia, school, students – on its head and starting with the student engagement, one method getting attention is Project-Based Learning. Students educate themselves on concepts they need, with the teacher facilitating the learning experience. Applying theory in practical ways with tools that are used in industry gives students first-hand experience on industry relevant methods as well as the why behind theory. The talk shows examples of programming, modeling and simulation to gain insight into theory and application.
Too often students and educators feel that topics throughout their education are not connected. Early on they lack understanding of the why they are learning something. Later they no longer see the connection of advanced theory to fundamental concepts. Reusing learning artifacts, skills and methods helps mapping out the story. Demonstrations illustrate how educators implement this re-use throughout teaching.
Consequent reuse leads to Integrated Curriculum, where methods and skills in each year build on previous ones. Evaluations in integrated curriculum enabled programs show a higher retention of know-how.
We all can make math, physics and engineering able to experience using simulation and hardware experiments. The tools and resources are there. Let's address our generation's engineering education challenges.
Den Datenschatz heben und Zeit- und Energieeffizienz steigern: Mathematik und...Joachim Schlosser
1. The document discusses how MATLAB can be used to analyze large amounts of industrial data (i.e. big data) and optimize complex systems through modeling and simulation.
2. It provides an example of how a steel manufacturer used MATLAB to automatically optimize its production schedule, reducing development time by a factor of 10.
3. MATLAB allows rapid prototyping of algorithms on desktop computers and scaling to larger clusters or cloud environments as needed. This enables effective analysis of big data.
It‘s Math That Drives Things – Simulink as Simulation and Modeling EnvironmentJoachim Schlosser
You can benefit from Simulink, the software that Engineers love for doing their work
Engineers in industries like Aerospace, Automotive, Energy production, Industrial Machinery, Automation, Railway and many others use Model-Based Design with Simulink for an increasing amount of their applications. Simulink allows you to…
gain knowledge about the dynamics of your system and have a direct path to implementation
use the modeling language that most engineers speak.
Math underpins all Systems. Simulink is Math made real.
Whatever domain your system incorporates: It is likely that mathematics plays a part of it. For example, Simulink covers domains like:
Continuous time, Discrete time, Discrete event
State machine, Physical models, Text based algorithms
System environment, Digital hardware, Analog/RF hardware
Embedded software, Mechanical systems
MATLAB & Simulink provide a unified environment for all.
Functional testing those systems uses simulation and formal methods.
Begin to use Simulink for engineering mechatronic systems now.
Find ways to look at the system you could not do before, and save time in your development
Simulink is industry standard for engineering controls, signal processing.
Ask someone who already uses Simulink
Get a deeper insight on mathworks.com/model-based-design/
During conference, reach me at Twitter @schlosi
Wie bauen Sie in Ihrer Lehrveranstaltung den Lehrstoff und zugehörige Lehrmaterialien in einer Form auf, die die Motivation von Studierenden fördert? In Ingenieurdisziplinen, Natur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Mathematik können Sie theoretische Zusammenhänge im Lehrplan praxisnah vermitteln anhand konkreter Beispiele: mit computergestützten Berechnungen und Simulationen. In diesem Vortrag stellen wir Ihnen Möglichkeiten vor, wie MATLAB® in der Lehre zum Einsatz kommen kann.
Der Vortrag war Teil der MATLAB Expo Deutschland am 2. Juli in München. Die Präsentation enthält Videos, die in der Slideshare-Ansicht nicht verfügbar sind.
Bacons Rebellion 1676 American Colonial HistoryChuck Thompson
Early American history that called for limited and a more free government. Screams of corruption were heard all across the land. Bacon's Rebellion is an incredible story.
Winston Churchill had a long political career prior to becoming Prime Minister in 1940, but also experienced significant failures and criticism. He was removed from his post as First Lord of the Admiralty due to the failed Gallipoli campaign in WWI. After the war, he was seen as polarizing and criticized for his handling of industrial disputes. His support for King Edward VIII during the 1936 abdication crisis undermined his political standing. However, by 1940 Britain faced an existential threat from Nazi Germany, and Churchill's experience, resolve, and rhetoric made him the ideal leader to rally the nation despite his prior failures and controversies.
James I became the first monarch of both England and Scotland after Queen Elizabeth died without an heir. He believed in the divine right of kings, which caused conflict with Parliament. During his reign, Puritans grew more popular but were suppressed, and Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Charles I faced economic and religious problems during his reign, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious, establishing the Commonwealth and becoming Lord Protector before his death led to the restoration of the monarchy.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish ArmadaPeter Hammond
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
1. Georgian Britain, named after King George I, II, and III, was a period of great beauty and scientific discovery from the early 1700s to the late 1700s.
2. Robert Walpole emerged as the first de facto Prime Minister under King George I and II, helping Britain recover from debt and war through economic policies despite taking bribes.
3. The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society through new inventions in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing that allowed Britain to become a global industrial power.
Bjmc i,jmc, unit-i, Indian national movementRai University
The document provides background information on the Indian National Movement and the Indian (John Company's) Army. It discusses how the British East India Company raised and maintained large armies in India for over 150 years, composed mainly of Indian sepoys but led by British officers. Tensions grew between the sepoys and British due to issues like the introduction of new gun cartridges greased with cow and pig fat, which violated Hindu and Muslim beliefs. This triggered the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against British rule, starting with sepoy mutinies in Meerut and the rebellion's spread to Delhi under the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II. Ultimately the British were able to suppress the rebellion through military force and took direct control
This is a different version than what we have already published. Visit us for more incredible history both here on SlideShare and on our main website, GVLN, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News.
The document provides an overview of Georgian Britain from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. It discusses key events and developments, including:
1) The rule of the first three King Georges and the rise of Robert Walpole as the first Prime Minister.
2) Scientific and technological advances during this period, including discoveries in chemistry and the emergence of the Industrial Revolution.
3) Britain's increasing global power through territorial expansion and military victories over France during the Napoleonic Wars.
more relevant – a people’s” Honours List, theopening of Buc.docxmoirarandell
more relevant – a “people’s” Honours List, the
opening of Buckingham Palace to the public and
greater oversight of royal finances – seemingly
served only to drain whatever substance re-
mained from the beleaguered institution.
Yet, in spite of Charles’s messy divorce, the
death of Diana and Prince Harry’s poor taste in
fancy dress, the monarchy has survived. But the
recovery of its fortunes does not indicate that
Britain is a nation of ardent royalists, unques-
tioning in their loyalty to the Windsor dynasty.
Rather, the persistence of the monarchy in 21st-
century Britain has been achieved only by the
near-complete submission of the Crown to the
popular will.
The mistake that commentators in the mid-
1990s made was to assume that the royal family’s
then poor reputation reflected deeper changes in
society. Conservative and republican writers alike
believed that the Crown had been fundamen-
tally undermined by a decade of Thatcherism,
both as a political institution and as a cultural ral-
lying point. Respect for the monarchy, it was said,
had rested on a class-riven society dominated by
codes of deference, a society that Thatcher’s gov-
ernment had torn asunder.
However, the problem is that throughout
British history due public deference to the Crown
has often seemed in short supply. From Wat
Tyler swilling his beer in front of Richard II in
June 1381 to the Kentish fishermen who accom-
panied the captured James II to the privy in De-
cember 1688, British subjects have often failed to
observe the niceties of royal protocol. High-pro-
file instances of this kind can be accompanied by
the thousands of cases of seditious speech and
writing found in British legal records, demon-
strating a plebeian hostility to the monarchy.
Denunciations of individual monarchs, such as
the one by William Pennington in 1690 (he was
accused of calling King William a “Dutch dog”
and Queen Mary a “Dutch bitch”), or by John
18 | NEW STATESMAN | 13 JULY 2009
From Wat Tyler swilling beer in front of Richard II to slogans of “God save the
poor and down with George III”, the British have a long history of hostility
towards the Crown. Can it survive the coronation of King Charles III?
By Ted Vallance
W
IR
EI
M
A
G
E
Off with their heads
I
n a recent poll conducted by Republic, the
campaign for an elected head of state, 62
per cent of respondents wanted royal fi-
nances to be open to full public scrutiny.
At the very least, the renewed focus on
royal expenses, with its obvious parallels to the
furore over MPs’ claims, could stymie requests
for an increase to the civil list. At worst, the tim-
ing of this debate, in the middle of a recession and
in the wake of a serious crisis of confidence in our
political institutions, threatens a repeat of the
Queen’s “annus horribilis” of 1992.
The toe-curling (or rather toe-sucking) reve -
lations of that year brought public respect for
the monarchy to its lowest ebb for a century; the
fire that engulfed Windsor Castl ...
Week 7 Rebellion, Restoration & Unrest (New) Hand OutsYusuf Kurniawan
- James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I as King of England but proved to be a poor ruler, pursuing unpopular policies and behaviors that weakened his popularity.
- Tensions rose further under Charles I due to his authoritarian tendencies and conflicts with Parliament over finances and religious matters, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians.
- Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army emerged victorious, establishing a republic known as the Commonwealth before Cromwell became Lord Protector, ruling as a military dictator until his death. This period saw major political, social and religious changes before the monarchy was restored.
An absolute monarch is a king or queen who has total control over their nation without limits to their power. Some key examples included Phillip II of Spain and Louis XIV of France, both of whom ruled vast empires and held immense power and wealth. The English Civil War in the 1600s established a constitutional monarchy in Britain, limiting the monarch's power and establishing Parliament as a check, a system that continues today with Elizabeth II as Queen.
This document provides context around events in England from the late 10th century through the Norman Conquest of 1066. It describes the rule of Aethelred the Unready and his son Edmund Ironside who were defeated by the Danish leader Cnut. After Cnut's death, his sons fought for control of England. Edward the Confessor became king but faced opposition from Earl Godwin and his sons. When Edward died childless in 1066, Harold Godwinson seized the throne but was defeated by William the Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings, marking the Norman Conquest. William then had the Domesday Book compiled in 1086 to survey the land and resources of England.
Englands world empire-alfred_hoyt_granger-1916-333pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of the early relationship between England and Spain under Queen Elizabeth I in the 16th century. It describes how Philip II of Spain sought to maintain Catholic control over England through marriage to Elizabeth. However, Elizabeth established England as a Protestant nation to unite her people while gaining time for the country to recover from religious turmoil. She pursued a policy of aiding England's allies like the Dutch rebels against Spain's growing power. This set England on a path towards an inevitable conflict with Catholic Spain that would establish it as a major power in opposition to Spanish domination of Europe.
The document discusses the history of English involvement in Ireland dating back to 1169 when Henry II claimed Ireland for England. It led to centuries of conflict and English attempts to assert control over Ireland through military conquest and plantation settlements. This caused the displacement of Irish peoples and established religious and political divisions between Protestant and Catholic communities that continue today in Northern Ireland.
Jeff Siggins announces his candidacy for President in 2012 with the goal of reforming both the US government and the Catholic Church. He will run a unique write-in campaign without the normal trappings of political campaigns like fundraising, advertisements, or being on ballots. His objectives are to take back control from special interests and return the country to nobility. He believes an independent President could reduce partisan politics. Notably, he states that if elected he will resign after a year to become Pope, so the Vice President selected by voters will essentially be elected President.
This document is the beginning of a novel set in a small town Texas bar. The main character, Lucky Tyler, observes as a woman becomes harassed by Little Alvin Cagney, a former NFL player known as a bully. Little Alvin and his friend block the woman's attempt to leave her seat after she rebuffs his advances. Lucky sighs, realizing he will have to intervene despite being in a bad mood and having other problems to deal with. The scene is set for a confrontation between Lucky and the two men bothering the woman.
The document is the beginning of a novel and introduces the main character, Jane St. Giles, who has hired a male prostitute at a brothel called "The Club" in order to find her missing friend, but now must convince the prostitute to leave without intimacy. Jane is nervous about how the large and masculine prostitute will react when asked to leave without fulfilling his purpose.
Cortés set sail from Cuba with an ambitious plan to explore and conquer new lands for Spain. His fleet was scattered by bad weather, losing some ships, in an inauspicious start. As they searched for land, Cortés pondered his tenuous relationship with his patron Diego Velázquez, the governor of Cuba, who had tried to prevent the voyage despite signing a contract approving it. Cortés had staked his own wealth and incurred significant debt to fund the expedition, gambling everything on its success.
This document is an excerpt from a novel about a 21st century courtesan named Valentine. The summary is:
Valentine has sex with her long-time client Enzo Alighieri at the Beverly Wilshire hotel. They engage in passionate sex where Enzo pleasures Valentine and brings her to orgasm. Valentine enjoys her work as a courtesan and finds sexual pleasure in serving her clients, which is considered taboo in her profession. The excerpt then provides background on Valentine, who grew up in a lower middle-class family in Van Nuys, California and her life trajectory has involved both dull and perverse experiences.
This document is the beginning of a novel. It summarizes the kidnapping of Ling Hu, a 20-year-old college student. After a creepy encounter at a convenience store, Ling Hu is abducted late at night while walking home from her boyfriend's apartment. She is pulled into an old truck and duct taped, unable to scream for help. The truck drives for a long time before stopping. The document sets up Ling Hu's kidnapping as the starting point for the unfolding mystery and thriller plot of the novel.
The document contains excerpts from multiple sources including a novel, letters, and newspaper articles. It switches between following the perspectives of various characters including a sports writer named Victor Worsley and a cat named Sneaky Pie Brown. The excerpts discuss basketball, relationships, and community events in Crozet, Virginia where the characters live.
This document provides praise and reviews for the book "Japanese Women Don't Get Old or Fat" by Naomi Moriyama and William Doyle.
The reviews summarize that the book reveals the secrets of how Japanese women avoid weight gain and live long lives through the cuisine of Moriyama's mother in Tokyo. It includes over 30 recipes from Moriyama's mother and discusses setting up a Tokyo-style kitchen at home. The book advocates a healthier lifestyle and eating approach based on Japanese home cooking.
This summary provides the essential details from the document in 3 sentences:
A man in a gray suit questions the staff at a New York City cafe about the night before. The staff member points out the narrator, Jack Reacher, who was also a customer the previous evening. The man comes to talk to Reacher, asking if he saw a car last night, suggesting Reacher witnessed something important without realizing it.
This document is an excerpt from the novel Hannibal Rising by Thomas Harris. It describes Hannibal Lecter as an 8-year-old boy living with his family at Lecter Castle in Lithuania. On the day the German army invades, Hannibal is playing in the garden with his younger sister Mischa when they feel explosions in the distance. His family hastily packs the wagon to flee, though it is unclear what dangers they are escaping from.
This tale tells the story of a restless Prince who sneaks out of the palace one night to seek adventure. He travels through a forest and comes upon a small hut surrounded by a flock of geese. Hungry, the Prince decides to steal one of the geese to eat. However, his actions have unintended consequences.
2. &Churchill
the epic rivalry that
destroyed an empire
and forged our age
Arthur Herman
b a n t a m b o o k s
Gandhi
3. PROLOGUE
I see no being which lives in the world without violence.
—mahabharata
Mutiny. The news had spread through the on wind.The native sepoys
or soldiers at the garrison at Meerut just outside Delhi had shot their
British officers, and were marching on the ancient Mughal capital.
Other sepoys, it was said, were scrambling to join them. Cawnpore’s
English families, ensconced in their comfortable bhangalaos and sur-
rounded by native servants, felt uneasy.
Between Calcutta in the south east and Peshawar to the north, a dis-
tance of twelve hundred miles, there was exactly one battalion of British
troops of 700 men.Very suddenly in a few short days in May of 1857,
British rule in India, which had seemed so stable and secure for the past
half century, found itself on the edge of the abyss.
One question burned in everyone’s mind. Would the sepoy regi-
ments in Cawnpore remain loyal or join the rebels? One of those won-
dering was William Shepherd.He served in the garrison’s Commissariat
Office and had just moved his widowed sister’s family to Cawnpore.
Like many who worked for the British in India, Shepherd was of mixed
race, half-Indian and half-English. “Everyone in the station seemed to
think something dreadful was about to happen.”1 He knew that the
small garrison town on the bank of the Ganges was weak and isolated,
and that the native troops in Cawnpore outnumbered the whites by ten
to one. If they mutinied, the nearest help would be more than fifty miles
in Lucknow, assuming the soldiers there remained loyal.Shepherd also
sensed that he and other so called half-castes, or anyone who worked
4. C h a p t e r O n e
THE CHURCHILLS AND THE RAJ
The Gandhis, India, and British rule
And Blenheim’s Tower shall triumph O’er Whitehall.
—anonymous pamphleteer, 1705
On november 30, 1874, another baby boywas born halfway around the
world. This one also first saw light in his grandfather’s house, but on a
far grander scale—indeed, in the biggest private home in Britain.
Surrounded by 3000 acres of “green lawns and shining water, banks
of laurel and fern, groves of oak and cedar, fountains and islands,”
Blenheim Castle boasted 187 rooms.32 It was in a drafty bedroom on
the first floor that Jennie Jerome Churchill gave birth to her first child.
“Dark eyes and hair,” was how her twenty-five year old husband
Randolph Churchill described the boy to Jennie’s mother, and “wonder-
fully very pretty everybody says.”33
The child’s baptized name would be Winston Leonard Spencer
Churchill. If the Gandhis were unknown outside their tiny Indian
state, the Churchill name was steeped in history. John Churchill, the
first duke of Marlborough, had been Europe’s most acclaimed general
and the most powerful man in Britain. His series of victories over
France in the first decade of the eighteenth century had made Britain a
world-class power. A grateful Queen Anne gave him the royal estate at
Woodstock on which to build a palace, which he named after his most
famous victory. For Winston Churchill, Blenheim Castle would always
symbolize a heritage of glory, and a family born to greatness.
Yet the first duke of Marlborough was followed by a succession of
nonentities. If the power and wealth of England expanded to unimag-
ined heights over the next century, Churchills steadily declined.
with the British, would be in mortal danger if the soldiers joined the
rebellion.
But would they? Shepherd certainly thought so. In an unguarded
moment, some of them had revealed the depth of their resentment
toward the British, and their paranoia. “See what deep plots are being
laid against us,” the Cawnpore sepoys told him. They had already
refused the new cartridges issued from the arsenal at Dum Dum for
their Enfield rifles, which rumor said were smeared with pig grease so
that any Moslem soldiers would be polluted, and any Hindu soldier
would break his caste. It was fear of those same cartridges which had
set off the mutiny in Meerut.Now the rumor was that their British offi-
cers were secretly mixing the commissariat flour with pig and cow
bones, for the same purpose: to make them all badhurrum, or outcastes.
Shepherd knew this was a lie but did not dare to contradict them.
But he did ask why they would wish to attack civilians and others like
himself who had done them no harm.They gathered menacingly
around him, shouting over and over: Suffun suffa! Suffun suffa!
“Enough is enough!” It was time to wipe the slate clean. Time to drive
the British out of India.
One veteran sepoy, one with bristling mustache and piercing eyes,
almost rushed at Shepherd.
“Oh you are all one, all of the same breed,” he cried, “You are ser-
pents, and not one of you shall be spared!” That night Shepherd moved
his family out of the city and into Cawnpore’s only entrenched position,
the old dragoon hospital, to the west of town.2
But Major-General Hugh Wheeler, commander of the garrison,
was still confident. Wheeler was sixty-seven. He had been born and
raised in India; even his wife was Indian. He thought he knew his
sepoys as well as anyone, and like most old school British officers he
spoke fluent Hindustani. On May 18th, even as panicky whites were
pouring into the hospital and laborers were put to work building a four-
foot mud wall around it, Wheeler was writing to officials in Calcutta,
“All is well in Cawnpore.”
4
arthur herman2
5. British economy, still the most productive in the world. Both agreed on
the importance of keeping the gold standard. They even agreed that
social reform was best left in private and local hands, although
Parliament would occasionally give its approval to a round of slum
clearances or a comprehensive health act. A twelve hour day for the
average workman, and 10 1/2 hours for women and young persons
older than thirteen, made eminent good sense economically and moral-
ly. Giving them a government retirement pension or an unemployment
check did not.38
Tories and Liberals also agreed on maintaining an empire that was
without rival, and defending it with a navy that was second to none. In
1874 that empire was not only the most extensive but the most cohesive
on the planet.39 There was Britain itself, with England, Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland welded together under a single government and
crown. Across the Atlantic there were the islands of the West Indies
and Canada, the empire’s first self-governing “Dominion”-a word that
would loom large in the later battles between Churchill and Gandhi.
Yet most Britons still knew almost nothing about the subcontinent or
its peoples. Nonetheless, the fact that they possessed India, and gov-
erned it virtually as a separate empire, gave Britons a halo of superpow-
er status no other people or nation could match. The attitude was
summed up nine years later in Rudyard Kipling’s poem Ave
Imperatrix:
And all are bred to do your will
By land and sea-wherever flies
The Flag, to fight and follow still,
And work your Empire’s destinies.
In the midst of this triumphant march to the future, the only hint of
trouble was Ireland. The question of whether the Catholic Irish would
ever enjoy any degree of “Home Rule” had become a live issue in Irish
politics. In 1875 it sent Charles Stewart Parnell to Parliament. But oth-
erwise, Irish nationalism hardly registered in Westminster—-nor did
any other issue.*
There seemed to be no burning questions to divide public opinion,
no bitter clash of interests, no looming threats on the horizon for an
unknown but ambitious politician to seize onto. By 1880 Randolph
The vast fortune the first duke accumulated in the age of Queen
Anne was squandered by his successors. When Randolph’s father
inherited the title in 1857, the same year the Great Mutiny raged in
India, he had been faced like his father and grandfather before him by
debts of Himalayan proportions and slender means with which to meet
them. Randolph’s grandfather had already turned Blenheim into a
public museum, charging visitors one shilling admission. Randolph’s
father would have to sell off priceless paintings (including a Raphael
and Van Dyke’s splendid equestrian portrait of King Charles I, still the
largest painting in the National Gallery), the fabulous Marlborough col-
lection of gems, and the 18,000 volume Sunderland library, in order to
make ends meet.34
In the financial squeeze which was beginning to affect nearly all the
Victorian aristocracy, the Spencer-Churchills felt the pinch more than
most. For Randolph Churchill, the Marlborough legacy was a bankrupt
inheritance. In a crucial sense, it was no inheritance at all. His older
brother, Lord Blandford, would take over the title, Blenheim, and the
remaining estates. What was left for him, and for his heirs, was rela-
tively paltry (although much more, of course, than the great majority of
Britons), with £4200 a year and the lease on a house in Mayfair. 35
So the new father, twenty-five year old Randolph, was going to have
to cut his own way into the world, just as his son would. And both
would choose the same way: politics.
Randolph was the family rebel, a natural contrarian and malcontent.
Beneath his pale bulging eyes, large exquisite mustache, and cool aristo-
cratic hauteur, was the soul of a headstrong alpha male. As he told his
friend Lord Rosebery, “I like to be the boss.”36 Young Lord Randolph
was determined to make a name for himself as member of
Parliament.All he needed was an issue.
In 1874 that was not easy to find.When Winston Churchill was
born, British politics reflected a consensus the country had not known
in nearly a hundred years-and soon would never know again. 37 The
last big battle had been over the Second Reform Bill of 1867, when
crowds in London clashed in the streets with police, and tore up railings
around Hyde Park.Passage of the act opened the door to Britain’s first
working class voters. Yet almost a decade later neither Conservatives
nor Liberals were inclined to let it swing open any wider.
Both parties agreed that Free Trade was the cornerstone of the
gandhi & churchillarthur herman 54
6. of the House chamber by police and locked up in the Big Ben tower.
Some people began to joke that Randolph must be bribing
Northampton voters to keep voting for Bradlaugh, since they were also
keeping Randolph in the headlines.42
However, Lord Randolph had the good sense to realize that while
the Bradlaugh case had launched his political rise, he needed some more
substantial issues to sustain it. He tried Ireland for a while, taking up
the cause of Ulster Protestants in the North and lambasting the Irish
nationalists of the south. He tested a new catchphrase, “Tory
Democracy,” urging Conservatives to win votes and allies among
Britain’s newly enfranchised working class-although the phrase had
more headline appeal than substance or thought behind it.He even
tried Egypt, furiously denouncing the Liberal government’s support of
its corrupt ruler. Finally in the summer of 1884, the man an American
journalist called “the political sensation of England” turned to India.
Crucial though India was to the empire, few politicians had any
expertise in the empire’s greatest possession; certainly no one among the
Tories. The party’s new crown prince was determined to fill that gap.
In November 1884, he planned a major tour of India. His friend
Wilfred Blunt, who had traveled widely there, set up the key introduc-
tions. He predicted “a great future for any statesman who will preach
Tory Democracy in India.”43 Lord Randolph left in December and did
not return to London until April 1885, after logging more than 22,800
miles. He then delivered a round of fiery speeches denouncing the
Gladstone government’s policies there, from neglecting the threat from
Russia to failing to gain more native participation in the Raj. The
speeches established him as the Conservatives’ “front line spokesman on
India.”44 So when they returned to power in June that year, he was the
obvious candidate for Secretary of State for India.
In terms of direct influence over people’s lives, it was the single most
powerful position in the cabinet, even more than being prime minister.
At age thirty five, Randolph Churchill would be overseeing an imperi-
al domain that was, as he discovered in his travels and readings, unique
in British history-perhaps unique in human history.
How the British built an empire in India, and conquered one of the
most ancient and powerful civilizations in the worlds, is an epic of hero-
ism, sacrifice, ruthlessness, and greed. But it is also the story of a grow-
ing sense of mission, even destiny: the growing conviction that the
realized there was only one way to get attention in Parliament: by
becoming a nuisance and stirring things up.
The issue Winston’s father’s seized upon was the Bradlaugh case.
Charles Bradlaugh was a Liberal and radical atheist who, when elected
to Parliament that year, refused to take the oath of allegiance needed to
take his seat in the Commons, because it contained the words “so help
me God.” The question of whether
Bradlaugh should be allowed to take his seat anyway stirred the
hearts of many Conservative members, and Randolph’s friend Sir
Henry Drummond Wolff asked his help against Bradlaugh.
Randolph soon discovered that Bradlaugh made an easy target.40He
was not only a free thinker but a socialist, an advocate of birth control,
and even a critic of Empire.* Bradlaugh was also a radical republican
who denounced the monarchy and aristocrats like Randolph in heated
terms. So when Randolph made his speech on May 24, 1880, condemn-
ing Bradlaugh for his atheism, he also read aloud from one of
Bradlaugh’s pamphlets calling the royal family “small German breast-
beating wanderers, whose only merit is their loving hatred of one
another.” He then hurled the pamphlet on the floor and stamped on it.
The House was ecstatic. “Everyone was full of it,” Jennie wrote, who
had watched the speech from the gallery, “and rushed up and congrat-
ulated me to such an extent that I felt as though I had made it.”41 Lord
Randolph Churchill’s career was launched as a sensational, even outra-
geous, headline grabber. Together with Wolff and another friend, Sir
Henry Gorst, he formed what came to be known as the Fourth Party*,
a junta of Tory mavericks who ripped into their own party leaders any
time they sided with the government, to the delight of journalists and
newspaper readers.
Suddenly, thanks to Randolph Churchill, politics was fun again.
When Bradlaugh was reelected in spite of being denied his seat,
Randolph attacked him again, carefully playing it for laughs and for the
gallery and the news media; when the voters of Northampton insisted
on returning Bradlaugh again, Randolph did the same thing. And then
a fourth and a fifth time: at one point Bradlaugh had to be escorted out
gandhi & churchillarthur herman 76
*He would also be one of the first champions of Indian Nationalism. When he died in 1891 and was
buried in London’s Brookwood Cemetary, among the three thousand mourners who attended the funer-
al would be a young Mohandas Gandhi
7. NOTES
1. W.G. Shepherd, A Personal Narrative of the Outbreak and Massacre
at Cawnpore, During the Sepoy Revolt of 1857 (1879; New Delhi: Academic
Books, 1980), 2.
2. Ibid., 11.
3. Captain Fletcher Hayes, quoted in Richard Collier, The Sound of
Fury: An Account of the Indian Mutiny (London: Collins, 1963), 72.
4. Quoted in Christopher Hibbert, The Great Mutiny (New York:
Viking, 1978), 168.
5. Mrs. H. Duberly, Suppression of Mutiny 1857-8 (1859: New Delhi:
Sirjana Press, 1974), 156.
6. Shepherd, Personal Narrative, 15-17, 32-33.
7. Hibbert, Mutiny, 180; Shepherd, Personal Narrative, 47.
8.
9. Mowbray Thomson, The Story of Cawnpore (London, 1859), 160-1.
10. Hibbert, Mutiny, 192.
11. Amelia Horne, “Narrative,” quoted in Andrew Ward, Our Bones
Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (New
York: Henry Holt, 1996), 329.
12. Hibbert, Mutiny, 203.
13. Quoted in S. Chunder, Travels of a Hindu (London, 1869), Vol. 2,
104.
14. Quoted in Sir John Kaye, History of the Sepoy War in India 1857-8
(London, 1880). Vol. 2, 269.
15. J.C. Pollock, Way to Glory: The Life of Havelock of Lucknow
(London, 1957), 176.
16. Hibbert, Mutiny, 195.
17. Ibid., 207.
British were meant to rule India not only for their own interests, but for
the sake of the Indians as well. That belief would decisively shape not
only the character of the British Empire in India, but also Randolph’s
son Winston Churchill-the man into whose hands the destiny of the Raj
would ultimately fall.
Ironically, that empire’s founding fathers, the group of God-fearing
merchants living in Shakespeare’s London who created the Honorable
East India Company, never intended to go to India at all-any more than
Queen Elizabeth I did when she gave them a royal charter on the last
day of 1600. Their aim was to get to the Spice Islands (the Molucca
Islands in today’s Indonesia), where Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch
merchants and adventurers were battling over fortunes in nutmeg,
cloves, and mace. The East India Company’s initial stop at Surat on
India’s west coast was only supposed to be a layover for ventures further
east.
But when the Dutch tortured and murdered ten of their merchants in
the island of Amboyne in 1623, and foisted the English out of the Spice
Islands, the London-based company had nowhere else to go.45By 1650,
when John Churchill was born in Devon, the East India Company
found itself precariously perched in a tiny settlement near Surat called
Fort St George, doing business at the pleasure of the rulers of India, the
Mughal emperors-at the time, probably the richest human beings in the
world. In 1674 the Company acquired a similar outpost at Bombay,
which King Charles II had received as a wedding present from the king
of Portugal. Then in 1690 it built another in Bengal at Kalikat, which
the English pronounced Calcutta.But the English were still only one of
several European communities doing business in the region. The
Portuguese had a thriving settlement in Goa, where Portuguese and
Indian Christians worshiped in a cathedral contained the bones of St
Francis Xavier. The Dutch dominated Ceylon; the Danes were set up at
Tranquebar. The French East Indies Company, founded in 1668, had
large “factories” or warehouses at Pondicherry and Chandernagar for
their cargos of indigo, sugar, and pepper.In the blazing heat and stifling
humidity, surrounded by disease and flies, everyone’s energies were con-
centrated on making money and staying on the Emperor’s good side.
Then in 1712, Emperor Bahadur Shah I died at his palace at
Lahore, surrounded by his courtiers, generals, and concubines-even as
the duke
arthur herman8
8. gandhi & churchill 11
18. G.M. Trevelyan, Cawnpore (London, 1886), 312-3.
19. Hibbert, Mutiny, 209.
20. Ward, Bones, 438-9; Wayne Bruehl, The Crisis of the Raj (Hanover
NH: University Press of New England, 1986), 141-3.
21. Quoted in Kaye, Sepoy War, Vol 2, 399.
22. Quoted in Ward, Bones, 455.
23. Suppression of Mutiny, 25.
24. Michael Edwardes, Battles of the Indian Mutiny (New York:
Macmillan, 1963), 23.
25. Hibbert, Mutiny, 313.
26. The account of events by Lieutenant MacDowell is published in
W.R. and George Hudson,
Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life in India (1859; Lahore: Wajidalis, 1983),
311-4.
27. Ibid., 297; 303.
28. Pyarlel, Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 1: The Early Phase (Ahmedabad:
Navajivan, 1965), 189.
29. Ibid., 190.
30. Fatima Meer, Apprenticeship of a Mahatma (Madiba Publishing,
1994), 1.
31. Cf. David Arnold, Gandhi (London: Longmans, 2001), 17.
32.Quoted in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume 1, 4-5.
33.Letter to Mrs L. Jerome, Nov 30, 1874, Randolph S. Churchill,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume 1, Part 1 (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967), 2.
34.Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Blenheim Revisited. The Spencer-
Churchills and Their Palace. (London: Bodley Head, 1985), 98; 105-7.
35. That included £3000 from his father-in-law. Pearson, Private Lives, 42.
36.
37.R. F. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill: A Political Life. (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1981), 25.
38. Although most men stopped work when the women and children
did, since factories could not function shorthanded. See Peter Mathias, The
First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain , 2nd Edition
(London: Methuen, 1983), 183.
39. A cohesiveness enhanced by the coming of steam power and the tele-
graph. For a readable account, see Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and
Demise of the British World Order (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 165-171.
40. Foster, Political Life, 66-7. Gladstone’s observations on the
Churchills’ lack of principle is found in Ibid., 127.
notes678
9. of Marlborough’s workmen were erecting the stately towers of
Blenheim Palace six thousand miles away. Although no one realized it,
Bahadur was India’s last great ruler. After his death the magnificent
Mughal Empire came apart with alarming speed.
Bahadur’s death left that empire split in two, with competing Mughal
capitals at Delhi in the north and Hyderabad in the south. External
enemies like the Afghans and Persians, and internal ones like the Sikhs
and Hindu warrior clans of Marathas and Rajputs, made their move.
When the old Nizam of Hyderabad died in 1748, the French and
British merchant communities in India were forced, almost against
their will46, to choose sides in the struggle for control of the southern
half of the empire before it crumbled into chaos.
The Frenchman Dupleix was the first to grasp that by throwing the
power of his Compagnie de l’Indie Ouest behind a candidate for the
Nizam’s throne, he could shape events decisively to his side. But it was
his rival Robert Clive who put that insight to work as a formula for
empire-building.
In 1751, Clive was just another underpaid Company clerk in Madras,
tormented by fever and prickly heat and bouts of manic depression.
Twice he had tried to commit suicide, and twice the pistol he had used
had failed to fire. He had no military experience at all when his supe-
riors suddenly decided to put him in charge of taking the Nizam’s
fortress at Arcot.
But Clive grasped better than anyone else, that power in India came
literally out of the barrel of a gun.India was descending into anarchy. In
order to protect their interests against local marauders and the French,
the East India Company had created its own army, with regiments of
native soldiers or sepoys and cavalrymen or sowars serving under
British officers and using modern muskets and European-style disci-
pline and training.47 Recruited largely from northeastern India in the
Hindu and Moslem villages between Bihar and Agra, these British-
trained sepoys were far superior to troops any native ruler could field.
So with a few hundred of them and some supporting European troops,
Clive was able to take Arcot, hold it against all comers, and then form
an alliance with a local Maratha chieftain to begin driving the French
out of southern India-and to make himself a fortune.
From Hydrabad Clive went to Bengal, the Mughal Empire’s richest
province, where he and his barefoot sepoys did the same thing. By the
authur herman12